Where and How Brazilian Authors Publish

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An Acad Bras Cienc (2020) 92(2): e20200328 DOI 10.1590/0001-3765202020200328 Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências | Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences Printed ISSN 0001-3765 I Online ISSN 1678-2690 www.scielo.br/aabc | www.fb.com/aabcjournal

HEALTH SCIENCES

Brazilian Publication Proﬁ les: Where Running title: Publishing in and How Brazilian authors publish Brazilian Science

Academy Section: Health Sciences CONCEPTA M. MCMANUS, ABILIO A. BAETA NEVES & ANDREA Q. MARANHÃO

Abstract: Publishing profi les can help institutions and fi nancing agencies understand the different needs of knowledge areas and regions for development within a country. e20200328 Incites ® (Web of Science) was used to see where Brazilian authors were publishing, the impact, and the cost of this publishing. The USA was the country of choice for

92 publishing journals, along with Brazil, England, and the Netherlands. While Brazilian (2) authors continue to publish in hybrid journals, they are more often opting for closed 92(2) access, with 89% of the papers published in Brazil being open access, compared with 21% of papers published abroad. The correlation between the cost of publishing and the number of citations was positive and signifi cant. Publishing patterns were different depending on the area of knowledge and the Brazilian region. Stagnation or reduction in publications with international collaboration, industry collaboration, or in high impact open access journals may be the cause of a reduction in citation impact. These data can help in elaborating public and institutional policies for fi nancing publications in Brazil, especially when looking at unfavourable changes in currency exchange rates. Key words: impact, OECD area, cost, journal, publisher.

INTRODUCTION of research, the possibility of rejection, regional or international importance, tradition, as well as Understanding publication patterns is important, publishing costs (James 2017). Journal selection not only to evaluate investments in scientifi c for publishing research is important in terms projects but also to see where investments of visibility and impact. Many countries have are necessary to meet national objectives signed Open Access (OA) agreements (including and priorities. There are marked differences Brazil) and have started fi nancing researchers to between scientific disciplines and research this end (Suber 2012). fields, including their publishing practices Critical to the interest in the bibliometric and languages (Mathies et al. 2020; McManus dimensions of journals is the growth of & Neves 2020). Many metrics associated with institutional or individual evaluation of research publishing and impact significantly publication-quality (Hall 2011). The development correlate to university reputation (Linton et al. of national research quality evaluations and 2013), but these institutions rarely opinionate metrics with corresponding effects on fi nancial on where research is published, as this is largely resources for universities and individuals left to the individual researcher. Many questions has clear implications for economic, human arise when researchers decide where to publish resource management and research practice, as their research. These include language, quality well as infl uencing where scholars publish and

An Acad Bras Cienc (2020) 92(2) CONCEPTA M. MCMANUS, ABILIO A. BAETA NEVES & ANDREA Q. MARANHÃO PUBLISHING IN BRAZILIAN SCIENCE therefore the overall development an academic papers in Q1 journals as well as indicators for field (Visser 2009), leading to the undertaking international and industry collaboration. of bibliometric studies to develop rankings A principal component analysis was carried of academic leadership, influence, journals, out using quality indicators for journal data and research quality. The use of bibliometric (above) as well as cluster analysis. All statistical measurement can shape researchers´ analyses were performed using SAS (Statistical (particularly younger ones) choice of where Analysis System Inc, Cary, North Carolina). to publish and may focus them more towards Costs of publishing were estimated for international (English-language) peer-reviewed the top 50 journals (78,830 papers, 18.5% total journals (Hammarfelt and de Rijcke 2015). production) using information from journal The objective of this study is to see where homepages, Scielo (www.scielo.br) and DOAJ. Brazilian authors publish, how much this costs When page charges were for published article 7 and how this affects the citation of the papers. pages were assumed, while if for word this was 20 pages. In all cases, discounts for members of specific societies were applied. If the journal was MATERIAL AND METHODS a hybrid, the % open access papers for Brazilian Data from this study were obtained from Incites Authors from Incites® was used. Translations (https://incites.clarivate.com/) using the journal were assumed to be 10% of the papers published and articles tabs, from 2010 to 2019. The main in English at (Brazilian Reais) BRL1500 per paper. categories of the Organisation for Economic Co- Where the production of a translation certificate operation and Development (OECD 2007) were was obligatory or recommended these increased used in this study for classification purposes. to 90 and 50%, respectively (Björk & Solomon This scheme uses six broad subject categories 2014, 2015). All values were transformed into for publishing data: (1) natural sciences, (2) dollars at (United States Dollar) USD1 = BRL4.3. engineering and technology, (3) medical and health sciences, (4) agricultural sciences, RESULTS (5) social sciences, and (6) humanities. The discussion here is based on these broad fields. There were a total of 14,317 journals or documents Changes in numbers of publications and registered as having one or more article from quality indicators on a journal basis were a Brazilian author in the period of 2010-2019. evaluated including country of publisher, Of these, around 2100 are responsible for 80% Category Normalised Citation Index (CNCI - of the papers published by Brazilian authors dividing the actual count of citing items by the (Figure 1). expected citation rate for documents with the Approximately 20% of the journals same document type, year of publication and contained 80% of the papers (Table I) except subject area), Journal Normalized Citation Impact for Agricultural Sciences, where this value was (JNCI - instead of normalising per subject area around 10%, showing a higher dispersion among or field, it normalises the citation rate for the journals in this area of knowledge. The total of journal in which the document is publishing), journals is greater than the country total as % papers in top 10%, % Open access (OA), % journals and papers may appear in more than one area of knowledge.

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is a tendency to publish in lower quality journals (maybe due to the lack of these in several knowledge areas), but this is not true when Brazilians publish in the exterior. While Agricultural Sciences follow the same trend, Brazilians in Engineering & Technology, Medical &Health, Natural and Social sciences tend to publish more in higher quality journals. The documents in the humanities tended to be “not defined” as they were mainly books and so not Figure 1. Cumulative proportion of papers per journal by Brazilian authors (Incites ® 2009-1019). subject to journal quartile analyses. Overall, the citation index (CNCI) was higher in Q1 journals Each area of knowledge shows a different (1.69), decreasing to Q4 (0.32). Q1 journals in profile as to country of origin of the journals Brazil had a medium impact of 0.58 and Q4 where Brazilian authors publish and the number (0.22). of papers published in these journals (Figure Numbers of publications in Brazilian 2 and Supplementary Material, Figure S1) as journals has been falling in the areas of Medical well as the number of journals and papers & Health, Natural and Agricultural Sciences per quartile in each area of knowledge (Figure since 2011, while increased in the Engineering 3 and Figure S2). In almost all areas, there is a & Technological sciences. The decrease in tendency to publish more papers in Brazilian the number of papers published in Brazil may journals than in journals from other countries, reflect an increase in publications in journals but only in Agricultural Sciences and Humanities not registered in the Web of Science. In contrast, are the highest proportion of papers published there was an increase in Brazilian publications in Brazilian journals. Overall, Brazilian journals abroad in all areas until more recently when publish the second-highest number of papers this has stabilised or has started to fall (Figure (24%), after the USA (27%). 4). As seen in Figure 2, the major publishing When looking at the quartiles of where countries, along with Brazil, are the USA, Brazilian papers are published, the differences England and the Netherlands (>75% in all cases). between areas again become apparent. When While papers in the Medical & Health area have the papers are published in Brazil, there recently decreased in these countries (Figure

Table I. Summary of publication distribution by Brazilian authors (Incites ® 2009-2019).

Number of Journals % of Journals Number of Journals Number of papers with 80% with 80% Agriculture 988 102 66342 10.33 Eng & Tech 3013 515 83834 17.09 Humanities 1072 234 5851 21.83 Medical & Health 4315 808 142355 18.72 Natural Sciences 5756 1041 203811 18.08 Social Sciences 3153 670 21819 21.25 All 14319 2142 426239 14.96

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USA ENGLAND NETHERLANDS GERMANY (FED REP GER) SWITZERLAND JAPAN FRANCE BRAZIL CHINA MAINLAND SPAIN REST

USA BRAZIL ENGLAND NETHERLANDS GERMANY (FED REP GER) SWITZERLAND NEW ZEALAND FRANCE DENMARK ITALY REST

Figure 2. Distribution of journals (a) and Documents (b) by journal country of origin publishing Brazilian Authors (Incites ® 2009-2019). (Brazilian journals are highlighted in each figure).

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a 6000

5000

4000 All

3000 BRAZIL Numbere

2000

1000

0 Not Defined Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Quartile

b 140000

120000

100000

80000

60000 Number of Documents Number

40000

20000

0 Not Defined Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Quartile

Figure 3. Distribution of journals (a) and Documents (b) by area of knowledge and journal quartile for publications from Brazilian Authors (Incites ® 2009-2019).

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5), other areas have continued to rise or remain Science without Borders program (McManus & stable. This is not the case in journals outside Nobre 2017) used funding from the two major these countries that save shown a decrease in scientific agencies (CAPES & CNPq) to finance most areas in recent years. See https://www. mainly undergraduate students in a period scimagojr.com/journalrank.php for a list of overseas. This meant that, for example, in 2015 publishers and their country of origin. and 2016, post-graduate courses lost 75% of Looking at CNCI and JNCI, while most vary their maintenance financing from CAPES, but significantly year to year, there has been a not scholarships. Therefore, researchers prefer decrease in recent years, especially in CNCI. to publish in a better-qualified hybrid journal While there has been an increase in open than a lower quality OA. This coincides with the access publishing in countries outside Brazil, recent fall in overall CNCI for the country. Netherlands, England and the USA, the opposite In the last year (2019), a decrease in the has happened recently in these countries, as number of papers has begun to appear in well a decrease in % of papers in top 10%. So, these journals. It is still too early to say if this while Brazilian authors continue to publish in is a trend or not, but without financing for hybrid journals, they are more often opting science and laboratory maintenance Brazil will for closed access. 89% of the papers published continually lose its capacity to compete at a in Brazil are open access, compared with 21% world level, thereby making it more difficult for of papers published abroad. The correlation its researchers to publish OA in Q1 journals. between CNCI and % Open access documents International collaboration in papers in Q1 and Q2 journals, not counting Brazilian published in Brazil is around 8%, compared journals, was 0.52 (P<0.01). with 32% of those published abroad. This may Looking at major publishers such as Elsevier also help Brazil maintain a reasonable level of (Figure 6), the peak occurred around 2012. There publishing, as the research groups can capture was a fall in OA publishing from 2013 to 2014 with resources abroad and these groups help to pay a furthermore recent fall (from 2016/2017) in the publishing costs. This collaboration, as well as % of open access papers in their journals by collaboration with industry, varies depending Brazilian Authors. This may be for three reasons: on the area of knowledge (Figure 7). As can i) the global reaction to Plan S, so authors look be seen, international collaboration in the for alternative journals to publish their works agricultural area falls well below the other areas or ii) the costs of OA and the lack of funding and may influence impact in these publications. to cover it in Brazil, iii) increase in the number International and industry collaboration of post-graduate courses in Brazil without an publications have stagnated or have fallen in increase in budget. As all new courses up to recent years, which may also explain in part the 2019 received scholarships automatically from fall in impact. CAPES, this meant that the resources available for maintenance of the courses fell. The

An Acad Bras Cienc (2020) 92(2) e20200328 6 | 22 CONCEPTA M. MCMANUS, ABILIO A. BAETA NEVES & ANDREA Q. MARANHÃO PUBLISHING IN BRAZILIAN SCIENCE 2019 2019 2018 2018 2017 2017 Natural Medical & Health &Eng Tech Agriculture Sciences Social Humanities 2016 2016 2015 2015 2014 Year Year 2014 2013 2013 2012 2012 2011 2011 Natural Medical & Health Engineering & Technology Agriculture Social Humanities 2010 2010 2009 2009

5 0 0

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 % Open Access Open %

5000

30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 Number of Papers Papers of Number 2020 2019 2018 2018 2017 Medical & Health Natural Agricultural Engineering & Technology Social Sciences Humanities 2016 2016 2015 Natural Health & Medical Eng & Tech Agriculture Sciences Social Humanities Year 2014 Year 2014 2013 2012 2012 2011 2010 2010 2008 2009 0 A B 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 120 0

80 60 40 20

120 100 % Open Access Open % Number of Papers of Number Numbers and impact of publications in Brazil (Column A) and abroad (Column B) by Brazilian authors (Incites ® 2009 – 2019). ® 2009 (Incites authors Brazilian B) by (Column A) and abroad (Column in Brazil of publications and impact 4. Numbers Figure

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8 6 4 2 0

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 10 16 14 12 % International Collaboration International % % Top 10 % 10 Top % 2019 2019 2018 2018 2017 2017 2016 2016 Natural Medical & Health Eng & Tech Agriculture Social Sciences Humanities 2015 2015 2014 Year Year 2014 Year 2013 2013 2012 2012 2011 2011 Natural Medical & Health Eng & Tech Agriculture SciencesSocial Humanities 2010 2010 2009 2009 A B

8 6 4 2 0

16 14 12 10 2 1 0

% International Collaboration International %

2,5 1,5 0,5 % Top 10% Top % Numbers and impact of publications in Brazil (Column A) and abroad (Column B) by Brazilian authors authors Brazilian B) by (Column A) and abroad (Column in Brazil of publications and impact 4. Numbers Figure – 2019). ® 2009 (Incites

An Acad Bras Cienc (2020) 92(2) e20200328 8 | 22 CONCEPTA M. MCMANUS, ABILIO A. BAETA NEVES & ANDREA Q. MARANHÃO PUBLISHING IN BRAZILIAN SCIENCE 2018 2018 0 2019 Medical & Health Agricultural Humanities 2017 0,86741 2,85318 0,99108 1,022422 0,964256 1,025641 0,976563 1,076644 1,263672 1,656746 1,480111 1,180163 1,193025 1,173202 1,275149 1,266846 1,330655 1,430997 1,154571 0,910504 1,487974 1,621959 0,882353 2,349943 2,226721 2,449612 1,675831 2,008206 1,964183 1,604278 1,607176 2,646165 1,823607 1,321586 0,670017 0,420757 0,517464 0,244499 0,289296 0,410678 0,869565 0,508906 2018 2016 2016 2017 0,93389 0,88606 1,12504 0,58772 0,66091 0,77824 0,787604 0,886361 0,899664 0,831607 0,814407 0,781895 0,919575 0,815813 0,875384 0,815218 1,057932 0,917879 0,906937 0,894315 0,864233 0,926287 0,869689 1,032888 0,567245 0,665533 0,724871 0,686269 0,674632 0,621991 0,655117 0,610211 0,719843 0,773249 1,026301 0,799682 0,934656 0,955019 1,011302 0,873439 0,875451 1,246096 0,719618 Natural & Health Medical Eng & Tech Agricultural Sciences Social 2015 2016 Natural Eng & Tech Social Sciences 0,64582 0,53104 0,557411 0,640362 0,710271 0,707441 0,697106 0,944631 0,747102 0,874267 0,821193 0,655006 0,689899 0,655795 0,783184 0,695515 0,845655 1,132182 0,901601 0,889446 0,985918 0,744507 0,311827 0,350224 0,437821 0,365964 0,364875 0,373497 0,375503 0,402892 0,430915 0,453733 0,644491 0,626315 0,380278 0,605522 0,458141 0,508518 0,510998 0,580268 0,553102 0,659028 0,463869 Year 2014 2015 Year 2014 Year 10,728 5,70323 2,34886 Year 2014 8,667803 9,132668 8,162949 8,076923 6,937378 5,780291 3,172718 2,032583 0,484997 10,68767 9,273732 9,983558 7,909114 8,292748 9,262724 5,516989 3,777212 2,292161 0,439706 5,088052 5,446019 6,191318 4,665096 4,149212 3,662623 3,072106 2,465334 1,829966 1,054884 0,380637 10,21951 5,913363 8,562814 5,840112 5,782665 5,011002 4,747348 3,249487 1,532174 0,273961 2013 2012 2013 66,2877 79,6027 67,5202 86,3235 2012 65,80513 64,16538 64,19327 64,11097 63,45187 65,20748 65,05374 68,60625 72,00811 81,94698 70,29948 68,13222 69,48652 66,24352 69,10117 65,59221 65,45323 66,41347 65,59373 81,47426 67,50359 64,02273 60,70711 64,54481 65,25111 64,71834 68,64541 69,52625 73,33149 83,93037 56,19605 72,78372 62,38043 67,18703 66,08816 68,82397 62,06248 67,57355 70,99457 3 3 4 6 4 1 3 3 3 2 3 5 6 3 3 1 0 2 2 2 0 1 3 2 0 3 2 2012 10 17 14 27 36 37 52 33 37 33 11 11 15 19 25 11 2011 Natural Sciences Natural & Health Medical Eng. Tech. & Agricutural Social Sciences Humanities 2010 2011 0 0 0 0 54 47 83 430 548 478 481 572 704 766 687 714 486 573 568 515 578 660 522 605 648 654 111 117 143 167 135 149 180 150 184 200 122 180 143 123 170 188 203 2010 2010 0 0 0 0 2008 91 66 63 87 2009 2009 0 845 887 589 569 799 827 511 596 749 615 606 834 238 125 230 136 154 150 303 173 228 348 142 131 215 169 174 225 1247 1151 1324 1166 1778 1869 1917 8000 6000 4000 2000

1 0

12000 10000

1 0

Number of Documents of Number 1,2 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2

1,2 0,8 0,6 CNCI 0,4 0,2 CNCI 0 0 0 0 39 63 81 2018 777 714 615 926 139 172 283 252 301 350 346 483 642 664 157 143 159 183 179 338 354 1114 1234 1573 1485 1827 1646 2005 1973 1021 1321 1193 1083 1314 1714 1519 2018 1,3778 2017 0 0 0 0 1,07465 2,27596 1,69045 2,40687 0,37037 92 50 94 1,142318 0,965878 1,115422 1,079431 1,274616 1,606116 1,378122 1,426121 1,247423 2,232504 2,247081 2,240326 2,479737 2,087227 2,152402 2,039921 2,411785 2,037351 2,357404 1,819995 2,308362 1,565483 1,710894 2,138444 2,013034 2,399685 1,951652 1,815541 0,621118 1,241135 0,718993 0,943396 1,027244 0,676213 1,466993 0,959233 908 680 894 931 843 909 315 267 241 353 356 400 445 431 471 661 105 224 143 134 150 131 241 1109 1066 1166 1265 1489 1579 1977 1117 1202 1238 1550 1445 1568 2017 2016 0,95242 0,95703 0,94683 1,07823 0,962362 0,970357 0,962695 1,006704 0,991863 0,989054 0,988573 0,959366 0,908001 0,912056 0,972516 0,948008 0,988874 0,932208 0,943816 0,999447 0,996967 0,973704 1,030163 1,014405 0,935582 0,921446 0,919025 0,961249 0,904286 0,909495 0,915603 0,907455 0,882774 0,809207 0,979923 1,009862 1,051138 1,033052 1,055904 1,024781 1,006734 0,952821 2016 2015 1,4412 1,46638 1,40292 1,29122 2015 1,487695 1,368609 1,403872 1,451791 1,541171 1,666674 1,605043 1,441656 1,254837 1,261148 1,172763 1,199692 1,174794 1,230742 1,270744 1,337423 1,537443 1,506794 1,239849 1,184845 1,462403 1,436539 1,364382 1,401733 1,396639 1,480248 1,470097 1,529119 1,436043 1,161117 1,659484 1,392953 1,405661 1,455629 1,464272 1,401949 1,453794 1,280724 Medical & Health & Tech Eng Agriculture Humanities Social Sciences Year 2014 Year 2014 21,282 20,3803 14,2367 0,69977 24,27458 18,69253 15,96427 12,60878 10,19854 6,816136 3,351705 0,741107 20,57802 18,23658 16,96509 14,97557 13,99551 12,46129 10,94186 9,407765 6,398904 2,882526 23,86188 21,81555 20,31438 17,39233 15,93994 13,69587 12,11035 8,995673 6,493711 3,338656 0,685756 27,07764 20,07861 19,69802 17,91852 16,55283 14,35909 11,46977 8,895913 5,438849 2013 2013 55,3156 61,1152 60,9523 74,9901 52,02125 53,71882 52,41017 53,46783 53,80598 53,21948 53,42277 53,02514 59,88925 75,34093 58,85893 59,56851 62,12218 61,27213 60,71645 59,42973 62,34288 66,22054 78,54155 46,23554 48,70162 47,30541 48,88967 49,67275 50,80312 51,79211 52,18396 53,26944 58,40621 37,28122 47,30924 39,83422 40,45129 40,74841 40,83546 41,82376 42,69052 47,59595 2012 7 2012 73 75 79 83 55 71 64 67 98 21 26 17 25 32 24 40 42 57 72 42 12 13 13 16 22 22 27 24 117 102 138 178 167 165 130 124 137 199 197 198 144 2011 2011 0 0 0 41 23 38 24 50 62 24 58 76 445 446 675 662 760 859 943 289 412 434 885 626 580 542 640 640 876 110 176 209 260 416 333 465 611 493 583 1153 1064 1200 Natural Sciences Natural Medical & Health Eng. & Tech Agric. Sciences Social Sciences Humanities 2010 2010 0 0 0 621 550 536 635 756 950 998 163 132 142 172 206 186 277 187 368 2009 1694 1430 1523 1920 2156 2065 2123 2514 2468 2652 1537 1451 1439 1557 1808 2048 2217 1894 2143 2274 1006 1028 1326 0 2009 8000 6000 4000 2000 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 20000 2 1 0

0 0 0

1,5 0,5 2,5 A B CNCI

303 411 391 564 541 667 627 741 670

2515 3008 3095 3272 3351 3812 4203 4133 4605 5497 2432 2787 2861 3519 3250 3237 3751 3775 4370 4734 1151 1350 1354 1429 1456 1666 1855 2072 2189 2179 Number of Documents of Number Impact of Brazilian publications by major publishing countries (Column A) and others (Column B) (Incites ® 2009 – 2019). ® 2009 B) (Incites (Column A) and others (Column publishing countries major by publications of Brazilian 5. Impact Figure 0 0 0 764 4481 5099 5418 6186 6793 6970 7138 8625 8776 8978 4114 5312 5394 5871 6644 6846 7203 7216 7155 7346 1990 2400 2356 2802 3001 3235 3430 3771 4378 4797 1101 1081 1095 1291 1294 1535 1813 2154 An Acad Bras Cienc (2020) 92(2) e20200328 9 | 22 CONCEPTA M. MCMANUS, ABILIO A. BAETA NEVES & ANDREA Q. MARANHÃO PUBLISHING IN BRAZILIAN SCIENCE 2019 2019 2018 2018 Natural Sciences Health & Medical Agricultural Social sciences Humanities & Tech Eng 2017 2017 Natural Natural Medical & Health &Eng Tech Agriculture Social Sciences Humanities 2016 2016 2015 2015 Year 2014 Year 2014 2013 2013 2012 2012 2011 2011 2010 2010 2009 2009 0 1 10

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1,4 1,2 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2

JNCI 10 % Top 10% Top % 2019 2019 Medical & Health Agriculture Humanities 2018 2018 2017 Natural & HealthMedical & Tech Eng Agricultural Social Sciences 2017 Natural &Eng Tech Social Sciences 2016 2016 2015 2015 Year 2014 Year 2014 Year 2013 2013 2012 2012 2011 2011 2010 2010 25 2009 2009 A B 1 0

5 0 1,2 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2

1,8 1,6 1,4 JNCI 25 20 15 10 % in Top 10% Top in % Impact of Brazilian publications by major publishing countries (Column A) and others (Column B) (Incites ® 2009 – 2019). ® 2009 B) (Incites (Column A) and others (Column publishing countries major by publications of Brazilian 5. Impact Figure

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5 0 5 0

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 50 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 % Doc Q1 Doc % % Open Access Open % 2019 2018 2018 2017 2017 Natural Medical & Health &Eng Tech Agriculture Social Sciences Humanities 2016 2016 2015 2015 2014 Year 2014 Year 2013 2013 2012 2012 2011 2011 2010 2010 Natural Medical & Health & Eng Tech Agriculture Social Sciences Humanities 2009 2009 A B

5 0 0

40 35 30 25 20 15 10

40 30 20 10 70 60 50 % Q1 Journals Q1 % % Open Acess Open % Impact of Brazilian publications by major publishing countries (Column A) and others (Column B) (Incites ® 2009 – 2019). ® 2009 B) (Incites (Column A) and others (Column publishing countries major by publications of Brazilian 5. Impact Figure 40

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Figure 6. Percentage Open Access (a) and Number of Web of Science (WoS) Documents (b) in main Elsevier journals where Brazilian authors publish (Incites® 2010-2019).

Cost of Publishing covered a submission charge. Some of these The cost of publishing in the timeframe of this also accepted papers in Portuguese or Spanish study was USD 37 million in these 50 journals as well as English, while only one accepted (Table II). Only the Brazilian journals had a papers in French. processing charge, while mainly the health The price of publishing a paper in a journals were free. Two international journals Brazilian journal was approximately USD 250 were members of SCOAP3 (scoap3.org). Where compared with USD 840 abroad. This may, open access was not obligatory, the Brazilian in part, explain the movement away from authors tended to publish closed access. traditional publishers as financing for this part Of this, USD 3,959,260 was for translation of the scientific process may be financed by costs, USD 639,887.5 for submission costs and the pool of authors from their own pockets. USD32,417,620 for Article Processing Charges If we take the other 350,000 papers at 50% of (APC). APC for Brazilian journals was normally this cost (cheaper journals, less translation), less than for foreign journals, but these also the total would be approximately a further USD have a lower impact. Only Brazilian journals 80,578,382. This means Brazil/Brazilian authors

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Figure 7. % Industry (a) and overall international collaboration (b).

pay approximately USD 11 million per year just positive and significant (0.54). Unfavourable to publish their studies. This does not take into changes in currency change rates will negatively account manuscript rejection and resubmission affect this situation. Here we used BRL$4.3 per where Hall and Wilcox (2007) concluded that USD. 62% of the published papers have been rejected at least once with a higher rejection rate in Statistical Analyses better quality journals (Wager 2005, Aarssen et Journal Impact Factor has a close relationship al. 2008). The average cost per article was USD with Article influence, Immediacy Index, 5 yr 470, and per citation was USD 71. The cost per Impact factor and CNCI (Figure 8), but this citation in the Brazilian journals was USD 76.10 has little relationship with % Open Access with 3.84 citations per article while abroad it documents. This may be because almost all was USD 58.71 per citation and 16.46 citations journals in Brazil are OA but have low citation per article. The correlation between the cost indices, while abroad the situation is different. of publishing and the number of citations was

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Table II. Publishing costs (USD) for the top 50 Journals where Brazilian authors publish (1USD = BR$4.3).

% Open Journal Number Language1 Translation3 Submission APC2 Country Total Access PLOS One 6306 E 219976.70 10058070.0 USA 100 10278047 Preferably Ciência Rural 3215 62804.65 74767.44 628046.50 Brazil 100 765618.6 E, P Ciência & Saúde 3199 P, S, F or E 27898.26 Brazil 100 27898.26 Coletiva New Zootaxa 3074 E 107232.6 3.45 107232.6 Zealand Semina- Ciências 2993 P, E 52203.49 69604.65 208814.00 Brazil 100 330622.1 Agrarias Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e 2365 E 82500.00 33000.00 577500.00 Brazil 100 693000 Zootecnia Physical Review D 2279 E 79500.00 2727500.00 USA 47.87 2807000 Pesquisa Veterinária 2085 E (cert) 654593.00 Brazil 100 654593 Brasileira Scientific Reports 2062 E 71930.23 3082690.00 England 100 3154620 Cadernos de Saúde 1988 P, S, or E 22885.12 Brazil 100 22885.12 Pública Journal of the Brazilian 1964 E (cert) 616604.7 397367.40 Brazil 100 1013972 Chemical Society Química nova 1897 P, E, S 21837.56 251462.80 Brazil 100 273300.3 Bioscience Journal 1759 E 61360.47 114539.50 Brazil 13.42 175900 Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e 1691 E 58988.37 78651.16 314604.70 Brazil 100 452244.2 Ambiental Pesquisa Agropecuária 1662 E 57976.74 Brazil 100 57976.74 Brasileira Brazilian Journal of 1562 E 54488.37 19252.56 406846.50 Brazil 100 480587.4 Animal Science Anais da Academia 1561 E 54453.49 Brazil 100 54453.49 Brasileira de Ciências Materials Research- Ibero-American Journal 1419 E 49500.00 264000.00 Brazil 100 313500 of Materials Revista Brasileira de 1372 E (rec) 239302.30 255255.80 Brazil 100 494558.1 Ciência do Solo Revista da Escola de 1366 P, E, or S 15867.84 683000.00 Brazil 100 698867.8 Enfermagem da USP Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina 1351 E (cert) 424151.2 Brazil 100 424151.2 Tropical Revista Brasileira de 1335 P, S or E 46569.77 46569.77 248372.10 Brazil 100 341511.6 Fruticultura IEEE Latin America 1323 S or P 46151.16 USA 1.97 46151.16 Transactions Genetics and Molecular 1287 E 44895.35 149651.20 299302.30 Brazil 99.07 493848.9 Research

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Table II. (continuation) % Open Journal Number Language1 Translation3 Submission APC2 Country Total Access Anais Brasileiros de 1255 E 43779.07 Brazil 100 43779.07 Dermatologia Physical Review B 1251 E 43639.53 1065000.00 USA 34.05 1108640 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical 1221 E 42593.02 England 66.83 42593.02 Society Arquivos Brasileiros de 1208 E or P 21069.77 Brazil 100 21069.77 Cardiologia Brazilian Journal of 1198 E 41790.70 Brazil 100 41790.7 Biology Journal of High Energy 1188 E 41441.86 Italy 91.08 41441.86 Physics Clinics 1171 E 40848.84 1990700.00 Brazil 100 2031549 Revista Latino- Americana de 1161 P, E or S 13486.50 81000.00 Brazil 100 94486.5 Enfermagem Arquivos de Neuro- 1138 E 39697.67 Brazil 100 39697.67 Psiquiatria Engenharia Agrícola 1129 E, P or S 13126.59 31506.98 39383.72 Brazil 99.56 84017.29 Revista de Saúde 1096 P, S, or E 12731.44 611720.90 Brazil 100 624452.4 Publica Physical Review E 1081 E 37709.30 585000.00 USA 21.65 622709.3 Memorias do Instituto 1039 E 36244.19 Brazil 100 36244.19 Oswaldo Cruz Physics Letters B 1037 E 36174.42 Netherlands 94.31 36174.42 Revista Caatinga 1026 E P 17895.35 35790.70 513000.00 Brazil 100 566686 New Phytotaxa 1022 E 35651.16 12460.00 8.71 48111.16 Zealand Revista Ciência 1008 P, E or S 11709.21 23441.86 Brazil 100 35151.07 Agronômica Ciência Florestal 1005 P, E or S 11674.36 150750.00 Brazil 100 162424.4 Revista Arvore 991 E 34569.77 115232.60 Brazil 100 149802.3 Acta Cirúrgica brasileira 959 E 33453.49 334534.90 Brazil 100 367988.4 Physical Review Letters 954 E 33279.07 2352000.00 USA 70.44 2385279 Acta Paulista de 954 P or E 16639.53 77651.16 354976.70 Brazil 100 449267.4 Enfermagem Biota Neotropica 938 E 32720.93 218139.50 Brazil 98.19 250860.5 Food Chemistry 919 E 32058.14 876400.00 England 34.06 908458.1 Physical Review A 899 E 31360.47 562500.00 USA 25.03 593860.5 Plos Neglected Tropical 867 E 30244.19 2037450.00 USA 100 2067694 Diseases

Total 78830 3959260 490236.30 32417620 37016768 1 E – English, P – Portuguese, S – Spanish, F – French, (cert) – must present translation certificate by professional; 2APC – Article Processing Cost; 3Normally 10% of the papers except when a certificate must be produced when 90% was used.

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Figure 8. First two eigenvectors for journal traits for Brazilian publishing (definitions at https:// clarivate.libguides. com/incites_ba/ alpha-indicators).

Clusters 1 and 2 had the lowest quality publishers to form a single scientific gateway indicators in general (Table III), especially (Almeida et al. 2010) that gives desktop access to related to impact factors. As can be seen, open major journals from most computers connected access did not necessarily mean higher impact to university networks in Brazil. The university as cluster 2 had the highest % open access budget used to this end comes from the Ministry but some of the lowest impact. Most Brazilian of Education and competes with postgraduate papers are in cluster 2 (Table IV). It can also be scholarships. To date, this access has been seen seen that just because the journal is based in as a priority for the advance of Brazilian science. the USA or England this does not reflect quality. Academic journals are atypical information goods. The publishers do not pay the provider of the primary good, scholarly papers, nor do DISCUSSION they pay for quality control through peer review According to Harnad et al. (2004), merely to do (Larivière et al. 2015). The open-access model is the research and not publish is no better than lauded as being the most appropriate, especially no research. Researchers must submit their where research is financed by public funds research to peer review and publish so others (Carroll 2011), but the question is – who pays can use and apply their findings. By using and to publish? Financing restrictions have meant citing these papers, other researchers show that OA is becoming more difficult for Brazilian their value, but first they must be able to access authors, especially abroad, where charges are them. The “journal-affordability problem” and higher, as seen in this study. Despite having the resulting journal budget crisis were what first access to journals, Article Processing Charges brought the “article-access/impact problem” (APC) are not paid by funding agencies in to light (Harnad et al. 2004). To overcome this, projects. Some universities offer limited funds Brazil (CAPES) signed agreements with major for paying these charges, but otherwise, these

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funds come from the researcher´s pockets or productivity scholarships. The trend of Brazilian authors towards closed access in journals from prestigious publishers 2.38 15.42 23.91 53.78 70.08 % Green % Green

Published was seen in this paper. Nevertheless, some of

3 these journals offer the option for green access % 0.5 1.21 0.64 0.09 Gold

98.45 which is still low in Brazilian universities. Heavy DOAJ investment favouring Gold over Green OA has

% been associated with increased total publication 1.37 3.24 0.56 63.18 58.75 Bronze costs, inequality of opportunity to publish, and concerns about integrity in science reporting 5.08 81.17 97.52 75.65 99.43 Open % All

Access (James 2017). A study by Mueller-Langer & Watt

2 (2018) showed that Hybrid Open Access journals 1.12 0.75 1.04 0.82 0.96 JNCI (HOA) do not constitute a significant advantage in the competition for citations. Nevertheless, 3.61 2.25 2.49 5.28 3.09 there is a correlation between APC price and Factor Impact Impact Journal Journal quality, where quality is measured by citation rates (Björk and Solomon 2015, Pinfield et al. 5 DOAJ – Directory of Open Access Journals. of Open Access – Directory DOAJ 2.3 3 2.01 3.35 Self 2.88 w/o w/o Cites Factor Factor Impact Impact 2017), as also seen in this study. When looking at OA, Gasparyan et al. (2016) saw that inexperienced authors from more 1.52 1.02 0.48 0.83 0.64 Index challenging research environments, where Immediacy quantity is more important rather than the quality of their publications, as well as their financinig 7.55 7.29 5.32 7.28 7.64 Life Half- Cited Cited agencies should be blamed for prioritising any 1 ‘international’ English publication regardless of 1.31 1.78 0.61 0.73 0.85 CNCI the indexing and archiving prospects (so-called predatory journals). Large-scale bibliometric 0.7 JNCI – Journal Normalised Citation Impact; Impact; Citation Normalised JNCI – Journal 1.19 1.39 2.22 0.79 2 databases, which mainly cover journals Article Article Influence published by commercial publishers, are used to count papers, which creates an incentive 2.41 3.77 5.72 5 Yr 5 Yr 3.36 2.68

Factor for researchers to publish in these journals Impact Impact (Larivière et al. 2015) and, thus, reinforces the %

Doc control of commercial publishers on the scientific 85.18 81.53 61.30 62.59 68.45 Cited community. As publication pressure to publish abroad continues, it may be that the number of 813 437 No. No. 426 1286 11354

Journals articles in predatory journals is also increasing and authors are unaware of journal quality. For 1 2 3 5 4 example, the journal Genetics and Molecular Cluster CNCI – Category Normalised Citation Impact; Impact; Citation Normalised CNCI – Category Cluster means for publication profiles of Brazilian authors (2010-2019). authors of Brazilian profiles publication for means III. Cluster Table 1 Research, seen here among the top 50, appears on such a list (https://predatoryjournals.com/ journals/#G) and is not indexed in the latest

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Table IV. Number of papers and journals per cluster, country and quartile from Brazilian authors (InCites ® 2010-2019).

Cluster Quartile Papers 1 2 3 4 5 Total Not Defined 12763 5404 1325 1580 697 21769 Q1 86822 13534 3023 12287 5355 121021 Q2 71447 27388 1493 6398 764 107490 Q3 51240 33399 893 4038 629 90199 Q4 28899 50661 906 2943 332 83741 Total 251171 130386 7640 27246 7777 424220 Country Number of papers 1 2 3 4 5 USA 79644 13004 3492 10745 4846 111731 BRAZIL 7873 88623 704 2659 414 100273 ENGLAND 60619 10808 1499 7274 1264 81464 NETHERLANDS 40818 1479 149 2821 282 45549 GERMANY (FED REP) 17517 1667 139 296 57 19676 SWITZERLAND 6470 6834 72 279 49 13704 NEW ZEALAND 4175 317 0 1 7 4500 FRANCE 2579 249 2 1208 0 4038 DENMARK 3524 149 1 2 12 3688 ITALY 1478 1654 0 53 0 3185 Rest 26474 5602 1582 1908 846 36412 Total 251171 130386 7640 27246 7777 424220 Number of journals 1 2 3 4 5 Total USA 3020 176 132 327 147 3802 ENGLAND 1991 312 64 168 79 2614 NETHERLANDS 848 28 14 51 26 967 GERMANY (FED REP) 560 54 15 19 7 655 SWITZERLAND 226 111 8 19 7 371 JAPAN 116 13 13 50 3 195 FRANCE 148 19 2 18 0 187 BRAZIL 25 126 3 8 3 165 CHINA MAINLAND 94 44 13 10 2 163 SPAIN 71 51 7 6 0 135 Rest 4255 352 155 137 163 5062 Total 11354 1286 426 813 437 14316 Q1 – 1st quartile; Q2 = 2nd quartile; Q3 – 3rd quartile, Q4 – 4th quartile.

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JCR (Journal Citation Report). English language in citation impact. As seen here, most of the journals and Basic sciences journals have higher Brazilian journals are published in English, or impact factors (Dewan & Shah 2016). In terms of English and another language. As noted by Strehl rejection, PLoS ONE publishes 70% of submitted et al. (2016), the role played by national journals articles, whereas Physical Review Letters in emerging countries is different from that in publishes fewer than 35% and Nature published developed countries and helps in the developing just 8% in 2011 (Van Noorden 2013). It is also skills at reporting and editing research results more likely that a university administrator in (Meneghini 2012). Nevertheless, authors may Brazil can be convinced to pay APCs to publish in send their papers to national journals after Nature than in a medium impact, but still higher rejection in international journals or because than world mean, OA journal in a specific area. of perceived lower quality and therefore they Indexing in international databases is suppose rejection is probable (Meneghini 2010). difficult for regional and national journals, Geographical distribution in agricultural published in native languages (Dewan & sciences (Touzard et al. 2015) is seen using a Shah 2016) as not all research shows global bibliometric analysis of international journals. relevance. Therefore, some papers may only be Van Leeuwen et al. (2001) pointed to language suited for publication in a regional or national bias that may lead to underrating the scientific journal that may not be indexed. Nevertheless, output of larger countries with non-English the bibliometric understanding of scientific domestic journals. Countries such as Japan and impact is a multi-dimensional construct (Hall Germany also show low citation impact in several 2011). Supporting native languages in science, areas such as Medical & Health and Agricultural which may have specific research-related Sciences, while Japan also shows low impact in terminology, is important where dissemination Engineering & Technology and Natural Sciences and popularisation of scholarship in domestic (Bornmann & Leydesdorff 2013). languages are needed (Mathies et al. 2020). Publishing in collaboration with foreign Comparing with this latter paper, social sciences partners is also well documented as affecting and Humanities (SSH) impacts are higher than citation impact (Franceschet & Costanini 2010) seen here but lower than the other disciplines. but as seen here, this has begun to stagnate Sivertsen (2016) argues that SSH needs to be or fall. This is a warning light for Brazil and connected to national culture and society to also may reflect that the scientific park in maintain its reason to exist. McManus & Neves national universities has begun to become (2020) discuss these areas in Brazil further. At obsolete, making these collaborations more the same time, publishing at the international difficult. These collaborations also provide level is necessary to keep connected with data, resources, equipment, and theories international peers and wider scientific of the essential for the advance of science, especially field. The challenge of publication language, in emerging economies. Studies show that an therefore, is not about ‘either-or’, but it is about increase in funding for research is accompanied finding an appropriate balance in domestic and by an increase in the number of international international (English-language) publishing publications (Quan et al. 2017) and that this is efforts. Bornmann & Leydesdorff (2013) state linked to an increase in quality. that the increase of publications of a country in There is evidence to show that more the English language contributes to an increase entrepreneurial opportunities are provided in

An Acad Bras Cienc (2020) 92(2) e20200328 19 | 22 CONCEPTA M. MCMANUS, ABILIO A. BAETA NEVES & ANDREA Q. MARANHÃO PUBLISHING IN BRAZILIAN SCIENCE regions which are rich in knowledge (Audretsch ALMEIDA ECE, GUIMARÃES JA & ALVES ITG. 2010. Dez anos do et al. 2012), as geographic proximity is important Portal de Periódicos da Capes: histórico, evolução e utilização. Rev Bras Pós-Grad 7: 1218-1246. in the process of knowledge spillovers (Varga, 2000). Growing expectations in universities as AUDRETSCH DB, HÜLSBECK M & LEHMANN EE. 2012. Regional competitiveness, university spillovers and engines of regional innovativeness have led to entrepreneurial activity. Small Bus Econ 39: 587-601. the creation of new institutions and policies for BJÖRK B-C & SOLOMON D. 2014. Developing an effective strengthening university-industry-government market for open access article processing charges, linkages and their outcomes. The creation of Wellcome Trust, London, 69 p. Federal Institutes of Technology in Brazil, as well BJÖRK B-C & SOLOMON D. 2015. Article processing charges as the creation of the professional masters and in OA journals: relationship between price and quality. doctorates in universities, were meant to meet Scientometrics 103: 373-385. this demand, but these are relatively recent. They BORNMANN L & LEYDESDORFF L. 2013. Macro-Indicators of shift towards the ‘entrepreneurial university’ Citation Impacts of Six Prolific Countries: InCites Data and the Statistical Significance of Trends. PLoS ONE 8: that does not only contribute to regional but e56768. also to national and international innovation CARROLL MW. 2011. Why full open access matters. PLoS (Goldstein 2010) by translating academic Biol 9: e1001210. research into commercial outputs as well as DEWAN P & SHAH D. 2016. A Writer’s Dilemma: Where to scientific research and teaching (Etzkowitz & Publish and Where not to? Indian Ped 53: 141-145

Leydesdorff 2000). Nevertheless, the reduction ETZKOWITZ H & LEYDESDORFF L. 2000. The dynamics of in industrial collaboration seen here needs also innovation: from National Systems and ‘Mode 2’ to a to be monitored, as innovation requires basic Triple Helix of university-industry-government relations. Res Policy 29: 109-123. research which has been falling in quantity and impact. FRANCESCHET M & COSTANTINI A. 2010. The effect of scholar collaboration on impact and quality of academic papers. J Informetrics 4: 540-553 CONCLUSIONS GASPARYAN AY, NURMASHEV B, VORONOV AA, GERASIMOV AN, KOROLEVA AM & KITAS GD. 2016. The Pressure to Publish Several warning lights are beginning to appear More and the Scope of Predatory Publishing Activities. J Korean Med Sci 31: 1874-1878. in the Brazilian publication scenario such as stagnation of production, reductions in GOLDSTEIN HA. 2010. The ‘entrepreneurial turn’ and regional economic development mission of universities. international and industry collaborations, move Ann Reg Sci 44: 83-109 towards closed access publishing, unfavourable HALL CM. 2011. Publish and perish? Bibliometric analysis, changes in currency exchange rates, among journal ranking and the assessment of research quality others. These data can be used to develop in tourism. Tourism Manag 32: 16-27. sustainable financing and developmental HALL SA & WILCOX AJ. 2007. The fate of epidemiologic objectives for Brazilian science. manuscripts: A study of papers submitted to epidemiology. Epidemiology 18: 262-265.

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CONCEPTA M. MCMANUS1 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1106-8962

ABILIO A. BAETA NEVES2 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4684-2479

ANDREA Q. MARANHÃO1 https://orcid.org./0000-0002-1946-7191

1Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil 2Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Parthenon, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

Correspondence to: Concepta M. McManus E-mail: [email protected]

Author contributions CMM and AABN conceptualised the study, CMM analysed the data, all three contributed to writing the paper.

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