LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN AUGUST 1972

VOL. 41 NO.8

THE COVER-Attorney General, Richard G. Kleindienst. See page 17.

LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN CONTENTS

Message From the Acting Director 1

FBI National Academy Graduation 3

Forensic Odontology Today-A "New" Forensic Science, by Lowell J. Levine, D.D.S., Consultant in Forensic Dentistry, Office of Chief Medical e Examiner, New York, N.Y. 6

Trailers Are Tempting Targets for Thieves 10

"The Image of Law Enforcement," by H on. L. Patrick Gray, III, Acting Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation . 14

New Attorney General 17 Published by the FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION A Law Enforcement Officer Looks at Sentencing, by Insp. fohn B. Hotis, Federal Bureau of Investiga- UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE tion, Washington, D.C. 18 Washington, D.C. 20535 The Police Legal Unit, by Edwin D. Heath, Jr., Di• rector of Police, Criminal Justice Interface Divi• sion, Police Department, Dallas, Tex. 22

Nationwide Crimes cope 31 ..

Wanted by the FBI . 32 ONE OF THE GREAT FAITHS of a democratic discharge of its duties will provoke harsh criti· society is its belief that it can protect itself without cism on both sides. forfeiting individual freedom. Frequently ex• pressed fears over the simplicity of this proposi• The FBI, particularly, over the years has tion are not misplaced, for the balance between drawn much attention to its role in a democratic freedom and the essential maintenance of law society. Some have viewed FBI jurisdiction as and order in a democracy is necessarily delicate. expansive and encroaching on individual free• , And, it will always be so. doms. Others, just as vocally, have argued for programs which would cast the FBI along the Without order, the scales of fr~edom would lines of a national police force. There is no reason certainly tip toward anarchy. Unreasonable re• to question the sincerity of either position, for straints on freedom would surely encourage a each mirrors the proper and continuing public ft toward totalitarianism. The delicate balance concern over the protection of democracy's deli• • ween freedom and the essential restraints to cate balance--on the one side from excessive establish order must be zealously guarded lest police power and on the other from irresponsible r- one override the other. freedom. Order is governed by observance of duly FBI jurisdiction is in fact carefully circum• enacted laws, while freedom in a democracy can scribed by specific legislation and directives that only be limited to the legitimate and responsible define its duties. The FBI will not, under my aspirations of the individual. The two must grow direction, violate the boundaries of its authority, together with a mutual respect for their im• nor will it become the equivalent of a national • portance in our country's heritage. police force. In this intent I can do no better than Law enforcement has a vital role in maintain• my distinguished predecessor, J. Edgar Hoover, ing the delicate balance between freedom and who throughout his remarkable career was recog• order. It must protect both without favoring nized by friend and foe alike as a steadfast either. This is a significant responsibility, but not opponent of proposals which could have easily an enviable assignment. More often than not, no reshaped the FBI into a huge agency with un• matter how careful and correct, law enforcement's limited investigative powers. MESSAGE

The centralization of far-reaching police au• effective performance in the pursuit of national thority has no place in a democratic society. goals. Our framework of city, county, and State gov• Cooperation among law enforcement is the best ernments has developed a network of dedicated guarantee that alien concepts of centralized police law enforcement agencies that are responsive to power will never gain a foothold on these shores. the individual needs of their communities and are The FBI is unalterably and enthusiastically com• mitted to cooperation in all law enforcement accountable to the elected officials of those efforts. Only in this spirit may our profession jurisdictions. Together with Federal law enforce• serve society with reason and concern for its ment these local departments have, through co• democratic legacy and with the ability indispens• operative programs, provided efficient and able to its protection_

1. PATRICK GRAY, III AUGUST 1, 1972 Acting Director Senator Hruska Speaks­

FBI National Academy Graduation

"It IS vital that effective law enforcement continue to improve in this and our sister nations if we are to continue to call ourselves 'civilized' peoples. "

T he FBI " ... National Academy learned of the latest in police tech• has been a principal means by which niques and about the resources avail• there has developed a close working able to you at the national level, but relationship and understanding among you have come to see how many others all levels of law enforcement in this are meeting and solving problems nation." common to all professionals in your Acknowledging the importance of field. This knowledge should serve the Academy's role in law enforce• you well. It will serve your communi• ment cooperation was the Honorable ties well, also. It is vital that effective Roman L. Hruska, U.S. Senator from law enforcement continue to improve Nebraska, in his address to the grad• in this and our sister nations if we uates of the 89th session of the FBI are to continue to call ourselves 'civ• National Academy on June 7, 1972, at ilized' peoples." Washington, D.C. Highlighting "outstanding and Noting that the Academy's pro• notable historical events" that oc• grams since its beginning in 1935 have curred during the graduating class been a "great success," Senator training period-the death of former Hruska continued that he knew"... FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, the this class will add measurably to this appointment of Mr. L. Patrick Gray, Senator Roman L. Hruska. excellent record. Not only have you III, as Acting FBI Director, and Pres•

_gust 1972 3 ident Nixon's visit to the Soviet He continued that "[l]aw enforce• Union-Senator Hruska endorsed Mr. ment in the United States is primarily The FBI is " ••• fully Gray's selection as an "outstanding a state and local function-a state and aware that one of the choice." "I know," said the Senator, local responsibility." " ... [F]ederal strengths of our society . •• "he will see that the Bureau continues participation has been designed to lies in the quality of the its record of exemplary service to the confine itself within the major propo• law enforcement effort on the local level." nati{)n." sition of primary responsibility for Senator Hruska then asked rhetor• law enforcement in the hands of state ically if the recent negotiations and and local authorities," said the graduates that their ". . . personal agreements by the President with the Senator. standing among your fellow citizens Russians had compromised Mr. In conclusion, Senator Hruska told is vital to your effectiveness in carry• Hoover's lifetime convictions on the the graduates that their "... train• ing out your duties. You must com• "wickedness" and "evils" of com• ing . . . has been geared to improv• mand respect. Respect that is earned munism. It was his view that they did ing your capacity to fit into the sys• through knowledge, competence, un• not, for as he noted: ". . . let us tem of law enforcement based upon derstanding, and commitment to your remember that President Nixon also state and local efforts . . . [and] profession. In this way you can . . . has a long record of one who has . . . is a continuation of a process count on the solid support of your studied and learned about Commu• whereby you can employ fruitfully fellow citizens." He also assured them nism. He has fiercely battled it here and effectively that additional knowl• they would have the support and co• in America. He has lost none of his edge together with your previous ex• operation of the FBI which is ". . . keen awareness of its goals, missions perience so as to fit in this vast and fully aware that one of the great and dangers against America and the important pattern of law enforce• strengths of our society . . . lies in free world." ment throughout the United States." the quality of the law enforcement Out of the President's visit to the Senator Hruska, as the principal effort on the local level. We want to Soviet Union and the resulting delib• speaker at the graduation ceremonies, help in enhancing that quality for the erations with that country's leaders, was introduced by Acting Director benefit of all citizens of this land of Senator Hruska saw progress "... Gray. Mr. Gray also counseled the ours." being made toward a world which will witness the settlement of national differences by negotiation, not by force--a world in which nations will learn to live with their differences, so that their sons will not have to die for those differences." Referring to another position steadfastly held by Mr. Hoover dur• ing his lifetime, ". . . that a national police force or foundation or sug• gestion thereof would be unaccept• able in America," the Senator said he shared this ". . . profound and cor• rect interpretation of the constitu• tional concept which is the foun• dation for our government in America...."

"Law enforcement in the United States is primarily a state and local function• a state and local respons• Insp. William L. Hart, Detroit, Mich., Police Department, receives his diploma from Acting ibility." Director Gray as Insp. Thomas J. Jenkins, now Assistant Director of the FBI Training Division, looks on. 4 FBI Law Enforcement Bullet. Lt. Col. Archie Van Winkle, presi• dent of the National Academy grad• _ ting class and Director of Security "We, the members of the 89th Session of the National .dLaw Enforcement for the U_S. Academy • •• pledge ourselves to the fulfillment of the Marine Corps, had been elected challenges of law enforcement for you, for the Nation, and spokesman for the 89th session. In his for the world." address to his fellow classmates, Colonel Van Winkle challenged them to "professionalism and high com• petence" in the performance of their , responsibilities. He also called upon the National City Christian Church, member class of the 89th session, a the public, through the visitors in at• Washington, D.C., who gave the in• total of 6,134 law enforcement officers tendance at the graduation, "... to vocation and benediction; Hon. have attended the Academy since it think seriously of the support and as• James J. Rowley, Director, U.S. Secret was founded 37 years ago. Of this sistance that we as peace officers must Service, Washington, D.C.; Hon. number, nearly 900 hold top execu• have to do our job." James M. Slavin, Director, Traffic In• tive positions in their agencies. There stitute, Northwestern University, are 221 graduates from 47 foreign Evanston, Ill.; Maj. Clarence H. Hoff• countries. man, Kansas City, Mo., Police De• The graduating class had among its partment and president of the FBI members 12 chiefs of police and one National Academy Associates; and sheriff. In addition to officers from Gen. Jack A. Albright, U.S. Army Guam, Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, Strategic Communications Command, Korea, Lebanon, Panama, the Philip• Fort Huachuca, Ariz. The U.S. pines, the Republic of China, Singa• Marine Band presented a musical pore, and Thailand, officers in the class program. represented many local, State, and With the graduation of the 100• (Continued on page 25)

Lt. Col. Archie Van Winkle.

"We," summed up Colonel Van Winkle, "the members of the 89th Ses• sion of the National Academy, mark. ing the end of one era and a start of another, with appreciation for the work of John Edgar Hoover and best wishes for success to Mr. L. Patrick Gray, . . . pledge ourselves to the fulfillment of the challenges of law enforcement for you, for the Nation, and for the world." Among the distinguished guests introduced by Mr. Gray were Senator Hruska's wife Victoria; Mrs. Davis, Acting Director Gray congratulates Sgt. John G. Reed, Juneau, Alaska, Police Department, on wife of Dr. George R. Davis, Pastor of receipt of his diploma.

_ gust 1972 5 FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY TODAY- A "NEW" FORENSIC SCIENCE

"There is a small, but ever-growing, nucleus of dentists in this country today who have been trained to respond to the needs of the law enforcement officer, the legal pro- fession, and the forensic pathologist." ..

The forensic odontologist to ~ • can be a very valuable and will. By contributor to the. law enforcement officer's pursuit of justice. Historically LOWELL J. LEVINE, 0.0.5.* the dentist has been a casual con· Consultant in Forensic Dentistry, tributor to the medicolegal investiga· Office of Chief Medical Examiner, New York, N.Y. tion. He became involved in this process usually by a twist of fate. ,• Either a patient of his became the focus of an investigation in which < that patient's dental records were needed, or a mass disaster occurred nearby and the dentist's talents were needed to chart remains for identifica• • tion purposes. Unfortunately, the den• tist, after gaining the experience and "'I knowledge, usually faded from the medicolegal scene promptly, for lightning rarely struck twice in the ~ same location.

-Dr. Levine i. allo clinical aniltaot plo(e.lor of ..., forensic medicine at New York Univenity School of I Medicine and clinical auiateot profe••or of operative dentistry at tbe Brookdale Dental Center 01 Now :

6 M U::7':aw Enfo"ement 8UII. 1 The forensic odontologist has much Because of factors such as malalign- ized one group. The other group more to offer to the process of crimi- ment, malposition, spaces, wear, frac- included "abused child" homicide vic- • justice in the United States today tures, missing teeth (unerupted or tims. The greatest number of bites ~ the recognition of the otherwise fractured) , malformation, dental we noted in a sexually oriented case unidentifiable remains of a patient or restorations, and the like, the human was three. As many as nine bites were a number of dental charts in a mass dentition is quite individual. A pattern found on a child. disaster. There is a small, but ever- left by a bite in the proper material We classify the bites, according to growing, nucleus of dentists in this is unique to that set of teeth. Un- the quality of their impressions, as country today who have been trained fortunately, human tissue is not the "excellent," "good," "fair," or to respond to the needs of the lawen- ideal material with which to make an "poor." An excellent bite on the body forcement officer, the legal profession, impression of teeth. It is sott, yielding, of a rape­homicide victim allowed us and the forensic pathologist. Our job elastic, three dimensional, and totally to exclude two of the three suspects. basically involves evaluating physical unreproducible for comparison pur- We could not exclude the thousands of dental evidence and making compari- poses. The bite marks lett in human others who could have committed the sons involving this evidence. We work tissue must therefore be interpreted by crime. It did, however, save many • on problems involving identification, a skilled forensic odontologist exper- valuable hours of police investigation. bite marks, and dental and oral in- juries. We are equally at home at the crime scene, in the laboratory, and in the courtroom. "Bite mark evidence at this time must be considered It is most important for the dentist supportive. It is the job of the forensic odontologist to • to be included as a regular member develop it. It is the job of the law enforcement officer and of the investigative team. He will gain prosecutor to decide how it will be used." the experience, knowledge, and matur- ity to make a maximum contribution from the evidence he reviews. The law enforcement officer will gain the so- ienced in examining this type of case. The poor quality bites we found • phistication to demand the maximum Although we may personally feel about the body of a 7­month­old homi- a m the forensic odontologist. The more strongly, we have chosen termin- cide victim allowed us to exclude all _ es to be described have resulted ology to report our findings based suspects but one. Typically, the field from an atmosphere of mutual coop- upon our status as responsible forensic of suspects in the murder of infants is eration, respect, and understanding scientists. Until we can collect enough quite limited. Only a small number of among the members of the investiga- case material to give us a broad scien- adults or children have the exclusive tive team at the Office of Chief Medi- tific base, we have chosen to say, "The opportunity to attack the child. In this cal Examiner, City of New York. bite mark is/ is not consistent with the case our field of suspects included an dentition of the suspect." adult male, an adult female, and two siblings, aged 3 and 4 years. Based Teeth as Weapons .. upon the size of the dental arch in the Bite Mark Interpretation bites, we were able to exclude the The most tantalizing cases to study children and one of the adults. Only .. are the bite marks lett in human tissue The value of bite mark interpreta- one suspect remained. during homicides. Although the liter- tion lies in the ability of the forensic It is quite valid to state that a bite ature contains scarcely a dozen cases, odontologist to rapidly include or ex· does not necessarily prove a murderer. we have examined over 30 bites in clude a particular suspect in a homi- A serological grouping of semen in a human tissue of homicide victims in cide (rape, assault) investigation. Our rape­murder does not prove a person the past 3 years. findings, however, could be quite is a murderer either. Bite mark evi- As long as there have been human specific depending upon the circum- dence at this time must be considered beings, human teeth have been used stances of a particular case. supportive. It is the job of the forensic as weapons. As weapons, they have a Bites we have examined were left odontologist to develop it. It is the job unique feature: the wounds lett by almost exclusively in two types of of the law enforcement officer and teeth are specific to the person who homicides. Sexual activity, both het- prosecutor to decide how it will be inflicted them. erosexual and homosexual, character· used.

_ gust 1972 7 tion of the photographic evidence. The cases we have examined did not exhibit three-dimensional _ marks. The possibility of such _ dence does exist, and impressions of any three-dimensional bite marks, where feasible, should be made. The bite mark evidence is inter• preted and a report made. The results of the grouping of the saliva traces about the bite are reported. Models of the teeth of the suspects are collected, marked, and submitted by the police officer to the dental expert for exami• nation. These models should only be

made by a licensed dentist to prevent III

•

Multiple bile marks on the chest and abdomen of a homicide suspect were in various stages of healing. The two most prominent were less than 24 hours old.

The character of the bite marks the bite with a cotton swab moistened seen in the sexually associated homi• in saline. The washing is begun at the cide are quite different from those periphery and worked inward with a Figure 1.-A diffuse-type bite mark on the seen on the "battered child." The circular motion. As each swab is used, arm of an infant homicide victim . former seem to have been inflicted in it is stored in a stoppered glass tube a slow and sadistic manner and ex• and given to the serologist for group• hibit excellent detail. The children ing. Normal evidence-marking proce• were seemingly bitten in a rapid, ran• dures are followed. dom, enraged manner leaving tissue The bite is photographed in black laceration, diffuse areas, and poor and white, and color. A rule of meas• detail (figs. 1 and 2). It is paradoxical ure is included. An anatomic land• at this time that, because of the state mark is included if possible. The of the science, the poor bites are often commanding officer, Photo Unit, New more valuable than the excellent bites York City Police Department, sug• based upon the circumstances of the gested making photographs with a case. fingerprint camera, and this has yielded excellent life-size photographs. Procedures It is desirable for the forensic We have developed a standard ap• odontologist to be physically present proach to the examination of this type at the autopsy. However, his absence Figure 2.-lacerated-Iype bite mark on Infant of case. We take saliva washings of would not preclude a valid interpreta• homicide victim.

8 FBI Law Enforcement Bull possible objections to their accuracy by defense counsel in court. "A matching serological group obtained from the saliva, he models we have used were ob- a consistent dental pattern, and the circumstances which «ed only after informed consent made the person a suspect might well be enough to warrant was obtained from the suspect. In a presentation of the case to the grand jury." recent case in Connecticut (State v. Rice, Superior Court, Fairfield Counly, Feb. 3, 1972), a motion to suppress a set of dental casts as evi- Dental Clues The written dental record often cre- dence, allegedly obtained without con- ated problems with its inherent errors sent, was denied. The judge held that From his gross, microscopic, and caused by different charting systems the defendant voluntarily submitted radiological (X­ray) examination of and terminology, and conflicting en- but that, aside from the question of physical dental evidence, the dentist tries. With a dental X­ray we may consent, the police may take impres- can elicit valuable clues to identity. He make comparisons using graphic sions of a suspect's teeth incidental to can estimate the age of an adult to points such as bone trabeculation pat- • arrest where needed for evidence and about 5 years' accuracy. The pre- tern, anatomical landmarks, anoma- such action does not violate the privi- pubertal child can be aged to about 6 lies, pathology, root shape, fillings, lege against self­incrimination. months' accuracy by examination of and the like. We have found wax to be an excel- the stage of development of the Military service and private and lent medium for making comparison permanent tooth buds. The relative governmental insurance programs bites. The dentist routinely interprets economic status of a person can be have brought a large segment of the • his patients' occlusal registrations in estimated by the quality of the dental population to the dental office from wax. He has acquired experience and treatment he has had. The dental socio­economic classes who previously knowledge in this technique. We restorations sometimes indicate the never had dental care. Comprehensive match the detail left in the wax with area of the country or the world where dental examinations were mandatory the detail left in the tissue. Because we they were done. Habits causing dental prior to treatment. A wealth of dental have not examined enough cases of change, such as the holding of nails information on these people is now in • actual bites, and because experimental between his teeth by a carpenter or the the hands of the dental profession, in- 6 s in human tissue do not resemble holding of a pipe between the jaws, surance companies, and governmental . ual bites, we do not report our find- can be noted. agencies. While it now takes pains- ings as specific to a particular set of All denture (false) teeth have man- taking police effort to uncover this teeth. We use the "... consistent ufacturer's brands, and these might information, in the future perhaps it with/ not consistent with" termi- be traced to a specific dental labora- could be data­banked by computer. nology. tory in an area. While the shape and This procedure would promote many As we have more cases submitted to color of these teeth are recommended worthwhile uses by the dental profes- us by the police officer, we will gain by the manufacturer for a specific face sion, including the identification of more knowledge in the field, establish form and complex:ion, this is not unknown homicide and disaster a system of classification utilizing always followed by the dentist. victims. points, and report our findings in The high­speed, air­driven, dental much stronger terms. handpiece allowed the dentist to under- Identification • The police officer and district attor- take much more sophisticated dental ney will correlate the bite mark and treatments. Since the drill also cre- A whole, intact body rarely be- serological findings. These are two ated the need for a comprehensive comes an identification problem. The potentially damaging pieces of evi- dental examination, today this will in- skeletonized, decomposed, burned, dence with which to confront a sus- clude not only an inspection of the mutilated, or fragmented body is a pect. A matching serological group teeth with a mouth mirror and ex- challenge to authorities and ultimately obtained from the saliva, a consistent plorer but also dental X­rays and plas- to the forensic odontologist. dental pattern, and the circumstances ter study casts. The latter two yield a The use of personal effects rather which made the person a suspect wealth of information for comparison than physical evidence for positive might well be enough to warrant purposes. Indeed a single dental X­ray identification is fraught with danger. presentation of the case to the grand is much more valu.able than an en- The burned body of an adult male jury. tire written dental record. (Continued on page 26)

_gust 1972 9 468­876 0­72­­­2 RAILERS

ARE • TEMPTING TARGETS FOR TtllElJES • e

"While public and law enforcement attention is being directed to the expanding area of trailer thefts, solutions to these crimes will require a maximum test ofingenuity and thoroughness for the investigating officer."

10 FBI Law Enforcement Bull Choice pieces of mobile equipment Except for a few of the more costly can be taken in the brief time required or popular brands, which illicit op- to stop, hook them to a trailer hitch erators are reluctant to handle, rec- (add load levelers, if needed), and reational units are difficult to identify drive away. when their brand labels are removed. Dealers know their own types and popular makes, but can actually only identify a very small number of all "A field that is becoming recreational vehicles. This is helpful more attractive to the roving to the thief who removes the labels eye of the larcenist is that and affixes a brand name of his own of recreational vehicles, fancy, or one which matches a title in travel trailers, and tent his possession. trailers." The next step usually taken by the thief consists of altering the serial number of the unit. The serial number most frequently appears on the right [ One thief said that he operated on front portion of the hitch or the dealers' lots in the early, but not too A­frame of the trailer. It can be ob- early, morning. He reasoned that the literated by grinding or punching, the act of hooking up a trailer on such a hitch can be replaced, or the A·frame .; Reflecting an America that is more lot in broad daylight is not some- section may be cut out and replaced. and more on the move with a trend to thing to arouse suspicion. He claimed 1£, as in some cases, the serial is on a mobile living facilities, the recrea- the average trailer dealer is not an plate, it can be removed by drilling tional vehicle business continues to "early bird" and rarely shows at work out the rivets. In only a few cases will mushroom_ before 10 or 10 :30 a.m. Once the the recreational vehicle have more ~ During the last few years automo- trailer is stolen, the thief then pro- than one serial imprint. biles have been progressively fitted ceeds to change the serial number and New numbers are then stamped in, h more security devices. Locks are frequently the brand name. or a new plate is affixed; and with a ..ore complex; steering, ignition, and suitable titling document, it is ready transmission mechanisms are locked Broad Spectrum for the illegal market. by removal of a key; serial numbers While initially examining suspect are less susceptible to alteration; and Listings show that there are hun- vehicles, investigators should keep many States exercise great diligence dreds of makes and models of recrea- these points in mind: If any brand in handling automobile title papers. tional vehicles in this country. Some labels are missing, and if the one that All of these have thwarted the inex- of them are made by well­known com- appears is nonexistent or is put on perienced thief. They have no doubt panies, some are made to exacting with waterproof adhesive letters, fur- caused substantial problems for the specifications of customers, and some ther attention is needed. A trailer experienced thief. are built in backyard shops by en· dealer can provide a current dealer's A field that is becoming more at- terprising craftsmen who have whole- book used in appraising trade· ins. It .., tractive to the roving eye of the lar- sale contacts and construction know- will also show manufacturers' brands cenist is that of recreational vehicles, how. It is a common practice for travel trailers, and tent trailers. trailer manufacturers to buy a metal Campers and boat, horse, utility, and frame and wheels from a fabricator house trailers, which are not dis- and thereafter build the trailer unit "Except for a few of the cussed here, are also prime theft ob- on the purchased frame. more costly or popular jects and are likewise easy to take, Some companies enter the vehicle- brands, which illicit opera• disguise, and sell. The average tandem building business for a few thousand tors are reluctant to handle, travel trailer, about 21 feet long, is units and then bow out, unable to com· recreational units are diffi• valued in the $4,000 range, which pete further with larger manufac- cult to identify when their compares favoral?ly with the cost of a turers. Their brand name becomes brand labels are removed." new car. largely anonymous.

_ gust 1972 11 methods. He can, in some jurisdic• tions, show to the division of motor vehicles a pencil tracing of a seriA number which he claims is on hP homemade trailer. This tracing, of course, can be made simply from stamping serial impressions in a piece of soft iron or other suitable material. On this basis some jurisdictions will issue titles for purportedly homemade trailers with• out inspection. Some will issue titles even for matching serial plates on the mere representation that they are for a homemade trailer. As in the case of automobiles, a title can be purchased for a wornout or wrecked trailer, and its serial number and brand name used on another trailer.

Forged Certification State motor vehicle division inspector and supervisor examine trailer hitch for evidence of tampering or serial number alteration. In a number of instances a thief used a false printed certificate of ori• gin indicating that he was the manu• and, in some cases, the manufacturers' facturer of trailers of an assumed serialization of units.

Altered Serialization

Examination should be made of the hitch area to see if there are depres• sions or filled areas indicative of grinding by a thief. Paint remover will most often show these attempts to disguise grinding even when a new serial has been overstamped. It may reveal a different undercoat paint, no undercoat, or other telltale signs of disturbance. A careful scrutiny may reveal that the thief has used another old trick used by auto thieves-over• stamping a serial digit to make it ap• pear to be another. Thus, a "I" can be made to look like a "4" by overstamp• ing with that number; a "3" can be changed to an "8." There are several ways that a thief can obtain a title or pass the vehicle through legal channels. In many States titling procedures for trailers are Removal of manufacturer's label IInsetl on house trailer Is cause for suspicion that vehicle may more flexible than automobile titling be stolen.

12 FBI law Enforcement Bullete brand and that the factory was in a given city. He notified the corporation A mmission of the State and paid "In examination of the trailer for clues, all possible . xes on serial numbers of trailers factors of identification should be considered. Outside and allegedly manufactured by his com• underneath, one may find labels, stampings, or grease trail~r pany. A post office box in the com• pencilings of the maker of the frame on which the pany name, located in that city, and is built. The underside of the trailer body may contam tended by a confederate, put the last origin or size markings." brush stroke on the whole illicit picture. A certificate of origin is essentially ning of the investigation, as indicated, Examination should be made of all a vehicle's birth certificate and is is• the brand name and the serial number areas where labels have been removed sued by the manufacturer to attest to may be unknown. since they may contain impressions. the validity of original ownership. A In examination of the trailer for Color photographs of the inside of certificate issued by an established clues, all possible factors of identifica• the trailer and drawings of its layout motor car company is recognizable. tion should be considered. Outside are obligatory. Cushion colors and in· This fact is not so with the myriad of and underneath, one may find labels, terior designs change hom year to trailer -manufacturers. Since no for• stampings, or grease pencilings of the year, and a proper recording of these mality is generally required in the maker of the frame on which the features may allow the manufacturer preparation of their certificates of ori• trailer is built. The underside of the or dealer to fix the make, year, and gin, a mimeographed form often traile~ body may contain origin or style of the unit. suffices and makes the document easy size markings. If the brand is known, When cushion tags appear to have to acquire and reproduce. Under investigators should contact the been removed, make a careful search some State licensing procedures, the maker, and ascertain if, as is rarely to insure that none was overlooked by certificate of origin is not required for done, a secret number was placed on the thief. These tags will always show titling the vehicle and, in such in• the unit. the manufacturer; they may show the stances, the certificate remains in the The length of the trailer and the customer (trailer manufacturer) , and dealer's files. number of wheels are pertinent occasionally the style number of the e factors, and color photographs of all trailer, but rarely the serial number. Establishing Identity sides will be important to ultimate identification of the name or style. (Continued on page 28) Thieves sold stolen trailers through one dealer by fitting the circum• stances of their possession of the trail• Underside of recreational vehicle must be examined for all identifying marks. ers to some story: "This was bought by a contractor and never used. This is the same as but does not look ex• actly like brand 'A.' That's because they made it for us. We can undersell brand 'A' and nobody knows." Buying competition is keen during the hunting and camping seasons, and shoppers tend to snap up an apparent bargain. Later, many ruefully have to admit that the bargain was a "little too good." The investigator often is convinced that a suspected trailer is stolen, but unless its origin can be determined, a theft cannot be established or the thief cannot be prosecuted. At the begin•

_ gust 1972 "The Image of Law Enforcement'~

"I look forward to the challenges that face our profession. We shall meet them together, '. and the American people will know that they have been well served by their peace officers."

You honor me and the Federal Bureau of Investigation by your kind invitation, and I want to express the FBI's deep appreciation for the in· valuable cooperation and support .,) which our Agents receive day after day from the nearly 3,100 sheriff's offices across the United States. Your assistance has contributed heavily to our efforts on behalf of the By American people. We recognize the HON. L. PAT RICK GRAY, 111* sheriff's office as the oldest lawen· Acting Director, forcement institution in America, de· Federal Bureau of Investigation riving its authority from the common law of England and still the principal .Thi, was an addre.. given by Acting Director Gray law enforcement agency in large areas at the National Sheriffs' Allociatioo', Annual Informa- tive Conference, Palm Spring', Callf., JUDe 19, 1972. of our Nation.

FBI Law Enforcement Bullete I welcome this opportunity to reaf• performance of municipal, county, forcement officers and agencies by firm the FBI's dedication to building and State law enforcement agencies extremist organizations-vendors of e bonds of cooperation throughout are so essential-not only in combat• ideologies alien to our society who • e law enforcement profession_ ting crime, but in maintaining and place rule by mob above rule by law. During his 48 years of distin• enhancing public confidence and sup• From their ranks have come the mili• guished service as Director of the FBI, port for our profession. tant firebrands whom we have seen J- Edgar Hoover became increasingly convinced that cooperation is "the backbone of effective law enforce• "I­like Director Hoover­am unalterably ment_" I share that view. opposed to any proposal which might contain seeds Upon taking office as Acting Direc• for possible development of a national police tor almost 7 weeks ago, I was pleased force." to learn of the scope of cooperation existing between the FBI and other authorities. Six years ago, a columnist for a resort to violence in futile attempts to A major portion of the operations of major newspaper in the Midwest in• achieve that which they cannot gain four of our headquarters divisions is formed his readers, "To be effective, a by ballot. devoted to providing laboratory, police force has to have the respect One such group has advised its ad• training, identification, and compu• and cooperation of those who need herents that "the existence of the po• terized information services to mu• and expect both its services and its lice and police science are incompat• nicipal, county, and State enforce• protection. . . ." ible with the interests of students and ment agencies. Furthermore, Agents This newsman further observed, workers." Another has urged its mem• throughout our 59 field divisions are "The community that tolerates unin• bers to regard law enforcement officers engaged in the mutual exchange of formed, unrefuted and wholesale criti• as "fascist oppressors." A third of current criminal intelligence informa• cism of its police force is unsheathing these organizations has compiled and tion and related assistance with your a sword for the committing of mu• published the names, addresses, and personnel on a continual basis. nicipal hara-kiri and is setting the telephone numbers of leading lawen• I also have found in the FBI a deep stage for a breakdown of law and forcement officials, while counseling spect for and a keen alertness to the authority." followers to adopt "a strategy includ• • overeignty and jurisdiction of other The concern expressed by this ing legal and nonlegal direct action authorities. newsman is shared by many other in• to attack the Police." Occasionally, proposals have been formed citizens who view with alarm I refer also to the abrasive verbal made to vest in the FBI responsibili• the Hydra-headed campaign being assaults made against our profession ties which would seem to conflict with waged against the law enforcement by misguided libertarians who labor those of local, county, and State law profession and, thereby, against a under an apparent misapprehension enforcement agencies. Such proposals vital cog in America's machinery of that efficient enforcement of the law have raised fears that a national justice. is inconsistent with the cause of civil police force was on the horizon. I refer not only to physical attacks liberties. One such individual, the pub• I-like Director Hoover-am un• on sheriffs and other members of the lisher of a recently discontinued pe• alterably opposed to any proposal law enforcement profession-but also riodical, informed his readers that which might contain seeds for pos• to other forms of harassment, intimi• "most policemen are racist and reo sible development of a national police dation, and abuse they have encoun• pressive." Another cited "unwise and force. As long as I am head of the FBI, tered while engaged in reasonable imprudent police action" as the cause the FBI will not take the first small efforts to carry out their responsibili• of an orgy of violence, arson, and step which might lead to that end. ties to the American people. The peace officer traditionally has More than 300 peace officers have been our Nation's principal defense lost their lives during the past 3 years "I am concerned • •• with against crime. He stands squarely• as the result of these savage attacks, the demeaning treatment and visibly- in the arena of action and thousands more have been seri• accorded peace officers by where the challenge sounds and the ously injured. some legal advocates • ••." primary effort to answer it begins. I refer, for example, to the propa• That is why both the image and the ganda being directed against lawen• e U9Ust 1972 15 looting which erupted in a large Amer· ble from the image of the officer who sheriff's offices across the United ican city. is charged with its enforcement. States have been placing greater em• Compare this man's effort to find a Eight years ago, a radio commen• phasis on community relations p ~ pretext and excuse for lawless depre· tator in New England made the ob• grams. • dations against society with the ob· servation that "disrespect for law and By working with the members of servation made by Chief Justice order begins with the denigration of the community and its civic organiza• Charles Evans Hughes, a noted civil the policeman. To the young mind, law tions, by taking part in the social, cul• libertarian, when he stated in a deci· is not a document or a dusty volume tural, and civic affairs of the com• sion handed down 31 years ago: in a legal library-law is the man in munity, officers not only cultivate the blue uniform. A youngster's re• valuable friendships, but they forge "Civil liberties, as guaranteed spect for the law centers around his deeper bonds of understanding with by the Constitution, imply the ex· admiration for that man." the citizens they serve. These pro• istence of an organized society These profound words illuminate grams serve the vital purpose of open• maintaining public order without both a truth and a challenge-a chal· ing broader channels of communica• which liberty itself would be lenge that our profession cannot af· tion, thereby helping motivate persons lost in the excesses of unre· ford to minimize or ignore. throughout the community to turn strained abuses. . . ." Admiration and respect must be to-not against-law enforcement of• I am concerned, as well, with the earned and reearned. They are not ficers in times of trouble and crisis. demeaning treatment accorded peace self-generating-nor self·perpetuating. We have encountered too many in• officers by some legal advocates-such Our best response to our critics is stances in which citizens have turned as the attorney whose defense strategy a record of solid performance-a rec• their backs on officers in urgent need was described by a national magazine of help. Lethargy, indifference, callous in these words: refusal of Americans to aid in any manner a beleaguered sheriff or other "He attempts to put someone "It is not enough that law victims of crime is one of the perplex• other than his client on trial• enforcement agencies con• ing law enforcement problems con• the district attorney, the police, sistently be right. Like Cae• fronting our society today. It is made the sheriff's office, the state's wit· sar's wife, we must look doubly disturbing by the fact that in nesses...." right, as well." a Republic such as ours, preservati. Such courtroom tactics have taken of law and order begins with t a toll. Commenting about the exodus individual. Every American has an ob• of experienced men from his staff, one ord based on full respect for civil lib• ligation not only to uphold the law Midwestern sheriff told us that the erties, strict conformity with due proc• himself, but to support it with all rea• feeling was prevalent among his dep• ess, and standards of integrity and sonable means at his command. uties that they would be "treated like service that are impervious to scandal, Several years ago-at a time when a criminal every time we take a case corruption, or privilege. acts of violence against both deputy to court." Similar views have been It is not enough that law enforce• sheriffs and police officers were plagu• expressed by other members of our ment agencies consistently be right. ing a city on the west coast-a local profession. Like Caesar's wife, we must look right, newspaper columnist told his readers, Incessant disparagements-allega. as well. "We must do all we can to support tions of "police brutality" shouted as On no one does this responsibility the men who carry out the law. When a reflex action, without regard for weigh more heavily than on the dep· we show disrespect to them, we lose the fact -have the unavoidable ef• uty sheriff and the local policeman. some portion of our own self-respect fect of impairing the image of law They operate virtually in a fish bowl• in the process. For they are only enforcement officers in the minds of their every move, on duty or off, representing us." the inexperienced, the easily led and watched by friends, neighbors, ac• I agree wholeheartedly-and al• misled, the uninformed, and the naive. quaintances, and especially by impres• though the citizens' re ponsibility to Furthermore, in a society such as sionable young people. the law runs deep, ours runs far deeper ours which is governed by laws, not Nor does anyone have greater need indeed. by men, these disparagements have for the confidence and support of our Wherever an attitude of indifference a far greater significance-for the citizens. This is one of the principal or disrespect persists toward the ef• image of the law ofttimes is insepara• reasons why police departments and (Continued on page 30)

16 FBI La w Enforcement Bu llee New Attorney Hon. Richard G. Klelndlenlt General On June 12, 1972, the Honorable Richard G. Kleindienst took office as the 68th Attorney General of the United States. Nominated by President Nixon to replace Hon. John N. Mitchell, who resigned after serving in the post since January 1969, Mr. Kleindienst's nomination was confirmed by the Senate on June 8, 1972. Mr. Kleindienst, 48, is a native of Winslow, Ariz. During World War II, he served as an officer and navigator in the U.S. Army Air Force. Mr. Kleindienst was a Phi Beta Kappa scholar and graduated magna cum laude from Harvard in 1947. Receiving his LL.B. from Harvard Law School in 1950, Mr. Kleindienst was admitted to the Arizona State Bar the same year, served in the Arizona House of Representatives from 1953 to 1954, and was a practicing attorney in Arizona until 1969, when he became Deputy Attorney General of the United States. He is married to the former Margaret Dunbar of Cleveland, Ohio, and they have four children. The Legal

Digest

A Law Enforcement Officer Looks at Sentencing*

In attempting tp put first things posed. To the extent that it succeeds in " first, I want to thank your chairman deterring this person or any other and others of you out there somewhere from future crime, our life is made for allowing a law enforcement offi• easier and safer. To the extent that it ~ cer a place on this panel. So I do fails, we must once more run the mani• thank you, both for myself and for all fold risks of apprehending a criminal 1 other law enforcement officers every• offender. It is understatement to say" where. Now this may seem routine that we have strong feelings on this By etiquette, like remembering to compli• subject in an age in which there is a INSP. JOHN B. HOTIS ment the hostess on her dinner, but marked uptrend in assaults upon law Federal Bureau of Investigation, there is a bit more to it than that. enforcement officers, and in deaths in Washington, D.C. Your invitation is particularly pleas• line of duty. To repeat, we thank you ing for its recognition of a hard fact for your recognition of the fact that ·Thi, address before the Sentencing Institute, Sixth and Seventh Circuit., Dearborn, Mi ch., on concerning which we feel deeply• we do have a large stake in the crimi• April 21, 1971, was published aa an article in the that although we know little of sen• nal sentencing process.1 March 1972 iaaue o( Federal Probation l ournal. Bc· caule Mr. Hoti,' observation. on lentencing are .1 tencing and have no skill in the art, One who interjects himself in a germane and timely today 8S when he delivered the we have a personal stake in the out• field of uch strong contention as that speech. the BuUetin reprints it with the permission 01 th. Journal. come of every criminal sentence im- of the philosophy of sentencing seeks

18 FBI Law Enforcement Bulle first to survey the terrain so that he eternally across the troubled terrain do once an accused person is called may understand the positions of the of the sentencing process and the before the bar of justice.... " 7 ending parties. I know the posi• whole criminal law. You can see them It is not my purpose to condemn • expressed by many officers, hav• if you will but look. One in the lead, these changes wholesale. Who can ing heard it repeatedly in 10 years of erect and commanding, mounted quarrel with the right of an indigent experience in the field. To learn the upon what he conceives a noble steed; defendant to be represented by coun• other views, I took samplings here and the other close behind, slouched dis• sel at trial? Or with the protection of there from the rather substantial piritedly astride a mangy ass. I think one's privilege against compulsory literature on the subject. In thinking your committee intended that the self-incrimination? Most thoughtful about this problem, I was led back, spirit of each should attend this con• citizens agree that a humanitarian con• for reasons which I hope to make ference. And I think I know also cern for the rights of the accused is clear, to what some regard as the which of the two it was intended that one of the most illustrious hallmarks greatest novel ever written, "Don I should portray. of Western civilization. But, the ap• Quijote de La Mancha." Each age of society has its great palling and seemingly inexorable rise To refresh your memory, the story passions, its compulsive causes, and in the crime rate over the past decade, describes the adventures and the mis• sometimes its Don Quijote de La Man• has caused us to reexamine our legal adventures of two totally different yet cha who charges windmills. Ours is system and to ask whether there should totally interdependent characters, Don no exception. For some years now the be a reordering of the priorities and Quijote and Sancho Panza. Don lot of the criminal accused has been objectives of the criminal process. Quijote, nominally the master, is our passion and our compulsive cause. One of the chief concerns has been ~ aristocratic, idealistic, sworn to roam Times without number we have with the sentencing of criminal the world defending those whom he searched the lore of medicine, psy• offenders. sees as the weak and the downtrodden. chology, sociology, anthropology, and The discussions divide along famil• Sancho, nominally the servant, is, to other arts and sciences in our quest iar lines-punishment versus rehabil• first appearances, an illiterate rustic, for an understanding of- and often itation, retribution versus compassion, a provincial clod. Don Quijote dreams an apology for-the conduct of the sickness versus evil. In the jousting -oj admittedly noble dreams, but often is convicted accused. We have found that against the disparity and unfairness visionary to the point of madness and he may have been burdened with too in the sentencing process and in destruction. Sancho dreams no many Y chromosomes, a cultural de• the goal of correctional reform, once I eat dreams at all, but his instinct privation, a social alienation, or per• again Sancho recognizes the great for survival is sometimes shrewd to haps misdirected libido. We have dream dreamt by noble men through the point of brilliance. Don Quijote checked, rechecked, and double• the centuries; the dream of the con• seeks the millennium, and bewails the checked the Constitution and the stat• tinuing humanization of the criminal obstinance of Sancho in refusing to utes, and reinterpreted both, to find law. • embrace the vision. Sancho despairs and create new rights which many From Sir Robert Peel to J. Edgar of sheer madness, probes for the generations of justices, judges, and Hoover, the law enforcement official stratagem of simple survival, and legislators had not previously found has had one formula for controlling sometimes saves them both from or enacted into law. We see the result crime; swift apprehension and certain disaster. They represent the duality in Mapp v. Ohio/ Gideon v. Wain• punishment. The police officer shares of man, the two equal natures of man, wright,a Escobedo v_ Illinois,4 Miran• the popular, but perhaps unscientific, one the great hope of what man might da v. Arizona,5 more recently in view that punishment deters, that become, the other the stark necessity Chimel v. California,.6 and many other most people by virtue of their reason of what he must be to survive. If man decisions of the courts. The Chief can distinguish between right and is to persevere, he must have in him Justice summarized it well in his now wrong, have a will that is free to make something of Sancho, and if he is to famous Ripon speech when he said, in a choice between alternative courses lift himself above the mud and the part, that "During the middle of this of action, and are personally respon• muck to attain the true level of human century . . . we hav e witnessed more sible for their conduct. He believes dignity, he must have in him some• profound changes in the law of crim• that the universal experience of man• thing of Don Quijote. inal justice than at any other period kind demonstrates that just punish• My review of the literature and my in our history. . . . No nation on ment, like just reward, is a powerful experience convince me that Don earth goes to such lengths or takes factor in influencing human behavior, Quijote and Sancho Panza roam such pains to provide safeguards as we and that imposition of proper pen• _ ust 1972 19 alties by the court is often an effective the larger goal of general deterrence.1o cent periodical quoted a legal aid at• means of controlling crime.8 However much we dislike the practice, torney in New York as saying, "Let The officer favors punishment in criminal sentences provide a useful me disabuse you of the idea tha. terms of penalties and incarceration, example to others of what they might prisoners in the Tombs want sp where needed, not for sterile retribu· expect should they violate society's trials. Most of them are guilty of tion or vengeance, but rather in the rules. Nowhere is the issue more something, and the last thing they hope that it may have some educative poignantly developed than in Herman want is atrial." effect, that it may instill a sense of Melville's "Billy Budd." Justice is further delayed through self·discipline and personal responsi• You will recall that the hapless Billy endless appeals and collateral attacks bility. He is not unaware of the argu• Budd was not a destructive man, he after conviction. Reform of the court ment that prison does not reform, that did not strike the fatal blow by inten• system to insure speedy trail and prison is little more than a training tion. On the contrary, he had bent all prompt resolution of appeals has been school for crime. Admitting some his efforts toward avoiding a confron• one of the major concerns of Chief truth to the charge, the officer would tation with the evil master at arms, Justice Burger. "No system of justice cite those with experience in the field Claggart. Captain Vere's dilemma is can function," he said, "if there is not who believe otherwise. Last year the that of the sentencing judge. Having finality at some reasonable point. No chairman of the State board of proba• witnessed the event, he knows Budd to system makes sense if it encourages a tion and parole in a large Eastern be blameless and yet, sailing in enemy long-drawn-out war with society. The State, who had spent over 35 years waters, he feels compelled to enforce 're-education or rehabilitation of a dealing with criminal offenders, made the law in a desperate situation. Billy man cannot be carried on while he is this statement: 9 is hangedY at war with society in a process of interminable petitions, writs and ~ "I have seen many convicted of• Melville's classic is calculated to hearings." 14 I submit that these fac• fenders . . . enter a penal facil• disturb our deepest emotions and to tors combine to reduce the deterrent ity and never return. Why? call into question some of our pre• effect of punishment and to convince There are many reasons. For conceptions about the law and its role the criminal that crime pays. some persons, the mere fact that in society. To be sure, the law has Let me assure you that the police they are deprived of their free• changed much since the days of Billy ~ officer is not opposed to rehabilitation. dom is impressive and they made Budd and we would no longer expect On the contrary, he favors any . ' a determination that 'this is not the ultimate penalty to be exacted for proach which promises realisticall for me.' For others, while in the his sudden, impulsive act. But the dis• reduce the incidence of crime in our institution they may learn for turbing theme of Melville's story re• society. But consider for a moment the first time that they must mains with us. It was perhaps what Justice Holmes had in mind when he the following sobering statistics: follow rules and regulations . . . said, "... the law must keep its In 1969, the latest year for which and . . . those people do not promises." 12 complete data is available, 86 lawen- .. prefer to be under such regi• But I think we would agree that forcement officers were killed by mentation. For others, to be punishment deters only when the felonious criminal action, a 34 per• separated from their loved the threat is real and imminent. Un• cent increase over 1968 and a newall• ones . . . is in itself an ex• fortunately, neither is true under our time high. In the same year there were treme loss. These are just some present system of justice. As found by almost 17 assaults on police for each of the many human factors that the President's Commission on Law 100 officers, also a new high and up 15 enter in the confinement proc• Enforcement and Administration of 7 percent over 1968. es , but prisons do reform and Justice, many criminal offenses are Statistical analysis of the murders 13 of the 561 officers killed during the they reform those who want to not reported at all. Of those which 1960-69 decade shows 741 known be reformed . . . this is again a are reported, only one-fifth result in offenders involved. Most of them were human factor; you cannot change arrest. Then comes bail on easy terms, with the accused free to continue his recidivists; 75 percent had previously anyone who does not want to been arrested, and the total number change." destructive pursuits for sometimes as long as a year or more until his case of arrests averaged out to be four each. Even conceding that punishment is heard. The time often is extended Sixty-three percent of the 741 had pre• may be ineffective with respect to a by continuances. Indeed, delay is the viously been convicted, and of these particular offender, it may yet serve first tactic of the defense lawyer. Are• 63 percent, some two-thirds had been

20 FBI Law Enforcement Bulle granted leniency by parole or proba- Let me say in closing that we come should say, I don't doubt that your act was inevitable for you but to make it more avoidable tion on at least one prior occasion. here­each of us­not as antagonists by otheR we propose to sacrifice you to the com- ­fourth of the police murderers battling over diverging philosophies, mon good. You may regard yourself as a soldier dying for your country if you like. But the law • e on parole or probation when the but as concerned participants in the must keep its promises." Howe, "Holmes­Laski murder was committed.16 criminal justice system. We recognize Letters 1916­1935," Harvard University Press, p. 806 (1953). To the police officer, these figures that there are no simple, all­purpose U For a thoughtful analysis of Melville', atory, offer grim confirmation of the fact that solutions to the problems of sen- see Reich, The Tragedy of Justice in Billy Budd, 56 Yale Review 368 (1967). the correctional system is not work- tencing. Like all issues in the law 12 For the full text of Mr. Justice Holmes' state- ing. They echo the truth of the state- worth discussing, it is a matter of ment, see footnote 10, supra. 13 President's Commission on Law Enforcement and ment that "we are not so sophisticated finding the proper balance. My own Administration of Justice, HThe Challenge of Crimo that we can afford to abandon deter- thought is that the answer begins, as in a Free Society," pp. 2()­22 (1967). U "Interview With Chief Justice Warren E. Burger," rence as a goal in our criminal law." 17 I have suggested, with a streamlining U.S. News & World Report, Dec. 14, 1970. p. 35. The report by the President's Crime and rationalizing of the trial and ap- 15 The figures for 1970 show that 100 officers were killed by felonious criminal action, a 16 percent in- Commission characterized the Ameri- pellate process. Perhaps when the crease over 1969. There were 19 assaults on police for can correctional system as an "ex- criminal law runs its course in a swift each 100 officers, up 11 percent over 1969. 1970 FBI Uniform Crime Reports Bulletin, p. 44. tremely diverse amalgam of facilities, and certain manner, penalties can be 18 During the decade 1961­70, 633 police officers theories, techniques, and programs." less severe and we can turn our en- were killed. Of the 849 known offenders involved, most were recidivists; 71 percent had been arrested previ. It stated that today the system "dis- ergies more productively toward re- ously; 57 percent had previously been convicted; 67 plays evidences of a number of evolu- form of the individual. And perhaps, percent had been granted parole or probation on at least one prior occasion and nearly one­fourth wete tions in thought and practice, each then, Sancho and Don Quijote will be on parole or probation when the murder was com· ~ seeking to cope with the difficult prob- of one mind. ij) mitted. Ibid, pp. 48­­52. 17 This quotation is from a letter by then Attorney lems of punishing, deterring, and FOOTNOTES General Nicholas Katzenbach to Chief Judge David L. Bazelon of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District rehabilitating offenders." The Com- 1 Some might consider it presumptuous for a law enforcement officer to comment on sentencing, since of Columbia, dated June 24, 1965, concerning a mission concluded that "[n]one has Ihis is a matter which is normally thought to be within tentative draft of the American Law Institute's Model resolved these problems, and change the exclusive province of tht! judiciary. However, a Code of Prt­Arraignment Procedure. The letter ap- recent study by the Amedcan Bar Association 8ug· peared in the August 4, 1965, issue of The Evening from one to another has probably gests that while this attitude may be appropriate when Star, Washington, D.C., and is reprinted in 56 J. .. been more a product of humanitarian applied to a specific ollender. "it is unrealistic to Crim. L., C. & P.S. 498, 503 (1965). expect the police to assume such a posture with regard 18 President's Commission on Law Enforcement and impulse than of rational or scientific to classes of offenders or types of problems, especially Administration of Justice, HTask Force Report: & ess." 18 in large cities, where the police nre engaged in Corrections," pp. 1­2 (1967). ~ inally, routinely processing large numbers of petty offenders 19 See generally Goldstein, "The Insanity Defense." there is the further con- who are then routinely processed by the courts. What Yale University Prpss (1967); Hart, The Aims of the sideration that the concept of blame happens to such offenders is not only a matter of Criminal Law, 23 Law & Contemporary Problems 401 concern to the police; the form of court disposition (1958); Cohen, Moral Aspects of the Criminal Law, ~9 plays a central role in maintaining in- becomes a factor in determining whether or not tbe Yale L.J. 987 (19<10); DeGrazia, Crime Without dividual responsibility and social police decide to make use of the criminal process at Punishment: A Psychiatric Conundrum, 52 Colum. all." American Bar Association Project on Standards L. Rev. 746 (1952). order.19 It is one of the functions of for Criminal Justice, "Standards Relating to The 20 Hart, The Aims of the Criminal Law, 23 Law & the criminal law to develop a sense of Urban Police Function," pp. 25!}­260 (1972). Contemporary Problems 401, <105 (1958). 2376 U.S. 643 (1961). common morality and to sharpen our 3372 U.S. 335 (1963). notions of what is right and wrong. • 378 U.S. 478 (1964). 6384 U.S. 436 (1966). The penalty meted out by the court 8395 U.S. 752 (1969) . serves a symbolic function, expressing, 7 Burger, Paradoxes in the Administration of Crim- as Professor Hart put it, "a formal inal Justice, published 58 J . Crim. L., C. & P.S. 428, 429 (1967). PHYSICAL EVIDENCE- and solemn pronouncement of the 8 See DeGrazia, Crime Without Punishment: A Psy- TRANSMITTAL TO FBI moral condemnation of the com- chiatric Conundrum. 52 Colum. L. Rev. 746 (1952); Kaplan, Barriers to the Establishment of a Determinis- LABORATORY munity." 20 To the extent, therefore, tic Criminal Law. 46 Ky. L.J. 103 (1957); van den that punishment is replaced by treat- Haag, Hln Defense of Punishment," Fortune Maga- zine, Dec. 1968, pp. 203­204. Compare, Menninger, Evidence sent to the FBI 1 ment and the sentencing process "The Crime of Punishment," Viking Press (1968). Laboratory must be transmitted l abolishes the vitally important distinc- o This quotation is from an article entitled, "The Crisis in the Administration of Justice:' by Paul J. by registered mail, railway ex- tion between sickness and evil, the Gernert, Chairman, Board of Probation and Parole, press, or air express in order that "- moral content of the law is weakened. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, sent by the author to Director J. Edgar Hoover, Federal Bureau of Investi· it can be effectively traced should Thus, however benign the purposes of gation, by letter dated Sept. 8, 1970. the evidence be misrouted or lost. ~ 10 van den Haag, On Deterrence and the Death Pen- rehabilitation and corrective therapy, alty. 60 J. Crim. L., C. & P.S. 141 (1960). Justice Postal authorities advise that they cannot provide the total answer Holmes offered this comment on the subject: certified mail and insured mail 1. "If I were having a philosophical talk with a man in our penal system. I WIlS going to have hanged (or electrocuted) I will not permit complete tracing. ~ aust1972 21 The need for police legal units has been clearly demonstrated during the past few years. With the advent of the so-called "criminal law revolution," police administrators have more t_ ever been required to formulate po. in areas where legislative or judicial direction is new, nonexistent, unclear, or in need of administrative imple• mentation. Further, the complexity of the police enforcement function in the criminal justice system requires a higher degree of legal knowledge and direct legal advice than ever before. The American Bar Association, in "Standards Relating to the Urban Police Function," has stated: "Given the nature of the police function, police administrators should be provided with in• house police legal advisors who have the personal orientation and expertise necessary to equip them to playa major role in the planning and in the development and continual assessment of op• erating policies and training programs. "

FBI Law Enforcement Bulle The requirement for newer, law• of 3 years. The curriculum was short• related training programs pertinent to " ... the complexity of the ened to 6 months and the requirements ges in the criminal law and judi• police enforcement function in for a master's degree deleted in an • trends deserves a significant role the criminal justice system re• effort to devote more time to on-the• in police training today. The police quires a higher degree 01 legal job training during the school year. administrator must clearly under• knowledge and direct legal ad• While this program was small in stand that his agency is only a part vice than ever before." scope, it provided the necessary im• of the criminal justice system. While petus for establishment of police legal it can certainly be described as the units on a local basis. first line, it cannot operate in a vide police administrators with in• In 1971 the program for training vacuum, without proper legal direc• house police legal advisers. police legal advisers was transferred tion and training and development of Following the reports of the Presi• from Northwestern University to the new plans and programs for the dent's Commission, the Law Enforce• International Association of Chiefs of future. The police legal adviser and ment Assistance Administration Police (lACP) , where a police legal his unit can provide this necessary (LEAA) of the U.S. Department of center was established to serve as a assistance and expertise. Justice began a Federal program to clearinghouse for training and infor• fund new police legal units. Since mation. Short courses offering legal History 01 the Police Legal Unit 1969 the number of police legal units adviser-type training are currently has grown from approximately 20 to available annually from the North• The first police legal unit, known as more than 80 local units, with over western University Traffic Institute. the "Law Library," was established 120 full- and part-time licensed attor• the IACP, and the FBI. by the New York City Police Depart• neys. Two-year funding is still avail• While the police legal advisers have ment in 1907. This unit was under able through the LEAA for local held an annual conference since 1966, the supervision of an attorney who was police agencies with 75 or more sworn the IACP formally established a legal a member of the police force. personnel. officers section in 1972 and made these The Texas Department of Public In addition to programs funded by meetings a part of the annual IACP Safety had a legal officer known as the LEAA, the Northwestern Uni• Conference. ,; the "chief clerk" as early as 1935, and versity School of Law began a 2-year Indiana State Police established training program for police legal ad• The Dallas Legal Unit • gal unit in 1941, as a part of what visers in 1964. Originally designed to The Dallas Police Department estab• was then their training division. provide a combined course of on-the• lished its first legal unit on January 6, ~ Other police agencies developed legal job training and classroom study 1970. The unit was named the legal units in various forms; but as late as leading to a master of laws degree, liaison division and staffed by two di• 1967 there were only approximately this program was re-funded in 1968 rectors of police-both licensed at• 14 units in the entire United States, by the Ford Foundation for a period torneys, sworn law enforcement of• and six of these were staffed with part• ficers, and graduates of the FBI Na· time employees. The Federal Bureau tional Academy-and one stenog• of Investigation appointed a legal rapher. officer about 1945, established a legal The legal liaison division was estab• research unit in its Training Division lished for the following stated in 1961, and gave this unit separate purposes: status in 1971 as the Office of Legal Counsel, under the supervision of an To provide consultive legal Assistant Director of the FBI. services to the chief of police, It was not until 1967 that the issue the assistant chiefs of police, of the police legal unit was clearly supervisory officers, and other raised by the President's Commission personnel of the Dallas Police on Law Enforcement and the Admin• Department. istration of Justice. Both "The Chal• To provide liaison services lenge of Crime in a Free Society" and between the Dallas Police De• "Task Force Report: The Police" partment and the offices of the

articulated the positive need to pro• Chief W. Frank Dyson. city attorney, district at• _ ust 1972 23 torney, and Federal prosecut- Other activities of the legal liaison These committees meet at least once a ing agencies. division have included consultation month with the local beat officer to dis- • To provide liaison with the with investigative personnel on com- cuss the crime situation and o. Dallas Bar Association and the plex legal issues arising in involved police­related problems of the i State Bar of Texas on legal criminal investigations. Limited as- vidual areas, as well as the city as a matters affecting police opera- sistance is provided to uniformed per- whole. This group of interested citi- tion. sonnel, particularly in those cases in- zens has provided tremendous support • To assist the departmental di- volving special enforcement or civil to departmental programs through rector of training in prepara- disturbance issues. interest in legislation, improved police ration of material on legal The division is regularly involved service, and understanding city gov- subjects. in police education, including train- ernment goals. This program has ing of new recruits and in service train- • To assist in the development greatly enhanced community relations of departmental policy, gen- ing. Departmental training material in Dallas. eral and special orders, and on the laws of arrest has been revised rules and regulations affecting by the division, and the material on Future Plans procedures of the department. laws of search and seizure is currently • To assist in legal proceedings being revised. A legal bulletin has On March 28., 1972, with a depart- affecting departmental person- been established, with the objective of mental reorganization, the name of the nel, as requested by the city keeping departmental personnel ad- Dallas Legal Liaison Division was attorney and/ or the district vised of current judicial changes changed to Criminal Justice Interface attorney, and when specifically affecting police activity. Division. While the primary duties re- directed by the chief of police. • To assist on special projects and programs established by the chief of police. "Although many police agencies seem reluctant to speak for the needs of law enforcement in the legislative field, the The Dallas Police Department, with Dallas Police Department will continue to assert the need the active participation of the legal for improved legislation to aid law enforcement in the liaison division, formally established administration of criminal justice." a legislative program for the 1971 e regular session of the Texas Legisla- ture. Some of the feature points of this program included requests for au- main the same, the purpose of the re- thorization of a State wiretap bill Liaison With Other Agencies organization, as it affected the legal similar to the Federal provision, One of the most important func- unit, was to provide for expansion of changes in the search warrant law and tions of the police legal unit, in addi- legal services within the department Texas confession law, a provision for tion to its liaison with other criminal and to interface the efforts of the de· denial of bail to recidivist offenders, justice agencies, such as the city at- partment with other agencies of the and a provision to tighten the statutes torney, the district attorney or county criminal justice system. Funding for on receiving and concealing stolen prosecutor, the courts, the Federal this expanded program will be carried property. While this program was to attorney, and local bar groups, is com- out under an impact grant of the a large extent unsuccessful, it had a munication with police·community LEAA received in 1972. tremendous impact upon both the pub- relations units. The Dallas legal unit Plans are still in the developmental lic and some members of the Texas has heavily involved itself in learn- stage; however, the future will see an Legislature. Although many police ing of community relations programs increase in the number of attorneys agencies seem reluctant to speak for and accomplishments. assigned to the Criminal Justice Inter- the needs of law enforcement in the One of the most promising pro- face Division for the purpose of pro- legislative field, the Dallas Police De- grams of the Dallas Police Department viding direct legal assistance to offi- partment will continue to assert the is the community effort known as "Op- cers on the street from arrest through need for improved legislation to aid eration: Get Involved!" The purpose prosecution. Results of arrests will be law enforcement in the administra- of this program is to establish citizen systematically reviewed in order to tion of criminal justice. committees on each police "beat." determine if any deficiency exists in

24 FBI Law En f orcement Bull police practice and in the subsequent handling of each case by prosecutors, _ courts, and the corrections process. ention will be specifically directed toward improved case preparation and improved procedures involving recidivists, organized crime, crimes of violence, and offenders on probation andlor parole. Administrative polio cies and procedures will be reviewed relative to criminal justice problems; and additional training will be empha- sized at patrol and investigative levels, as well as at the levels of supervisory and command officers. A program will also be implemented to train legal technicians who will work directly with uniformed and other field officers on routine legal matters. By providing liaison and direct support to all segments of the criminal justice system, the Dallas Police De- Participants in the graduation exercises of the 89th session of the FBI National Academy are partment will be better able to analyze shown following the ceremonies lIeft to right): Former Assistant Director Joseph J. Casper, r~ its own practices, policies, and en- FBI Training Division; Dr. George R. Davis, Pastor of the National City Christian Church, Washington, D.C.; then FBI Assistant to the Director John P. Mohr; Hon. Roman L. Hruska, I' forcement efforts. Cooperation has U.S. Senator from Nebraska; Acting FBI Director L. Patrick Gray, III; Lt. Col. Archie Van Winkle, always been the lifeblood of effective U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, D.C.; Acting FBI Associate Director W. Mark Felt. law enforcement. The Criminal Justice Interface Division of the Dallas police nhancing this proven concept with Prior to the graduation, Acting Director Gray awarded the "John Edgar Hoover Medal for Excellence in the Study of Law Enforcement" to Lt. Thomas H. Crofoot, Los Angeles, Calif., Police • legal expertise so necessary to Department. He also presented three­dimensional National Academy seals to the class the complexities of modern law officers. Shown, left to right are: Lt. Kevin F. Tobin, Stamford, Conn., Police Department, treasurer; Lt. Joseph J. Staft, Jr., Police Division, Cincinnati, Ohio, vice president; Mr. Gray; ~ enforcement. Lt. Crofoot; Lt Col. Archie Van Winkle, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., president; and Lt. Joseph C. Cravalho, Maui County Police Department, Wailuku, Maui, Hawaii, secretary. BIBLIOGRAPHY American Bar AllociatioD Project on Standards for Criminal Justice, Standards Relating to the Urban Police Function (Tentative draft). New York: Office of Criminal Justice Project, Institute of Judicial Ad- ministration (1972). Dallas Police Department, Procedures Manual lor Legal Liai.!on Division. Dana., Te•. (1970). Internatiooal Association of Chiefs of Police, Guide• lines lor a Police Legal Unit. Gaitheraburg, Md. (1972) • The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, Task Force Report: The Police. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office (1967).

GRADUATION

(Conti1lUed from page 5) Federal agencies throughout the con- tinental United States. The 89th session of the National Academy brought to a close an era of

_ gust 1972 ODONTOLOGY With the graduation of the 100­member class of the (Continued from page 9) 89th session, a total of 6,134 law enforcement officers have attended the Academy since it was founded 37 years was found in a fire-gutted apartm. ago. Two rings were on the fingers (fig_ 3) . One was a cheap, hand-carved ring. The other was a high school class ring with the entire name of the graduate FBI training which, because of limited Base at Quantico, Va., classes will be engraved on the inner aspect_ The facilities, could only provide instruc• greatly enlarged. The new Academy body was tentatively identified by the tion for a maximum of 200 officers an• will train up to 2,000 National name. nually in recent years_ Beginning with Academy officers each year, as well as the 90th session, which convened last 1,000 additional officers annually in June 26th at the newly completed FBI specialized courses of shorter dura• Academy on the U.S. Marine Corps ~~ ~

Figure 3.-These rings were taken from flngers of a bum victim. The name engraved on the inner surface of the class ring was not the name of the victim.

"Even though the dental expert might not be able to ~ prove who a person is be• I cause of lack of records, he can prove who he is not."

The medical examiner noted, upon beginning his post mortem examina• tion, that the teeth and jaws did not look like those of a 19- or 20-year-old youth, which the owner of the ring should have been (fig. 4). The foren• sic odontologist was called into con• sultation. He estimated the age of the "unidentified" to be late thirties or early forties. Even though the dental expert might not be able to prove who a person is because of lack of records, In his office prior to the graduation exercises, Acting Director Gray (right) presents the FBI he can prove who he is not. The body National Academy Firearms Proflciency Award plaque, donated by the American Legion, to Sgt. Anthony W. Hyde, Oklahoma City, Okla., Police Department. was not that of the graduate.

26 FBI Law Enforcement Bul e brought to the office of the chief medi• mandible, one could easily note nu• cal examiner from another area for merous fractures. There were evulsion a more detailed examination than and hemorrhage of one incisor. Under would otherwise have been available. magnification it became apparent that It appeared that the hands, feet, and at least two teeth had been prepared portions of the head had been cut off for the same type of caps as the frac• to prevent identification. tured upper tooth. The toolmarks left Careful probing of the burned soft by the dental drill were quite evident. tissue adhering to a portion of left Because the prepared teeth ad• mandible (lower jaw) revealed nu• joined the spaces created by the miss• merous bone fragments of upper and ing teeth, it appeared that this person Figure 4.-Resected upper jaw of burn victim. lower jaw. The broken crown portions should have had a removable partial of five teeth from the front and left denture in addition to gold caps. This sides were also found. All these were type of substitute denture is usually After a search, the owner of the from the upper jaw, and the manner made of a chrome-cobalt alloy, which ring was located. He told the officers in which they were fractured, dis• is highly resistant to heat. that he had given the ring to a 41• tinctly away from their roots, revealed The ashes from the car trunk were year-old friend. A panoramic dental the cause was injury rather than the brought in for sifting. No caps nor X-ray of the friend (fig. 5) was lo• heat of the fire. Because of the dif• melted gold fragments were found. cated at a Veterans Administration fering coefficients of expansion of No partial denture was found. A Hospital and his identity confirmed. enamel and dentin, fracture caused by melted ball of celluloid was found. excessive heat occurs at the junction Examination under magnification re• of these layers. vealed that this was the remains of a Two of the teeth had multiple sur• temporary cap. face silver fillings of poor quality. Although no person matching the One of these teeth also had fragments approximate age, height, or weight of gutta-percha (used for root canal of the unidentified victim was ·re• fillings) adhering. Another tooth was ported missing in that area, we are prepared for an acrylic veneer crown quite hopeful that a dentist who is in (cap) . the midst of doing an expensive Additional probing revealed that dental restoration, and who may be Figure S.-Panoramic X-ray used to estab• lish correct identity of explosion victim. the mandible from the third molar owed a fair sum of money, will won• (wisdom tooth) on the right side to der what happened to his patient. the third molar on the left side was A dentist would not undertake an Three healing extraction sites pro• intact. Only the roots of the teeth were extensive restoration like this with· vided the clue in the identification of left, however, as every crown had been out a comprehensive dental examina• a body burned beyond recognition broken off. There were missing teeth tion. The records we need to identify and found in the back of a minibus on both sides which had been ex• this man are certain to exist. By in New York City. The two sites in tracted at least 1 year earlier. painstaking police work we will iden• the upper jaw were estimated to be After stripping soft tissue from the tify him. Identification very often 1 week old. A site in the lower jaw was estimated to be approximately 1 month old. An alert detective found a complete dental record belonging to "The value of the dentist as a forensic scientist is being the owner of a wallet found near the recognized by the medical, legal, and law enforcement scene. This person had two teeth ex• professions throughout the United States today. We are tracted 8 days earlier, another tooth dependent upon these professions for the case material, extracted 3 weeks earlier, and his inspiration, and encouragement to attain the confidence of X-rays completely matched the un• the lay public and its acceptance of our science, for it is the identified. private citizens who will make up the juries we must A burned and mutilated body was convince of the validity of our scientific conclusions." found in the trunk of a car and

_ ust 1972 27 leads directly to solution of the that the two central incisors were The value of the dentist as a foren• crime. touching rather than having a space sic scientist is being recognized by the between them. The lateral incisor and medical, legal, and law enforce. "Bomb Factory" Victims cuspid were unremarkable. The shat• professions throughout the Un tered first bicuspid, when examined States today. We are dependent upon Even small fragments can be most under magnification, revealed tool• these professions for the case material, valuable for identification purposes. marks, dental cement, and a tiny metal inspiration, and encouragement to In spring 1970 an explosion in a town• fragment which resembled gold. We attain the confidence of the lay public house on West 11th Street snuffed out were certain the tooth had contained a and its acceptance of our science, for the lives of three young alleged radi• filling- a two·surface, distal·occlusal, it is the private citizens who will make cals who were believed to be manu· gold inlay. Dental X-rays of the frag• up the juries we must convince of the facturing bombs. One male was ment were made and kept as evidence. validity of our scientific conclusions. readily identified. One male and one We hoped the jaw fragment be• ijl female torso, each totally unrecog• longed to the unidentified male and nizable other than sex, were recovered sought to exclude the possibility of its TRAILERS from the rubble. belonging to Diana Oughton. A den• (Continued from page 13) More than a week later a portion of tist who had treated her 2 years prior finger was recovered by detectives to the explosion was contacted. He Almost all cook stoves and refrig• sifting the rubble. FBI fingerprint ex• had no X-rays valuable for compari• erators and sometimes the water and perts identified it as belonging to son. His written dental record had space heaters have serial plates. Un• Diana Oughton. At the same time a conflicting entries. Both entries, how• fortunately, as a rule, no record of portion of right maxilla (upper jaw) ever, excluded the possibility of the them is keep by the equipment manu• (fig. 6) was recovered. It contained a fragments belonging to the girl. facturer, the recreational vehicle central incisor, lateral incisor, cuspid, We compared the fragment X-rays manufacturer, or the dealer; this prac• and shattered first bicuspid. Age of with the X-rays of many males sus• tice is apparently based on the desire the person was estimated in the late pected of being in the "bomb fac• to save clerical time. The investiga• twenties. In the examination of the tory." None matched. FBI Agents sub• tor should log these serials along with jaw fragment, no attempt was made to sequently found an orthodontist who color and other description of this ~ establish sex, as this would have been had treated the girl when she was 13 type of equipment in case (hopingA I guesswork. years old, 15 years prior to the explci• the exceptional circumstance) • sion. They recovered a set of X-rays dealer or manufacturer did make a the dentist had taken of his young careful record of all serials. patient which were unmistakably Examination of the inside of trailer identical with the fragment X-rays cabinets has on several occasions except for normal aging changes. revealed grease-penciled numbers which were used as a guide to instal• Toward Recognition lation on the assembly line and which are sequential portions of the recrea• We have noted many typical dental tional vehicle's serial number. and oral injuries on "abused child" Further recording of the descrip• homicide victims. We are able to tion of the trailer interior and its document and often age both hard equipment should be made. A partic• and soft tissue injuries. Since the ular characteristic- a four-burner prosecutor usually has to prove a pat• stove, a custom window or vent, a 4• tern of healed, healing, and new in• foot refrigerator, a power pack, white Figure 6.-Jaw fragment used to establish juries to get juries to convict child• wall tires, safety glass in the windows, identity of explosion victim. beating parents, this type of evidence or kitchen equipment of a particular is most useful. In additjon, we have color- may identify this trailer from The central incisor had an area of alerted the dental profession to be all others coming off an assembly line. decalcification (beginning of a cavity) suspicious if a child exhibiting this Imperfections, such as bubbled panel• on the mesial (portion toward the injury pattern is presented for treat• ing, pieced floors, and the like, should midline) surface. This would indicate ment of a new injury. be noted. These items, taken together

28 FBI Law Enforcement Bull e or even singly, can be just as good for identification as that other bit of ~ mstantial evidence, the serial number. Some trailers have a plate with a Recreational Vehicle Institute num· ber which will positively identify the vehicle. I l Serial Number Restoration . If other means of identification are unproductive, restoration of the serial number can be attempted. When chemicals and other means are used, some numbers may not emerge be• cause they were lightly stamped or the grinding was too deep. It is, therefore, advisable to reconstruct the serial from its apparent fragments. Should the brand name be un· Paint remover uncovers ground-off serial number on trailer hitch. known, the dealer or manufacturer may be able to furnish a significant portion of the serial number based on "While initially examining suspect vehicles, investigators descriptive information furnished by should keep these points in mind: If any brand labels are the investigator. missing, and if the one that appears is nonexistent or is , In the case of a known brand on a put on with waterproof adhesive letters, further attention t trailer, the interior placement of is needed." ~ beds and dinette, the size of the Iframe rails, and the type and size of the tires are factors which determine what model the investigators are ex· amining. Having this bit of knowl· edge, the investigators often can ob• tain from the manufacturer substan• tial portions of the serial number. In some reproductions incompletely restored serial numbers would give rise to a number of possibilities. For instance, one number restored to the extent of only a slight curve on the upper right side could be a "2," "3," "8," "9," or "0," depending on the style of the numbers. Another partially restored item could yield a fragment of a straight line in the upper area, which could be a "I," "4," or "5," again accord• ing to the style of the numbers.

When unknowns occur in a serial ..:.. LA R n D """ __ _ number, all logical combinations Shown Is partially restored trailer serial number after attempts to obliterate it with a metal should be checked out in the FBI Na• punch .

• ust 1972 29 plaints of critics. We have a duty to "Since the original identifying features of recreational serve all citizens with equal civility, vehicles can be so successfully disguised after theft, their open-mindedness, and respect. • recovery rate is low. Some law enforcement departments, To you who serve our people therefore, are not aware of the growing theft problem our country with such dedication, let among these vehicles." me say that I am privileged to begin my third career in the law enforce• ment profession, and to join you in carrying out our joint responsibilities tional Crime Information Center of their design, afford only a varying to our fellow citizens. (NCIC) since identity and proof of degree of security. You have compiled a magnificent theft could be established quickly record of accomplishments since the through this simple expedient. Un• Maximum Test earliest days of our Nation. I look fortunately, however, it is estimated forward to the challenges that face our that only about one-half of the trailers Since the original identifying fea• profession. We shall meet them to• stolen are entered in NCIC. tures of recreational vehicles can be gether, and the American people will In relation to thieves operating a so successfully disguised after theft, know that they have been well served trailer theft ring, a computer of a their recovery rate is low. Some law by their peace officers. ij1 State bureau of motor vehicles can be enforcement departments, therefore, used to great advantage if it can be are not aware of the growing theft programed to list all trailers titled by problem among these vehicles. The a particular name or company or all enforcement effort to stem these titles to a certain trailer brand name. thefts is also hindered by the lacka• POLICE KILLINGS The National Automobile Theft daisical attitude on the part of some Bureau (NATB) does have some list• dealers who do not report apparent With each confirmed report of a ings of trailers which are stolen from thefts or, worse yet, maintain insuf• law enforcement officer killed in the their subscribers' customers, and these ficient records to identify their loss line of duty because of criminal ac· will be helpful in tracing the trailer once they do report a theft. While pub• tion, the Uniform Crime Repm~ , and making inquiry with the owner lic and law enforcement attention is Unit at FBI Headquarters sen. in an effort to complete identification. being directed to the expanding area summary message of the circum· Similarly, corresponding directly with of trailer thefts, solutions to these stances nationwide via the Law En• the manufacturer, giving all identify• crimes will require a maximum test of forcement Teletype System (LETS). ing data, may establish a trailer's ingenuity and thoroughness for the At the beginning of each month, the theft, since many dealers report back investigating officer. ij1 details of these killings in the previous to the factory when one of their month are summarized in a separate recreational vehicles is stolen. LETS message. Many dealers, acutely aware of the IMAGE It has come to the Bulletin's atten• security of their trailer storage and tion that the Michigan State Police (Continned from page 16) display areas, employ such antitheft (MSP) is reproducing these FBI sum• safeguards as living on the premises, forts of law enforcement agencies on maries of police killings and is dis• installing nighttime lighting, and behalf of the American people, the playing them on the bulletin boards fencing their property. Some dealers agencies whose officers are involved of each of its 61 posts throughout believe theft insurance is excessively should make a thorough and objective the State. The messages are posted the . high and, therefore, do not have it on effort to determine why. day received, and each officer is re• their stock. This tends to make them As heads of sheriff's offices, you quired to read and initial them. more conscious of the threat of theft. must patrol your own ranks more The MSP believes that the informa• In the search for safety against carefully than you patrol the towns, tion contained in these summaries is theft, a number of dealers have counties, and cities which your depart• vital to the individual police officer in adopted the policy of using trailer ments serve. We in the law enforce• that it instills in him a keen aware• hitch locks, of which several types are ment profession have a responsibility ness of threatening situations and now on the market. However, these to keep our ears tuned not only to the the precaution necessary to protect locks, depending on the sophistication plaudits of supporters, but to the com• himself.

30 FBI Law Enforcement Bul NATIONWIDE CRIMESCOPE

LOADED PACKAGE SURPRISED IN While on duty at a southern airport, a police officer found a card• THE ACT board box leaning against an escalator leading from the baggage collection area to the main-level ticket counters. An examination of A Michigan couple, upon return• the box revealed that it contained a sawed-off 12 gauge shotgun. An ing home from a shopping trip, no• opening had been cut into one side of the box at a 45 degree angle ticed a strange automobile with a as an apparent means by which the loaded weapon could be fired young woman inside parked in their while carrying the box as an innocent-looking package. Air line driveway. Believing that one of their officials were alerted to the discovery, and the weapon was turned teenage daughters was entertaining over to local Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms authorities, U.S. Treas• her friends, they were not too con• ury Department, for investigation. cerned about the unknown auto. They parked behind the visitor's car, and the wife proceeded to the house while t( her husband started to unload the auto. As she opened the front door, ~ she spotted a young man on his way out carrying the family television set. Surprised by the lady of the house, the J thief dropped the television and fled ~ from the residence. The woman imme• diately locked the door behind him, and her husband, seeing a stranger bolt from the front door, ran to a 1-< neighbor's home to call the police. ~ The bandit, realizing that he was ~ Sawed-off shotgun found at airport. trapped by the resident's vehicle parked behind his, tried to get back 1 into the house but found the door locked. He then jumped into his car and rammed the auto behind him sev• ~ eraI times until he succeeded in mov• ~ ing it enough to make his getaway by "'~ driving over the lawns of neighboring ~ homes. The police arrived in the mean• time and began pursuit of the offender '\y and his accomplice when they sighted ~ their car less than one block away. ~ Both were apprehended when their auto struck a tree during a high-speed chase involving police units from six communities.

Shotgun could be fired by placing hand through opening in cardboard box in which the weapon (Continued on next page) was concealed. _ ust 1972 31 CRIMESCOPE

I (Continued from page 31) WANTED BY THE FBI ~ e 1-1) PHOTO LAB AID The frequent use of aluminum foi to protect tabletops from chemica stains can be a hazardous practice to sers of photographic stabilizatio processors, according to a technica bulletin recently released by a majo manufacturer of film-developing sup plies. It has been established by thi manufacturer that the reaction of cer tain activator solutions with alum' num foil results in the emission 0 hydrogen gas. When this occurs, tH gas is accompanied with a fine mis of activator solution which may caus ROBERTA BRENT SMITH, also known a s: Bobbie Brent, Trudi Marcell irritation to the nose and throa Hayes, Bobbi Smith, Chris Smith. ~ coughing, or difficulty in swallow in I Polyethylene sheeting is recom mended by the manufacturer as a s Unlawful Possession or Receipt of Firearms; Conspiracy stitute for the foil to guard agains such disturbances. Roberta Brent Smith is being sought Nationality ______American. by the FBI for conspiracy and posses- Scars and Marks____ Has facial acne scars. ~ NOTONEORTWO-BUT4 sion of a firearm not registered ac- FBI No______11,759 H. ~ cording to the National Firearms Act. Fingerprint Classifica· Acting on information that _ A Federal warrant for her arrest was tion ______18 0 1 U 001 12 used car lot was selling stolen cars issued on June 2, 1971, at Tucson, L 17 U IOI othe police department in a souther Ariz. ~ city "hit" the jackpot when it checke Caution Smith and three accomplices al- ­...... , all the cars on the lot through th legedly participated in a conspiracy in Smith reportedly has been asso- \.NCIC's Stolen Vehicle File. Fort} which two of the conspirators went to ciated with persons who advocate use j ~even of the automobiles had been re Tucson, Ariz., purchased dynamite, of explosives, and she may have ac- ~ ported stolen in a midwestern Stat and returned with it to Venice, Calif. quired firearms. She should be con- ~ and entered into the NCIC by a polic On or about May 4, 1970, Smith and sidered dangerous. ~ department in that State. an accomplice allegedly took posses- Notify the FBI sion of the dynamite in Venice. ~ RUNAWAY FROM WHAT Any person having information Description which might assist in locating this A State trooper in a midweste fugitive is requested to notify im· State routinely requested an NCI Age ______27, born Novem- mediately the Acting Director of the check on a hitchhiker who admitte ber 26, 1944, Cleveland, Ohio. Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Height ______5 feet 7 inches. Department of J ustice, Washington, Weight ______145 to 155 pounds. D.C. 20535, or the Special Agent in Build ______Medium. Hair ______Black. Charge of the nearest FBI field office, Eyes ______Brown. the telephone number of which ap- Complexion ______Medium. pears on the first page of most local Race ______White. directories.

32 FOR CHANGE OF ADDRESS ONLY (Not an order f orm)

_ mPlete this form and return to:

ACTING DIRECTOR FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20535

• (Nam e) (Ti tle)

(Addre.8)

( OIt1l) (State) (Zip Oode)

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• PRESIDENTIAL SUPPORT FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT PROGRAMS

The President has again urged that more law enforcement agencies promote local, civic sponso.-ship of law enforcement appre- ciation days and has stated he will lJe pleased to send presidential messages in support of such occasion.s. He also said he will commend local and State law enforcement officers for acts of heroism above and beyond the call of duty or for sustained outstanding perform- ance, when such justification is called to his attention by the head of the agency. The President asks that all requests for messages or commendations be sent to the attention of Mr. Geoffrey C. Shepard, Staff Assistant, The White House, Washington, D.C. 20500. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION W A SHINGTO N . D.C. 2015315 OFFICIAL BU SIN ESS

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FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION JUS-432

INTERESTING PATTERN

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The paHern shown above is classified as a double loop­type whorl with an inner tracing and presents no classification problem. However, the interesting aspect of this pattern is the unusual position of the two looping formations.