1 Appendices the Depictions of Racial Discrimination Towards the Minority Group in Afghanistan As Illustrated in the Kite Runne

APPENDICES

THE DEPICTIONS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION TOWARDS THE MINORITY GROUP IN AFGHANISTAN

AS ILLUSTRATED IN THE KITE RUNNER NOVEL

A. The Depictions of Racial Discrimination

No Quotes Forms Page Reference Comment 1. Like the times Kaka Monologue 89 Devah Pager and Hanna Shepherd Racial discrimination is a social problem that Homayoun’s projector got explained that the act of treating occurs in various countries around the world stuck on the same slide, the someone or a group poorly or including Afghanistan. Afghanistan is a same image kept flashing in my differently due to their different country that has a diversity of races and mind over and over: Hassan his races or ethnicities or differences in ethnic groups. The Pashtun is the majority head downcast, serving drinks characteristics related to race or group, while the minority group in to Assef and Wali. Maybe it ethnicity is called racial Afghanistan that always discriminated by the would be for the best (Hosseini discrimination (182). Pashtun is the Hazara. This happens because 89). the Hazara is the minority group that is not from Afghanistan. The Hazara is a race and ethnic group that come from China, more precisely is Mongolian descent. Therefore the Hazara have a lot of differences compared

to the other groups in Afghanistan. Racial discrimination can manifest itself into a variety of actions. Evidence that shows racial discrimination in this novel can be seen from Amir's explanation. This evidence describes the situation when Amir was celebrating his birthday. In the birthday party everyone was involved and enjoyed the party. Hassan and his father were also at Amir's birthday party. But the difference is they were invited to come to Amir's birthday party not to enjoy a meal at the party and not to spend time with other guests, but they were invited to come to Amir's birthday party to be servants and serve all invited guests. The party is only for Amir's friends and also Baba’s friends who are wealthy Pashtuns. Whereas Hassan and his father were only poor Hazaras from a lower class and not equal to the wealthy Pashtuns. 2. “Eat dirt if I told you to,” I said. Monologue 47 Based on Psychological Another form of racial discrimination is an I knew I was being cruel, like Encyclopaedia racial discrimination act that gives disadvantages of another

when I’d taunt him if he didn’t refers to a destructive action that person or group. The proof of racial know some big word. But there places or encourages a group or a discrimination as a destructive action is was something fascinating-- member of a particular race group shown in the novel The Kite Runner through albeit in a sick way--about especially the minority into an Amir's conversation with his servant named teasing Hassan. Kind of like adverse situation (quoted in Ildikó Hassan who is a Hazaras. This evidence when we used to play insect Laki 189). shows that Amir conducted racial torture. Except now, he was the discrimination against Hassan. Amir always ant and I was holding the forced and told Hassan to fulfill all his magnifying glass (Hosseini 47). request and serve him. In this evidence Amir put Hassan as a Hazaras into an adverse situation because he forced Hassan to do something that Hassan did not want to prove Hassan's loyalty to Amir. In addition, Amir also enjoyed every action he took while torturing Hassan. 3. Assef: “But before you sacrifice Dialogue 63-64 According to the International Aside from being an action that positions yourself for him, think about Convention on the Elimination of someone or a group into an adverse situation, this: Would he do the same for All Forms of Racial Discrimination racial discrimination also has other forms of you? Have you ever wondered “racial discrimination’ shall mean action. It can be seen that racial why he never includes you in any distinction, exclusion, discrimination is the form of an action that games when he has guests? restriction or preference based on aims to eliminate or reduce the role of a

Why he only plays with you race, colour, descent, or national or particular group within the community by when no one else is around? I’ll ethnic origin” (qtd. in OHCHR & giving different treatment, excluding, and tell you why, Hazara. Because UNESCO 25). limiting the particular group. The practice of to him, you’re nothing but an racial discrimination can be seen in the The ugly pet. Something he can play Kite Runner novel in the conversation with when he’s bored, between Assef as a Pashtuns and Hassan as a something he can kick when he Hazaras. In this dialogue Assef tried to show is angry. Don’t ever fool the difference status and social class between yourself and think you’re Amir and Hassan in order to hurt Hassan’s something more.” feelings. Assef shows that Amir is Hassan Hassan : “Amir agha and I are employer and a wealthy Pashtuns, while friends,” Hassan is only a servants from the poor Assef : “Friends?”. “You Hazara’s family and not equal to Amir. Assef pathetic fool! Someday you’ll told Hassan that no matter how much Hassan wake up from your little fantasy sacrificed for Amir, he would not necessarily and learn just how good of do the same for Hassan. Assef also explained friend he is.” (Hosseini 63-64). that Amir never involved and always excluded Hassan when Amir had a guest and Amir played with Hassan only when there was no one else around him because Hassan was a Hazaras. Hassan was not equal to Amir

and Amir understood the difference status between himself and Hassan. Therefore Amir always excluded and restricted Hassan from being involved when a guest came to his house and chose to play with his guests. Amir's actions described by Assef are included in racial discrimination because Amir limits and excludes Hassan from Amir's social environment only because he is a Hazaras. Amir did not give Hassan the freedom to socialize with his guests. 4. Of all the neighborhood boys Monologue 34 As explained in the journal of Another practice of racial discrimination who tortured Ali, Assef was by Human Rights in British Columbia against the Hazaras can be seen from Amir's far the most relentless. He was, that “Racial discrimination occurs explanation. From this quotation it can be in fact, the originator of the when someone treats you badly or seen that all of Amir's neighbors who were Babalu jeer, Hey, Babalu, who denies you a benefit, harasses or Pashtuns, especially Assef, always mocked did you eat today? Huh? Come insults you because of your race, and insulted Ali, Hassan’s father because he on, Babalu, give us a smile! colour, ancestry, or place of origin. was a Hazaras. They always call Ali as And on days when he felt Racial discrimination can take many Babalu which means ghost, flat-nosed particularly inspired, he spiced forms. For example calling you babalu, and slanted-eyed donkey. This name up his badgering a little, Hey, racist names” (1). calling was made based on the characteristics

you flat-nosed Babalu, who did that exist in the Hazaras that are identical to you eat today? Tell us, you flat nosed and slanted eyes with the aim of slant-eyed donkey! (Hosseini hurting, insulting, and degrading the Hazaras. 34). It is clear that the actions taken by Amir's neighbors and also Assef refer to racial discrimination. Racial discrimination is all forms of injustice and bad actions including when calling someone by a name based on race, color, ancestry, or place of origin in order to insult and mock the race, color, ancestry, or place of origin. 5. Sitting cross-legged, sunlight Monologue 24 Bobo & Fox 2003 states in the In racial discrimination, the roles and the and shadows of pomegranate National Association of Schools opportunities of the minority group are leaves dancing on his face, Psychologist's Position Statement regulated and limited by the majority group. Hassan absently plucked blades that "Racial discrimination includes In discriminating against minorities, the of grass from the ground as I direct or indirect, overt or subtle majority will seek to block and eliminate all read him stories he couldn’t action (s) by the majority group that minority roles in various fields. This is done read for himself. That Hassan limits the economic, political, to maintain the position of the majority group would grow up illiterate like Ali educational, and social in society as the ruling group in various and most Hazaras had been opportunities of a minority group" fields. The evidence that racial decided the minute he had been (1). discrimination limits minority groups in

7 born, perhaps even the moment various fields is described by Amir. From the he had been conceived in description of Amir it can be seen that Hassan Sanaubar’s unwelcoming and Ali as the members of the Hazara did not womb--after all, what use did a have the same opportunity to obtain servant have for the written education like the Pashtuns. In Afghanistan, word? But despite his illiteracy, the Hazara that considered as the lower class or maybe because of it, Hassan did not allowed to go to school and get was drawn to the mystery of education. The opportunity to get education words, seduced by a secret has been lost since the Hazaras were born into world forbidden to him the world and even their fate has been (Hosseini 24). decided since their birth without being able to vote. People who are considered capable and worthy to get education are only the Pashtuns because they have wealth and high respect in society. Besides that, because of the lack of education obtained by the Hazaras, the Hazaras are also not allowed to get the same job as the Pashtuns. They may only work in low payment job. The only choice left for the Hazaras was to work as a servant or a maid. Because of this racial discrimination, the

Hazaras living in ignorance, illiteracy and poverty. This action shows that the Pashtuns have discriminated the Hazaras in the fields of education, economics and also social opportunities. The Hazaras are not allowed to get an education. Besides that they also do not have the same opportunity as Pashtuns in the community and they can only be employed as servant or maid with low payment in Afghanistan. 6. Then one day, I was in Baba’s Monologue 8 Gordon explained that oppression In addition to limit all the roles of minority study, looking through his stuff, was one of the methods used to groups in various fields, racial discrimination when I found one of my discriminate against other groups, also can be in the form of another action, mother’s old history books... I especially minorities. In this way the namely oppression. This method is used to blew the dust of it, sneaked it group that discriminates will be able maintain the position of a group in society. into bed with me that night, and to dominate and control other The evidence of oppression as a form of was stunned to find an entire groups (quoted in Ildikó Laki 189). racial discrimination in this novel is shown chapter on Hazara history. An by Amir's explanation of the history of the entire chapter dedicated to Hazaras. From this book on the history of the Hassan’s people! In it, I read Hazaras, which was read by Amir, it can be that my people, the Pashtuns, seen that from the beginning of nineteenth

had persecuted and oppressed century the Hazaras as the minority group in the Hazaras. It said the Hazaras Afghanistan had experienced oppression and had tried to rise against the persecution as a form of racial discrimination Pashtuns in the nineteenth carried out by the Pashtuns. Pashtuns were century, but the Pashtuns had oppressed and treated the Hazaras in an “quelled them with unspeakable arbitrary and blind manner. The Pashtuns violence.” The book said that expelled the Hazaras from their own land, my people had killed the burned the house of the Hazaras, killed the Hazaras, driven them from their Hazaras, and even trafficked the Hazaras lands, burned their homes and women. This is all done by the Pashtuns to sold their women. The book maintain their position and status as the said part of the reason Pashtuns powerful majority group in Afghanistan. had oppressed the Hazaras was that Pashtuns were Sunni Muslims, while Hazaras were Shi’a (Hosseini 8). 7. “I watched Hassan get raped,” I Dialogue 75 & As stated by Crocker, Major, & Another evidence regarding racial said to no one. Baba stirred in 66 Steele that acts of discrimination are discrimination towards the Hazaras as the his sleep. Kaka Homayoun usually carried out by members of minority group in Afghanistan is shown by grunted. A part of me was the majority because they have a Amir's explanation. Through this quotation, hoping someone would wake high status in society. Whereas the Amir explained the guilt and regret that

10 up and hear, so I wouldn’t have targets of discrimination acts are continued to haunt his mind. This feeling to live with this lie anymore. members of minority groups. This arose after he watched the terrible event that But no one woke up and in the condition occurs because of had befallen Hassan. He watched Hassan get silence that followed, I differences in status between raped. Amir was the only person who saw the understood the nature of my majority and minority groups. Any incident. Even though Amir knew about this new curse: I was going to get act of discrimination felt by incident, he still pretended to not know away with it (Hosseini 75). members of minority groups can be anything and kept hiding it from everyone interpreted as an affirmation and because Amir was afraid and worried that this “Your father won’t find out,” consequence of their low status in lie would be exposed and he would be blamed Assef said. “And there’s society (quoted in Binder 844-845). by everyone. Another quotation that nothing sinful about teaching a explained the details of the rape incident lesson to a disrespectful experienced by Hassan which was donkey.” categorized as an act of discrimination “I don’t know,” Walli muttered. towards the Hazaras was shown through the “It’s just a Hazara,” Assef said. dialogue between Assef and his two friends. But Kamal kept looking away. This dialogue explained the situation when “Fine,” Assef snapped. “All I Hassan was get raped. Hassan was raped by want you weaklings to do is Assef and his two friends, Wali and Kamal. hold him down. Can you Assef and his two friends as the Pashtuns manage that?” worked together to provide revenge that Hassan could never forget. They took this

Wali and Kamal nodded. They action because they really hates the Hazaras looked relieved....Hassan didn’t and to affirm the low status of Hassan struggle. Didn’t even whimper. because he was part of the Hazara minority He moved his head slightly and group. In this dialogue it was shown that I caught a glimpse of his face. Hassan did not fight at all with Assef and his Saw the resignation in it. It was two friends. Hassan only surrendered and a look I had seen before. It was accepted all the bad actions taken by Assef the look of the lamb (Hosseini and his two friends. This was done by Hassan 66). because he knew that this was the biggest risk he had to accept because he was a member of the Hazara. The actions taken by Assef, Wali, and Kamal are categorized into racial discrimination actions. 8. I had read about the Hazara Monologue 243 As explained by Allport, Newman The other practice of racial discrimination massacre in Mazar-i-Sharif in and Erber, & Staub that racial carried out against the Hazaras in this novel the papers. It had happened just discrimination is an action when is shown by Amir. At that time Afghanistan after the Taliban took over someone acts badly towards was under the control of the Taliban. The Mazar, one of the last cities to members of other racial groups such Taliban colonized and attacked every area fall. I remembered Soraya as "physical attack, and occupied by the Hazaras in Afghanistan. handing me the article over extermination". "Extermination or They attacked the Hazaras blindly. In this breakfast, her face bloodless. mass killing" based on race is the evidence it is also explained that when the

“Door-to-door. We only rested highest level of racial discrimination Taliban controlled Mazar-i-Sharif which was for food and prayer,” the Talib triggered by hatred and prejudice one of the areas where the Hazaras lived, they said. He said it fondly, like a (quoted in Quillian 58). carried out the extermination and mass man telling of a great party he’d killing towards the Hazaras. They came to attended. “We left the bodies in every house occupied by the Hazaras and the streets, and if their families shoot them one by one. This action was tried to sneak out to drag them carried out by the Taliban as the way to back into their homes, we’d discriminate the Hazaras. In addition they shoot them too (Hosseini 243). also had strong vision to eradicate and eliminate all the Hazaras from the land of Afghanistan. The Taliban lets the corpses of the Hazaras lay down on the streets and ignored them, even they did not hesitate to kill people who wanted to bring the corpse back home. The acts of extermination and mass killing carried out by the Taliban against the Hazaras are classified into racial discrimination actions.

B. The Causes of the Emergence of Racial Disrimination

B.1 Racial Prejudice No Quotes Forms Page Reference Comment 1. “You’re bothering me very Dialogue 36 Harold Cyril Bibby said that “Racial In the novel The Kite Runner by Khaled much. In fact you bothering me prejudice and discrimination are Hosseini also discussed about racial more than this Hazara here. present and urgent evils, and racial prejudice. In this novel racial prejudice is one How can you talk to him, play tension and friction have mounted of the causes of racial discrimination. The with him, let him touch you?” menacingly in our own generation. victim who experienced racial prejudice in he said, his voice dripping with Moreover, a firm belief in something this novel was Hassan and his family because disgust (Hosseini 36). which is not a fact is itself a fact, and they were members of the Hazara ethnic there can be ‘racial prejudice’ ” (Biby group. Hazara is the minority group in 3). Afghanistan that has experienced a lot of racial prejudice carried out by other groups, Conrad Schetter said that in especially the majority group Pashun. The Afghanistan, racial prejudice towards Hazaras also experience racial discrimination the Hazaras as disgusting group was because of the existence of this racial known to all Afghans. This racial prejudice. Racial prejudice is a judgement prejudice was created because of the that has developed and it is believed by the very poor living conditions of the public. This quotation shows that racial Hazaras. The people thought that prejudice is a belief towards something that because the Hazaras were poor, of is not the real truth. Most of the racial

14 course they lived in an unworthy prejudice is a judgement against someone or place that was identical with slums other groups which is made without knowing and dirty. Based on their own the truth. Racial prejudice also has no clear thoughts, racial prejudice regarding evidence base. Most of the racial prejudice is the Hazaras as disgusting group was made just based on our own thoughts without formed (Schetter 13). any apparent reason. The quotation that shows the existence of racial prejudice against the Hazaras in The Kite Runner exists in the dialogue spoken by Assef when he saw Amir and Hassan were playing together. Assef thought that Amir as Pashtuns should not play with Hassan because Hassan is a Hazaras. Amir shouldn't let the Hazaras around him. According to Assef all the Hazaras are considered disgusting because they are from the poor group and they are inappropriate together with the Pashtuns who have high honor. Judgments or beliefs about the Hazaras that considered disgusting and inappropriate together with the Pashtuns who have high honor called as racial prejudice

because the judgments or the beliefs had no clear evidence and were made without knowing the real truth. Assef's belief about the Hazaras is certainly not true because all the Hazaras are also normal human beings just like other people. Assef has made a mistake because he believes in something that is not a real truth. A statement confirming the existence of racial prejudice against the Hazaras as a disgusting group came from Conrad Schetter. 2. His blue eyes flicked to Hassan. Dialogue 35 According to Allport racial prejudice From this evidence it can be seen that Assef “Afghanistan is the land of is “an antipathy based upon a faulty really hated Hassan and all the Hazara very Pashtuns. It always has been, and inflexible generalization. It may much. Because of the hatred he had, Assef always will be. We are the true be felt or expressed. It may be said harsh words accusing the Hazara of Afghans, the pure Afghans, not directed toward a group as a whole or being a group that pollutes the land of this Flat-Nose here. His people toward an individual because he is a Afghanistan. The Hazaras should not be in pollute our homeland, our member of that group” (quoted in Afghanistan because Afghanistan belongs watan. They dirty our blood.” Campbell & Brown 6). only to Pashtuns. He also said that the Hazara He made a sweeping, grandiose also dirty the Pashtun’s blood as the pure gesture with his hands. Afghans. Assef's hatred of the Hazara was a

“Afghanistan for Pashtuns, I form of racial prejudice because the hatred say. That’s my vision.” arises as a result of the generalization that (Hosseini 35). was not fit with the characteristics of the Hazaras in Afghanistan who labeled and marked all the Hazaras as a dirty and servant class group, wild and thief.

3. He reached for something from Dialogue 36 As Bridges said that when a person Prejudice has stages that tend to lead the back pocket of his jeans. performs prejudice then the person someone to act negatively towards others. In “I’ll ask the president to do automatically has a bad thought or the The Kite Runner novel, the stages of what the king didn’t have the belief towards another person or prejudice are reflected in Assef character quwat to do. To rid Afghanistan member of another group. From this who hates the Hazaras. This evidence of all the dirty, kasseef bad thinking will develop into a sense explains that Assef has a very strong Hazaras.” (Hosseini 36). of hatred. Realized or not, from this ambition to expell the Hazaras from the land hatred will automatically affect the of Afghanistan in any way. This bad action attitude of the perpetrator to act badly began with the prejudice he had with the against others who are members of Hazaras. He considered that the Hazaras is other groups (Bridges 24). disgusting and inappropriate together with the Pashtuns. Then from this prejudice he began to hate the Hazaras blindly without any clear reason that led to his negative

actions towards the Hazaras. This proves that prejudice can affect someone to act badly on the others.

4. The following week, after class, Monologue 8 Goodhart stressed that “Racial Racial prejudice is often associated with I showed the book to my prejudice could also be defined as the values that exist within a particular group. teacher and pointed to the tendency to make an automatic This shows that life values, attitudes or chapter on the Hazaras. He connection between race and certain behavior have an influence in determining skimmed through a couple of moral or behavioral traits.”(quoted in the direction of the racial prejudice. Racial pages, snickered, handed the Justina Osa 2). prejudice for other racial groups will be book back.”That’s the one thing formed based on observations of life values, Shi’a people do well,“ he said, In Afghanistan, Hazaras is a minority attitudes or behavior that exist and inherent picking up his papers, “passing group with most members holding in other racial groups. This connection them selves as martyrs.” He Islamic Shi'a beliefs. Shi'a is a belief between prejudice and moral values or wrinkled his nose when he said that only holds by the Hazaras. attitudes is also shown in the formation of the word Shi’a, like it was some Pashtuns which are the majority racial prejudice towards the Hazaras in this kind of disease. (Hosseini 8) group and holds Sunni Islamic beliefs novel. This can be seen from Amir's consider Shi’a Hazaras to be infidels explanation of the attitude and expression of because Shi’a is religion that his teacher at school when reading about the believing in Ali and the Imams as the history of the Hazaras. From the words and only rightful successors of expressions of Amir's teacher it can be seen

Muhammad. Pashtuns assume that that he did not like Shi'a. He seemed to regard Shi'a is not a true religion because Shi'a as something bad even when he said the Pashtuns believes that Muhammad word Shi'a he wrinkled his nose as if he did not appoint a successor and thought Shi'a was like a disgusting and consider Abu Bakar who they claim dangerous disease. The word Shi'a people in was appointed Caliph through a this evidence refers to the Hazaras. The Shura. Sunni Pashtuns consider Shi'a Hazaras is associated with Shi'a because to be the religion of those who are Shi’a is a religion that is only believed by the incited by the devil and should all be Hazaras. Therefore, with the existance of put to death (Razaiat & Pearson 7). negative assessment of Shi'a, the Hazaras will automatically be judged negatively by the community. This is because the Hazaras holds the Shi'a belief and the moral values in the Shi'a belief also existed in the life of the Hazaras. All the actions and expressions of Amir's teacher were categorized into racial prejudice because he links race and moral values. He tried to make a negative judgement of the Hazaras based on the religion embraced by the Hazaras and the life values contained in it. The presence of the

19 racial prejudice against the Hazaras is supported by the explanation of Razaiat & Pearson regarding the relationship of the Hazaras and Shi'a. From this explanation it can be seen that Shi'a is a belief that is only shared by the minority groups of Hazaras. Pashtuns as a majority group who holds Sunni beliefs consider Shi'a Hazaras infidels because they have differences in the Imam's concept of their beliefs. Pashtun considered Shi'a Hazaras as a religion influenced by devil. Pashtuns' action that judged the Hazaras based on their religion called racial prejudices. This shows that the racial prejudice was indeed experienced by the Hazaras and the connection between Hazaras and Shi'a is indeed real. The values that are in Shi'a beliefs are used to judge the Hazaras.

5. The curious thing was, I never Monologue 22 Crandall and Eshleman said that there Other racial prejudice actions taken against thought of Hassan and me as are two factors in racial prejudice. the Hazaras are shown in Amir's words. friend either. Not in the usual The first factor is the original Although Amir and Hassan were breastfed sense, anyhow…Because prejudice, this is the basic and the by the same woman, grew up and lived in the history isn’t easy to main one. It has a powerful feeling to same place, Amir never considered Hassan overcome….In the end, I was encourage and influence someone to as his friend. Amir thinks that friendships Pashtun and he was a Hazara, I give assessment of other groups. It is between different racial and ethnic will never was Sunni and he was Shi’a, always negative. The second factor is be able to happen anytime. It happened and nothing was ever going to provocation to control the first factor. because Amir understood the culture in change that. Nothing (Hosseini This is the form of attitude and Afghanistan which considered Hazara to be a 22). expression to support the first factor group that had low social status in the that shown by someone towards the community and was very different from other groups (Crandall & Eshleman Pashtun. Because of this negative judgment, 238). Amir rejected his friendship with Hassan. It can be said as racial prejudice because this is the same as what Crandall and Eshleman said.

B.2 Racial Stereotypes

No Quotes Forms Page Reference Comment 1. Amir: “No, I want to know. Dialogue 203 The University Counseling Center Another factor that has led to the emergence Why do you do that?” of Notre Dame explained that of racial discrimination against the Hazaras Farid: “Let me imagine , Agha “Racial stereotypes are automatic in Afghanistan in the novel The Kite Runner sahib. You probably lived in a and exaggerated mental pictures is racial stereotypes. Racial stereotypes refer big two- or three-story house that we hold about all members of a to a special picture about other groups. This with a nice backyard that your particular racial group” (1). shows that racial stereotypes refer to gardener filled with flowers and descriptions of an image or particular feature fruit trees. All gated, of course. According to Emadi 2008, since the of a particular group that is formed and Your father drove an American 19th century the Hazaras have been appears automatically in our minds when we car. You had servants, probably stereotyped by the Pashtuns. The are thinking about a particular group. The Hazaras.” (Hosseini 203). Hazaras were stereotyped as description of stereotypes as explained by servants, so the Pashtuns treated The University Counseling Center of Notre them like slaves and ordered them to Dame can be proven through a dialogue did all the work the Pashtuns have to between Farid and Amir in the novel The Kite do, including serving all the Runner. This quotation shows that Farid tried Pashtuns' needs (quoted in Frantzell to describe Amir’s life in Afghanistan. 25). Because Amir was a Pashtuns, Farid thought that of course Amir was a rich man and had a luxurious life. But when talking about the

servant at Amir's house, something that came to Farid mind was only the Hazaras. This happened because Farid's thinking had been influenced by the racial stereotypes that developed in Afghan society which had categorized the Hazaras into the servant class. This racial stereotypes make the Hazaras considered by peoples that their life only to serve Pashtuns and may only work as servants in Afghanistan. Racial stereotypes that categorize the Hazaras as servant were supported by a statement from Emadi.

2. That Hassan would grow up Monologue 24 McShane and Von Glinow (2014) In addition to providing a description or illiterate like Ali and most said that racial stereotypes as “the special feature as a sign of a group, Hazaras had been decided the perceptual process in which stereotypes also give signs or identities to minute he had been born, individuals assign characteristics to each individual. From the opinion of perhaps even the moment he an identifiable group and then McShane and Von Glinow it can be had been conceived in automatically transfer those features understood that in addition to mark a group Sanaubar’s unwelcoming to anyone they believe is a member based on the characteristic traits in the group, womb--after all, what use did a racial stereotypes will also directly

23 servant have for the written of that group” (quoted in Brink & generalize the signs or labels attached to the word? But despite his illiteracy, Neil 10). group to each person who is considered to or maybe because of it, Hassan have the same characteristics. In the novel was drawn to the mystery of Conrad Schetter explained that in The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini also gives words, seduced by a secret Afghanistan, the Hazara is a racial a similar picture of racial stereotypes as said world forbidden to him I read group that is very vulnerable to by McShane and Von Glinow. The proof can him poems and stories, stereotypes. This condition is be seen from Amir's words. This evidence sometimes riddles (Hosseini because Hazara is a minority group shows that Amir as Pashtuns had carried out 24). and has many differences with the racial stereotypes against Hassan who was a majority ethnic in Afghanistan, Hazaras. In the life of the Afghan community namely the Pashtun. When Afghans various kinds of beliefs about the Hazaras hear the word Hazara, what is left in have spread out. One of them is the belief in their minds is illiterate. Illiterate stereotypes that categorized the Hazaras as have been attached to the Hazaras an illiterate group. Racial stereotype arises group and become characteristic or because the living conditions of the Hazaras label of the Hazara group (12). in Afghanistan are very unlucky and they get the low level of education. Amir who is a Pashtuns and Afghan natives know and understand the culture of the Afghan people who believe in racial stereotypes towards the Hazaras. Amir thinks that Hassan (his

servant) has the same characteristics as the Hazaras because Hassan is the member of the group. Therefore Amir also attached the illiterate label of the Hazaras to Hassan. Racial stereotypes about the Hazaras that labeled as illiterate group were also explained by conrad schettered.

3. A pair of Talib officials came to Monologue 191- According to Charles “Most Racial stereotypes can have a serious investigate and interrogated 192 evidently, racial stereotypes subject negative impact on the targeted group, Hassan. They accused him of an entire group to prejudice, especially if the information provided is not lying when Hassan told them he discrimination, and other forms of in accordance with reality. It can be seen that was living with me even though ill-treatment. Most importantly, racial stereotypes are more often interpreted many of the neighbors, racial stereotypes are not accurate as something that tends to lead to negative including the one who called representations of an entire race. A portrayals of other groups. Most people have me, supported Hassan’s story. common misconception about racial misunderstood because they have trusted The Talibs said he was a liar stereotypes is that they are true. information in racial stereotypes as a true and a thief like all Hazaras and More often than not, racial fact. The information contained in racial ordered him to get his family stereotypes are negative over- stereotypes is still unclear, not necessarily out of the house by sundown. representations of a group. The bad accurate and match with the character of each Hassan protested. But my characteristics, attitudes and values, racial group. The impact of racial stereotypes

25 neighbor said the Talibs were and/or lifestyles of the few are can cause the target group to experience looking at the big house like-- unjustly attributed to the entire race” prejudice, discrimination and other worst how did he say it?--yes, like ( quoted in Ubdogafar 2-3). actions. Khaled Hosseini provided evidence ‘wolves looking at a flock of in the The Kite Runner novel regarding the sheep.’ They told Hassan they David Filipov explained that In mistakes of Afghan people especially the would be moving in to Afghanistan, many Afghans do not Pashtuns in stereotyping the Hazaras as the supposedly keep it safe until I dare to go through or go to an area racial and ethnic minorities in Afghanistan return. Hassan protested again. called Bamiyan because Bamiyan is which caused the Hazaras to be discriminated So they took him to the street-- considered a place inhabited by and experienced various cruel acts. This ” “--and shot him in the back of liars, murderers, and thiefs. Afghans happened when the Taliban, a military the head.” (Hosseini 191-192). think that if they enter the area they organization founded by Pashtuns ethnic will be cheated, killed and be stolen. group came to the house of Amir who was a The names of liars, murderers, and Pashtuns in Kabul and discovered that there thiefs in Bamiyan were addressed to was the Hazaras who lived inside that house. the Hazaras because Bamiyan was At that time, the Taliban controlled all areas an area inhabited only by the in Afghanistan. They came to Amir's house Hazaras. Racial stereotypes that in Kabul and find out that there was the assume that the Hazaras are liars, Hazaras who lived in the house. Hassan has murderers, and thiefs have tried to explain to the Taliban that this house developed within Afghan society belongs to Amir. Hassan said that Amir is his (quoted in Frantzell 25-26). friends. Hassan was asked to guard this house

26 for Amir but the Taliban did not believe all of Hassan's words even though Hassan had said the truth. The Taliban did not believe in Hassan because they thought that Hassan was the same as all the Hazaras who were identical with liar and thief. Because of the racial stereotypes that categorized the Hazaras as liar and thief, the Taliban treated Hassan harshly and took him to the street and shot him in the head. This shows how dangerous racial stereotypes are if the information contain in racial stereotype does not match with the actual facts. David Filipov gives an explanation about the existence of racial stereotypes about the hazaras that identical with liars and thiefs. Actually the information in racial stereotypes about the Hazaras is not true. The Hazaras never cheated, killed or stole anyone’s belonging. The true fact is that Hazaras resisted the people who had oppressed them all this time.

This action caused the public to be wrong in stereotyping the Hazaras and regarded them as a group of liars, murderers, and thiefs.

B.3 Racial Differences

No Quotes Forms Page Reference Comment 1. “The book said that my people Monologue 8 F.A. Ibrahim, & J.R. Heuer Religion is one part of racial differences had killed the Hazaras, driven stressed that religion or belief is a which is a driving factor for the emergence them from their lands, burned spiritual belief that exists within of racial discrimination. Evidence of their homes, and sold their each group. Every racial group religious differences in the novel The Kite women. The book said part of may have different religions. Each Runner can be seen from Amir's explanation. the reason of Pashtuns had group member tends to think that This quotation shows that Pashtuns and oppressed the Hazaras was that their religion is the most correct Hazaras have different religions. Pashtuns Pashtuns were Sunni Muslims, among the others. Religion or held Sunni beliefs while the Hazaras held while Hazaras were Shi’a” belief is something that is very Shi'a beliefs. The differences between the (Hosseini 8). sensitive and personal. Religion or Pashtuns and the Hazaras became something belief has deep emotional meaning very crucial and caused serious problems for every individual in each racial between the two groups. This differences

group. The essence of a religion is was the reason for Pashtuns to behaved badly the achievement of its values (28- towards the Hazaras. It can be said of 29). religious differences as the main basis of discriminatory actions by Pashtuns towards Ibid states that “These differences the Hazaras. The fact about religious manifest themselves in slightly differences between the Pashtuns and the different practices and holidays. Hazara being the reason for the emergence of Conflicts and discrimination discrimination against the Hazaras was also between Sunnis and Shias is not strengthened and supported by explanations uncommon and historically in the from Ibid. Muslim world, Shias have been persecuted by Sunnis” (quoted in Frantzell 23). 2. “I can still see Hassan up on Monologue 3 & 22 According to Charlotte Reading, Besides from religion, there was another that tree, sunlight flickering Each racial group has different difference which also supported the through the leaves on his almost characteristics and uniqueness. emergence of racial discrimination against perfectly round face, a face like This difference is an identity for the Hazaras. The difference is the physical a Chinese doll chiseled from each group as a marker that difference or appearance between each hardwood: his flat, broad nose distinguishes between one group group. Physical differences as explained by and slanting, narrow eyes like and another. Charlotte Reading Charlotte Reading are also shown in the bamboo leaves, eyes that also added that in the racial novel The Kite Runner. From these two

29 looked, depending on the light, differences, physical differences quotations, we can see the comparison or gold, green, even sapphire. I include several things. There are facial differences between the Hazaras and can still see his tiny low-set ears skin color, hair texture, eye shape the Pashtuns. The first quotation explains and that pointed stub of a chin, in it. Physical differences are the Hassan’s characteristic as a Hazaras that the a meaty appendage that looked main factor that become marker Hazaras had faces that tended to resemble like it was added as a mere for differentiating racial groups Asians. Generally Hazara has a round face, afterthought. And the cleft lip, (2). tiny low set ears, slanted eyes, flat nose, and just left of midline, where the looks like a Chinese people. Because of this Chinese doll maker’s Annika Frantzell emphasized that characteristics the Hazaras often instrument may have slipped, or different looks and easy to discriminated by the other people by calling perhaps he had simply grown distinguish between other groups them Flat nosed babalu, slanted eyed donkey, tired and careless” (Hosseini 3). especially because they have East and other bad names. While Pashtuns have Asian face types that have made faces like Afghans in general which are “the face of Afghanistan is that them a target of discrimination identical to "thin-bone frames, a shaved head, of a boy with a thin-boned (Frantzell 22). and low-set ears". This difference arises frame, a shaved head, and low- because they come from different breeds. set ears” (Hosseini 22). This difference is a marker that distinguishes between Pashtuns and the Hazaras. Because of these differences, various acts of racial discrimination emerged against the Hazara as the race and ethnic minorities in Afghanistan.

Evidence that the facial differences owned by the Hazaras were the reason for they discriminated by other groups was also supported by statements from Annika Frantzell. 3. “They called him flat-nosed Monologue 8 Elliott D. Green explained that The last difference between races that can because of Ali and Hassan's descent or ethnic origin is a term trigger racial discrimination is the difference characteristic Hazara related to lineage, ancestry, and in descent. Descent is the most important part Mongoloid features. For years, origin of a race or ethnicity. This of a racial or ethnic group because it that was all I knew about the belief in descent can change from determines the authenticity of their group. In Hazaras, that they were Mogul generation to generation because the Kite Runner novel there are also descendants, and that they the exsistance of intermarriage differences in descent that occur between looked a little like Chinese (16). Pashtuns as the majority group and the people” (Hosseini 8). Hazaras who are a minority group. This shows that the Hazaras are not racial or ethnic originals from Afghanistan. The Hazaras are Mogul (Mongolian) descent from China.