Soldiers for Sale • German “Mercenaries” with the British In

Jean-Pierre Wilhelmy

he British Army that fought American Revolutionaries was an TAnglo-German army. Britain doubted the commitment of English soldiers and the loyalty of the recently conquered French-speaking Canadiens. George III turned to his relatives in German states to provide troops, often against their will. Many remained after American inde pendence. This is their story.

The publication of Wilhelmy’s study in English is very welcome and should be of great significance in making this group of “nineteenth century immigrant soldiers better known. SOLDIERS FOR SALE Virginia Easley DeMarce, Ph.D, Past President of the US National Genealogical” Society

“I cannot forgive the English chroniclers for lowering the death SOLDIERS FOR SALE toll so greatly, why not admit honestly that instead of 900 we lost 1700! (…) Do these gentlemen really believe that 30 guineas German “Mercenaries” more or less mean nothing to me? Particularly after my latest expensive journey during which I contracted many new debts… with the British in Canada signora F., whom I have just engaged in Italy, will cost me more during the American Revolution than 500 guineas a year and these blasted Englishmen want to 1776-83 quibble over wounded and disabled men.” Letter from Landgrave (count) Frederick II of Hesse-Cassel

Jean-Pierre Wilhelmy is a Montreal historian who discovered a major unexplored part of Canadian and American history while searching his own roots.

$29,95

Jean-Pierre Wilhelmy www.barakabooks.com isbn 978-1-926824-12-3 Extrait de la publication Mercenaires.indd 2 11-11-10 10:00 SOLDIERS FOR SALE

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Mercenaires.indd 4 11-11-10 10:00 Jean-Pierre Wilhelmy

SOLDIERS FOR SALE German “Mercenaries” with the British in Canada during the American Revolution (1776-83)

Montréal

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Mercenaires.indd 5 11-11-10 10:00 Black We acknowledge the support of the Canada Council for the Arts which last year invested $20.1 million in writing and publishing throughout Canada.

Pantone All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any informa- tion storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Published by Baraka Books of Montreal. 6977, rue Lacroix Montréal, Québec h4e 2v4 Telephone: 514-808-8504 [email protected] www.barakabooks.com

Book design and cover by Folio infographie

Cover illustration by Jean-Pierre Wilhelmy based on Lossing’s History of the United States by F.O.C. Darley

Printed and bound in Quebec ISBN 978-1-926824-12-3

Legal Deposit, 4th quarter, 2011 Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec Library and Archives Canada isbn (papier) 978-1-926824-12-3 isbn (ePub) 978-1-926824-30-7 isbn (PDF) 978-1-926824-33-8

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Mercenaires.indd 6 11-11-10 10:00 notes

Note 1: The term “mercenary” did not, at the time of the American Revolution, have the pejorative connotation prevailing today. In Europe, only after the event of the Nation-State did the mercenary trade become con- sidered as something shameful, and only after the institution of general conscription did the expression “mercenary” become outmoded.1

Note 2: The Province of Quebec, the large tract of land cut through from northwest to northeast by the St. Lawrence River, is called Canada by the English who possess it.2

Note 3: The Canadiens or Canadians originally described the French- speaking people born in “Canada,” which was part of New France. After the British conquest and the Treaty of Versailles (1863), the terms Canadiens or Canadians continued to refer to the French-speaking population concentrated on the St. Lawrence River Valley but with settler communities scattered throughout the Great Lakes and what is now the United States Midwest. The terms were used to distinguish them from the Englishmen who chose to live in Canada. Not before the 1830s did Canadians come to include sometimes the English- speaking population of Canada. The termFrench-Canadian then took root to distinguish between the two peoples of Canada.3

1. Anthony Mockler. 2. Journal of Du Roi the Elder, p.66. 3. Lacoursière, Jacques and Philpot, Robin, A People’s History of Quebec, Baraka Books, 2009, p. 78.

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Mercenaires.indd 8 11-11-10 10:00 table of contents

Preface by Virginia Easley DeMarce 13 Preface by Marcel Trudel 15 Foreword 17 Acknowledgments 21 Introduction 23 Chapter i England’s Search for Mercenaries 33 Chapter ii Recruiting the German Mercenaries 49 Chapter iii The Germans and the War from 1776 to 1778 69 Chapter iv The Germans and the War from 1778 to 1783 115 Chapter v The Germans after the War 141 Conclusion 179 Appendix a The German Military Corps in Canada, 1776-1783 183 Appendix b Names and Companies of the Regiments 199 of the German Corps Appendix c Organization of the Hessians in the U.S.A. 203

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Mercenaires.indd 9 11-11-10 10:00 Appendix d List of the Mercenaries’ Professions 209 Appendix e List of the Mercenaries by Country of Origin 211 Appendix f General Description of the German Uniforms Worn 213 in North America, 1776-1783 Appendix g Names of German Soldiers Who Remained in Canada and their Main Quarters during the American Revolution 221 Appendix h A Citadel Called Temporary… 261 Index of Names Bibliography 271

Mercenaires.indd 10 11-11-10 10:00 To my wife and three children, Martin, Karine, and Mylène.

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Mercenaires.indd 11 11-11-10 10:00 Mercenaires.indd 12 11-11-10 10:00 preface by virginia easley demarce, ph.d.

n the modern world, the term “mercenaries” brings to mind indi- Ividuals who as that—as individuals—contract to serve in the military forces of a country not their own. A few of the “mercenaries” who served in the forces of the various German principalities on behalf of England during the American Revolution met that criterion, although not in regard to England (it should be noted that England had some recruiting stations in the German principalities, and those Germans who were recruited to serve in English regiments can be regarded as “mercenaries” in the first sense). Rather, if they were men contracted to fight on behalf of a “foreign” ruler, that ruler was the German sovereign who contracted with the English government for the use of his troops. Some of the regiments that served in Canada—that from Anhalt- Zerbst comes to mind first—did have significant numbers of enlistees who were not the subject of the prince who negotiated their ser- vice with England. Others—such as Hesse-Hanau—consisted almost entirely of subjects of the ruler whose policies sent them to Canada. However these soldiers were recruited, until the work of Jean-Pierre Wilhelmy, they were largely ignored by historians. They did receive some attention from individual genealogists whose assump- tions about being “French-Canadian” became bewildered as they struggled through the permutations of their ancestral surnames from something arguably French in the late nineteenth century back to something very different, and clearly German, in the last quarter of the eighteenth century.

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The publication of Wilhelmy’s study in English translation is very welcome and should be of great significance in making this group of eighteenth century immigrant soldiers better known. Virginia Easley DeMarce, Ph.D. Past President, National Genealogical Society

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Mercenaires.indd 14 11-11-10 10:00 preface by the late marcel trudel

n Canada today there are about seven million French Canadians. IBut how many of them can honestly claim to have pure French blood on both sides of their family tree? For three centuries the population of North America was formed by people of many different ethnic origins who were recruited during immigration drives or who came here to escape economic crises at home. A certain amount of intermarriage was inevitable. Since the time of the French regime, ln fact, people from many countries have lived among us, intermarried and left descendants— Englishmen from New England, Scottish Catholics who first sought refuge in France before coming to Canada, immigrants from Portugal, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. And we must not forget the many marriages between Canadians and Aboriginal people which at one time were actively encouraged by both Church and States, and which were only natural given the close proximity of tribes like the Montagnais and Abenakis, and others like the Aboriginal slaves. New blood was added to this mixture after the British conquest, and again in the nineteenth century with the massive influx of Irish immigrants. In the twentieth century, our society opened its doors fully to the rest of the world, and the process is now complete. When tracing our roots today, we can no longer end our search once we determine from which French province certain of our ancestors immigrated—we must also try to find out which other European country or countries contributed branches to our famlly tree. It is not the number, large or small, of immigrants which matters, moreover, but the number of their descendants.

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Jean-Pierre Wilhelmy is a French Canadian like the rest of us, except that, like his compatriots with surnames like Pozer, Ebacher, Dickner, Molleur (formerly Müller) and Caux, he can trace his German descent. Hence his interest in discovering more about the German branch of our communal family tree. Mr. Wilhelmy focuses his research on the mercenary troops which Germany provided to England at the time of the American Revolution. According to his calculations, some thirty thousand Germans came to America between 1776 and 1783. One third of them lived in the French Canadian community for seven years; two or three thousand remained in Canada at the end of the war. Mr. Wilhelmy relates the arrival of these eighteenth century German immigrants, and describes their settle- ment here and their contribution to the population—a contribution which is often difficult to trace because patronyms have been altered over the years. What we need now is a wide-ranging study of the present proportion of French Canadians with German ancestry. Once we know that, we could ask the same question about the descendants of immigrants from many other countries. Marcel Trudel O.C., D. Ps L. Professor Emeritus at the University of Ottawa (1984)

Mercenaires.indd 16 11-11-10 10:00 foreword

rowing up with the name Jean-Pierre Wilhelmy in Quebec Gsparked curiosity. While most people had names like Tremblay, Gagnon, and Bouchard with easily identifiable French background, that was not the case with Wilhelmy. What’s more, our family oral tradition was of no help. My own genealogy opened up a vast area of research. Never had I expected to devote seven years to intensive research that would result in a book and even recognition by the Canadian Government of a national historical event. As I followed my paternal lineage back, I came across a document in which it was written: “sergeant-major in the Hesse-Hanau troops.” That took me to the Canadian archives in Ottawa where I was told that the regiment was not known but that it surely must be recorded in the documents covering the English period of the archives. I consulted hundreds and hundreds of pages in a variety of collec- tions. What a surprise it was to find a vast correspondence between the governors of the period and German officers. Even more surprising was the fact that eighty-five percent of the correspondence was in French, ten percent in English, and the rest in German. I was also told that nobody had ever consulted the correspondence in depth. My own personal genealogical research thus came to an end. But research into what appeared to me to be of much greater interest, namely our own understanding of ourselves in Quebec, then began. The correspondence led me to a series of original muster rolls and to the reconstruction of the massive puzzle that the German army of 1776-83 represented. After consulting the British, German, and American archives, I discovered several very enlightening diaries written by German officers. Having completed the initial research, it appeared necessary to consult some professional historians at the Université de Montréal,

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thinking that they might grasp the importance of this discovery. The reception was little more than polite, cool even, and I was made to understand that there was really very little interest in what I had discovered. This did not discourage me, since my profession at the time (i.e., expressway interchange technologist for Transport Québec) demanded that calculations and design be verified many times over in order to convince decision-makers that a project was well founded. Moreover, I had no doubt about the significance of my findings. I then began searching for someone who might listen to me and above all understand the importance of the work. A few weeks later, I called Marcel Trudel, Emeritus Professor of History at the University of Ottawa, who already had experience fighting to have his theories accepted. Quite naively, I asked very direct questions of this highly respected specialist in Canadian history. Did you know that German soldiers…? Did you know that they played a major role in Canadian history and that they made an important contribution demographic- ally, culturally, and economically? Intrigued, Professor Trudel agreed to read the hundreds of pages I had written. A few months later, he returned my manuscript with a note saying that I had indeed found a very interesting subject and that he agreed to help me. Thus began four years of intensive work with the Emeritus Professor of History from the University of Ottawa, who acted somewhat like a thesis director. He then suggested that I publish an article so as to protect my subject, which I did and even won a research fellowship for it. Before I had even thought of contacting a publisher, I received an offer from a publisher who followed Marcel Trudel’s work closely. We quickly reached an agreement, which was a particularly gratifying milestone. Thanks to Marcel Trudel’s legendary professionalism and gener- osity—he agreed to preface my book—the first edition appeared in 1984. Two new editions came out (1997 and 2009) as well as three books of historical fiction in French. La( guerre des autres, De père en fille and Charlotte et la mémoire du cœur respectively in 1987, 1989, and 1999.) Historical fiction allows one to use more of the informa- tion gathered during the years of research and to cover other aspects of a story that deserves to be known.

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Mercenaires.indd 18 11-11-10 10:00 foreward 19

An historical plaque is unveiled on August 29, 2009. From left to right: Mr. Jean Dorval, President of the Quebec Historical Society; Mr. Jean-Pierre Wilhelmy, historian and writer; Dr. Aylmer Baker President of the Ebacher Baker Family Association. It is hoped that with this book, finally available in English, Quebecers, Canadians, and many Americans, particularly those of German background, will discover a forgotten page of our common history. For example, a German-Canadian association showed their recognition by giving me an award in 1989 at the Roy Thompson Hall in Toronto and by submitting my name for a Canada-wide award granted by the Secretariat of State for Multiculturalism to honour a historian’s contribution to a cultural community in Canada. What a surprise again to be chosen from among twelve finalists for the Secretariat of State’s first prize. The greatest honour, however, was the erection and unveiling of commemorative plaque on the Plain of Abraham on August 29, 2009 highlighting the contribution of the German troops to the defense of Canada during the American War of Independence (1776-83) and making it into a national historical event. Jean-Pierre Wilhelmy August 29, 2011

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Commemorative plaque unveiled at Garrison Club in Quebec City August 28, 2009

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Mercenaires.indd 295 11-11-10 10:01 Jean-Pierre Wilhelmy

Jean-Pierre Wilhelmy is a Montreal historian who discovered a major unexplored part of Canadian and American history while searching his own roots.

$29,95

Jean-Pierre Wilhelmy www.barakabooks.com Extrait de la publication isbn 978-1-926824-12-3