Assessment of the Impact of Zoonotic Infections (Bovine
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DFID ANIMAL HEALTH PROGRAMME Assessment of the impact of zoonotic infections (bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis) in selected regions of The Gambia, Senegal, Guinea, and Guinea Bissau - A Scoping study - Fred Unger and Susanne Münstermann International Trypanotolerance Centre Banjul, The Gambia, May 2004 List of acronyms and abbreviations BTB Bovine Tuberculosis B. abortus Brucella abortus BQ Black quarter C. bovis Cysticercus bovis CIDT Comparative Intradermal Tuberculin Test Cl. botulinum Clostridia botulinum CRD Central River Division DVO District Veterinary Officer FMD Food and mouth disease GB Guinea Bissau GBA Greater Banjul Area H.S. Haemorrhagic septicaemia ILRI International Trypanotolerance Centre LIPS Low input production system MOPS Market orientated production system M. bovis Mycobacterium bovis PH Public health p.m. post mortem PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PPR Pest de Petite Ruminants PROCORDEL Program Concerté recherche-développement sur l’élevage en Afrique de l’Ouest SR Small ruminants SSA Sub-Saharan Africa TB Tuberculosis VH Veterinary health WA Weighted average WAS West African shorthorn 1 List of contents SUMMARY ..............................................................................................................................6 1. BACKGROUND .........................................................................................................11 2. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................13 3 PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND COUNTRY CHARACTERISTICS IN THE STUDY AREA................................................................................................13 3.1 Some country characteristics...................................................................................................16 3.1.1 The Gambia .....................................................................................................................16 3.1.2 Guinea Bissau..................................................................................................................17 3.1.3 Guinea .............................................................................................................................18 3.1.4 Senegal ............................................................................................................................19 4. MATERIALS AND METHODS...................................................................................21 4.1 Study period..............................................................................................................................21 4.2 Study area .................................................................................................................................21 4.3 Survey based on Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)........................................................24 4.3.1 Team members for PRA sessions.....................................................................................25 4.3.2 Disease ranking...............................................................................................................25 4.4 Survey based on semi-structured questionnaire....................................................................26 4.5 Survey based on serological sampling for brucellosis ...........................................................26 4.6. Data analysis .............................................................................................................................26 5 RESULTS ...................................................................................................................27 5.1 Study population.......................................................................................................................27 5.2 Farmers’ perceptions of animal diseases................................................................................29 5.2.1 Disease importance ranking............................................................................................29 5.2.1.1 Results presented by country..........................................................................................29 5.2.1.2 Results presented by production system.........................................................................31 5.2.2 Chronic diseases..............................................................................................................33 5.2.2.1 Chronic diseases in cattle................................................................................................33 5.2.2.2 Chronic diseases in small ruminants...............................................................................35 5.3 Farmers perception on zoonoses .............................................................................................36 5.3.1 Questionnaire results for zoonoses..................................................................................36 5.3.1.1 Results by country ..........................................................................................................36 5.3.1.2 Results by production system .........................................................................................40 5.3.2 Group discussion results for zoonoses ............................................................................41 5.4 Specific observations on brucellosis........................................................................................43 5.4.1 Symptoms of brucellosis .................................................................................................43 5.4.1.1 Results by country for cattle...........................................................................................43 5.4.1.2 Results by country for small ruminants ..........................................................................44 2 5.4.1.3 Results by production system .........................................................................................45 5.4.2 Handling of aborted foetus..............................................................................................46 5.4.2.1 Results by country ..........................................................................................................46 5.4.2.2 Results by production system ........................................................................................47 5.4.3 Handling of milk from cows with previous history of abortion or observed hygromas ..47 5.4.3.1 Results by country ..........................................................................................................47 5.4.3.2 Results by production system .........................................................................................48 5.5 Attitudes to the importance of quality of livestock products................................................49 5.5.1 Observations on meat quality related to animal diseases ...............................................49 5.5.2 Observations on milk related to animal diseases ............................................................51 5.5.3 Handling of milk produced on farms...............................................................................53 5.6 Observations on zoonoses by other groups involved.............................................................55 5.6.1 Butchers...........................................................................................................................55 5.6.1.1 Butchers’ knowledge of zoonoses ..................................................................................56 5.6.1.2 Zoonotic diseases observed during the last 12 months...................................................57 5.6.1.3 Knowledge of animal diseases which can influence meat quality..................................57 5.6.1.4 Health status of butchers.................................................................................................58 5.6.2 Veterinary health authorities............................................................................................59 5.6.2.1 Observations on zoonotic infections in animals .............................................................60 5.6.2.2 Animal diseases observed during the last year ...............................................................60 5.6.3 Public health sector.........................................................................................................62 5.6.3.1 Observations of zoonotic infections during the last three years ....................................64 5.6.3.2 Diagnostic capacity of local health centres and hospitals with respect to brucellosis-like infections and tuberculosis .............................................................................................64 5.6.3.3 Specific knowledge of brucellosis.................................................................................66 5.7 Potential direct and indirect losses due to brucellosis...........................................................67 5.7.1 General herd parameters.................................................................................................67 5.7.2 Direct and indirect losses due to brucellosis (abortions and cow sterility) ....................69 5.8 Serological sampling for brucellosis .......................................................................................70 5.8.1 B. abortus in herd bulk milk samples ..............................................................................70 5.8.2 B. abortus in man (volunteers) ........................................................................................71