The Sexual Identity Development of Gay Men in China

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Sexual Identity Development of Gay Men in China View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Walden University Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2018 The exS ual Identity Development of Gay Men in China Stephen Pijanowski Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Social Psychology Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Stephen Pijanowski has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. John Astin, Committee Chairperson, Psychology Faculty Dr. Brian Zamboni, Committee Member, Psychology Faculty Dr. Bonnie Nastasi, University Reviewer, Psychology Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2018 Abstract The Sexual Identity Development of Gay Men in China by Stephen Pijanowski MAS, Roosevelt University, 2009 BA, Northeastern Illinois University, 2002 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Social Psychology Walden University May 2018 Abstract Limited research describes the impact of ethnic groups and mores, especially those of Asian ethnicities, on the development of a global queering theory of sexual-identity development. The purpose of this grounded-theory study was to investigate the sexual- identity development of homosexuals in a non-Western collectivist culture and the extent of influence Western gay expatriates have on Chinese gay males’ sexual-identity development. Five identity-development models served as the theoretical foundations of this study: Cass, Troiden, McCarn and Fassinger, D’Augelli, Gock, and the conceptual theory of global queering. NVivo aided in data organization, while coding and analysis were applied to the data. Individual, Skype interviews were held with 22 Chinese gay men. Participants explained how Western influence changed and was adapted to cultural norms even when no similarities emerged in the combining cultures. This research increases understanding of collectivist cultures and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities embedded in them. Understanding can create positive social change affecting the coming-out process, cultural diffusion, and same-sex couples in collectivist cultures. This study may spur a call for additional research into LGBT communities globally on sexual-identity development, particularly in relation to race and culture. The Sexual Identity Development of Gay Men in China by Stephen Pijanowski MAS, Roosevelt University, 2009 BA, Northeastern Illinois University, 2002 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Social Psychology Walden University May 2018 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my mother Phyllis Pijanowski, for showing me life is what you make of it. I would also like to send my gratitude to Ed Kappus, the father and conscious I needed in life and showing me the path and value of education. Alexandra Billings and Chrisanne Blankenship- Billings for being a divine and spirit guides in my life, without whom I would not be here today. My friends Rachael Smith, Elea Crowther Nielsen, and Kirsten Olsen for always believing in me even when I did not believe in myself. Lastly, Dr. John Astin for his help and guidance throughout the process. Acknowledgments I would like to send my deepest gratitude to the following people: My Chairperson, Dr. John Astin, committee member Dr. Zamboni, university reviewer Bonnie Nastasi, Chrisanne Blankenship-Billings for guiding and being my soundboard when I needed advice and strength. Table of Contents List of Tables .......................................................................................................................v Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study ....................................................................................1 Background ..............................................................................................................1 Problem Statement ...................................................................................................1 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................4 Research Questions ..................................................................................................4 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework for the Study ............................................5 Nature of the Study ..................................................................................................7 Definitions ................................................................................................................7 Assumptions .............................................................................................................9 Scope and Delimitations...........................................................................................9 Limitations .............................................................................................................10 Significance ............................................................................................................11 Implications for Positive Social Change ................................................................12 Summary ................................................................................................................12 Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................13 Research Strategy ...................................................................................................14 Theoretical Foundations .........................................................................................15 Cass Homosexual-Identity-Development Model .......................................15 Troiden Homosexual Identity Development Model ..................................18 McCarn and Fassinger’s Gay- and Lesbian-Identity-Development Model .........................................................................................................19 i D’Augelli Homosexual Identity Model .....................................................21 Critique ...................................................................................................................23 Asian Dual Identities ..............................................................................................25 Global Gay .............................................................................................................31 The History of Homosexuality in China ................................................................32 Choosing Grounded Theory ...................................................................................34 Summary ................................................................................................................35 Chapter 3: Methodology ....................................................................................................37 Research Design and Rationale ..............................................................................37 Role of the Researcher and Bias ............................................................................38 Addressing Bias......................................................................................................40 Participant Selection Logic ....................................................................................41 Sample Saturation ..................................................................................................41 Instrumentation.......................................................................................................42 Procedures for Recruitment and Participation .......................................................45 Data Collection .......................................................................................................45 Reflexive Journal and Nonparticipant Observation ...............................................47 Discrepant Cases ....................................................................................................47 Data-Analysis Plan .................................................................................................48 Issues of Trustworthiness .......................................................................................49 Ethical Procedures ..................................................................................................51 Summary ................................................................................................................52 Chapter 4: Results ..............................................................................................................53 ii Research Questions ................................................................................................53 Setting.....................................................................................................................53
Recommended publications
  • Set Talk Under Mao's Communist Puritanism
    International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 10, No. 1, February 2020 Secrets Revealed: Set Talk Under Mao’s Communist Puritanism Huai Bao individuals may form an identity based on their perception Abstract— Memory matters because it documents history “off and assumption of past generations and vice versa when the record” especially in a culture and/or a time period under memory operates in a vacuum intersection between the untold state politics that suppresses free expressions and hinders (set of facts) the unforgotten (symbolic representation). distribution of knowledge. Through qualitative interviews and case analysis, this study reviews narratives by informants born Memory that operates on the collective level can be in the 1950s and early 1960s around non-mainstream sexualities documented publicly after individual and external screening. during and shortly after the Cultural Revolution in the PRC, While its reflection tunes up the particular period of time in and interrogates the demonization of Western influence since recent history, it lacks graphic details captured in that the beginning of the implementation of Deng’s “Reform and moment and inscribed in memory that signify its Opening-up” policy. “personalness” and meaningfulness. For this study, individual memories matter more because Index Terms—Sexuality, communist puritanism, Chinese. each of them records personal history that is hardly seen The sexual instincts are remarkable for their plasticity, for elsewhere from official sources, especially in a culture and a the facility with which they can change their aim...for the ease time period that totally prohibited free expressions and with which they can substitute one form of gratification for hindered distribution of modern knowledge on sexuality.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Queerness and Chinese Modernity: the Politics of Reading Between East and East a Dissertati
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Queerness and Chinese Modernity: The Politics of Reading Between East and East A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Literature by Alvin Ka Hin Wong Committee in Charge: Professor Yingjin Zhang, Co-Chair Professor Lisa Lowe, Co-Chair Professor Patrick Anderson Professor Rosemary Marangoly George Professor Larissa N. Heinrich 2012 Copyright Alvin Ka Hin Wong, 2012 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Alvin Ka Hin Wong is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Co-Chair ________________________________________________________________________ Co-Chair University of California, San Diego 2012 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page …………………………………………………….……………….….…iii Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………..…….…iv List of Illustrations ……………………………………………………………….…........v Acknowledgments …………………………………………………………………….....vi Vita …………………………………………………….…………………………….…...x Abstract of the Dissertation ………………………………………………….……….….xi INTRODUCTION.……………………………………………………………….……....1 CHAPTER ONE. Queering Chineseness and Kinship: Strategies of Rewriting by Chen Ran, Chen Xue and Huang Biyun………………………….………...33
    [Show full text]
  • Performing Masculinity in Peri-Urban China: Duty, Family, Society
    The London School of Economics and Political Science Performing Masculinity in Peri-Urban China: Duty, Family, Society Magdalena Wong A thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London December 2016 1 DECLARATION I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/ PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 97,927 words. Statement of use of third party for editorial help I confirm that different sections of my thesis were copy edited by Tiffany Wong, Emma Holland and Eona Bell for conventions of language, spelling and grammar. 2 ABSTRACT This thesis examines how a hegemonic ideal that I refer to as the ‘able-responsible man' dominates the discourse and performance of masculinity in the city of Nanchong in Southwest China. This ideal, which is at the core of the modern folk theory of masculinity in Nanchong, centres on notions of men's ability (nengli) and responsibility (zeren).
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Comrade China on the Big Screen
    COMRADE CHINA ON THE BIG SCREEN: CHINESE CULTURE, HOMOSEXUAL IDENTITY, AND HOMOSEXUAL FILMS IN MAINLAND CHINA By XINGYI TANG A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN MASS COMMUNICATION UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 © 2011 Xingyi Tang 2 To my beloved parents and friends 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to thank some of my friends, for their life experiences have inspired me on studying this particular issue of homosexuality. The time I have spent with them was a special memory in my life. Secondly, I would like to express my gratitude to my chair, Dr. Churchill Roberts, who has been such a patient and supportive advisor all through the process of my thesis writing. Without his encouragement and understanding on my choice of topic, his insightful advices and modifications on the structure and arrangement, I would not have completed the thesis. Also, I want to thank my committee members, Dr. Lisa Duke, Dr. Michael Leslie, and Dr. Lu Zheng. Dr. Duke has given me helpful instructions on qualitative methods, and intrigued my interests in qualitative research. Dr. Leslie, as my first advisor, has led me into the field of intercultural communication, and gave me suggestions when I came across difficulties in cultural area. Dr. Lu Zheng is a great help for my defense preparation, and without her support and cooperation I may not be able to finish my defense on time. Last but not least, I dedicate my sincere gratitude and love to my parents.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Popular Romance in Greater East Asia, 1937-1945 Chun-Yu Lu Washington University in St
    Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Spring 5-15-2016 Make Love and War: Chinese Popular Romance in Greater East Asia, 1937-1945 Chun-Yu Lu Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the Asian Studies Commons, East Asian Languages and Societies Commons, Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, Film and Media Studies Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, and the South and Southeast Asian Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Lu, Chun-Yu, "Make Love and War: Chinese Popular Romance in Greater East Asia, 1937-1945" (2016). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 800. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/800 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures Committee on Comparative Literature Dissertation Examination Committee: Lingchei Letty Chen, Chair Robert E Hegel, Co-Chair Rebecca Copeland Diane Lewis Zhao Ma Marvin Marcus Make Love and War: Chinese Popular Romance in “Greater East Asia,” 1937-1945 by Chun-yu Lu A dissertation presented to the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2016 St. Louis, Missouri © 2016, Chun-yu Lu Table of Content Acknowledgments .................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sexuality in Chinese Families
    Journal of Family Communication ISSN: 1526-7431 (Print) 1532-7698 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/hjfc20 Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sexuality in Chinese Families Ningxin Wang To cite this article: Ningxin Wang (2016): Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sexuality in Chinese Families, Journal of Family Communication, DOI: 10.1080/15267431.2016.1170685 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2016.1170685 Published online: 21 Apr 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 11 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=hjfc20 Download by: [Creighton University] Date: 19 May 2016, At: 12:59 JOURNAL OF FAMILY COMMUNICATION http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2016.1170685 Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sexuality in Chinese Families Ningxin Wang Department of Communication, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign ABSTRACT Given that young people in China are faced with increased sex-related risks, it is important to understand from a communication perspective, the role of parents as a prominent sexual socialization agent for Chinese adolescents. Semistructured, one-to-one interviews were conducted with Chinese ado- lescents (N = 37) about their parents’ communication about sex and sexu- ality. Using a constant comparative method, four categories were identified with respect to Chinese parents’ direct/explicit communication about sexu- ality and in addition, four categories of indirect/implication communication (RQ1). Further, four categories regarding Chinese adolescents’ attitudes towards such communication were apparent (RQ2). Overall, Chinese parents attempted to transmit values and expectations about dating and sexual activities indirectly, implicitly, and/or nonverbally.
    [Show full text]
  • IBAHRI Covid-19 Human Rights Monitor Release Date: Friday 21 August 2020
    Issue 18, 21/08/2020 IBAHRI Covid-19 Human Rights Monitor Release date: Friday 21 August 2020 1. Gender-based violence and women’s health 2. LGBTQI+ rights 3. Refugee camps and asylum procedures 4. Prisoners and detainees 5. Disability rights 6. Homelessness and precarious living 1 Issue 18, 21/08/2020 1. Gender-based violence and women’s health Overall, economic, social and health impacts of the pandemic are different for men and women. Women, at the heart of care and response efforts underway in being called upon to protect and care for families, children, the elderly and the sick, are disproportionately affected. 1 The pandemic has also worsened situations in conflict-affected countries, including Libya, Palestine, Syria and Yemen. In Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia and Sierra Leone, women were still trying to recover from the effects of the Ebola virus when the coronavirus struck. In MENA, the pandemic is expected to result in the loss of 1.7 million jobs, of which over 700,000 held by women. 2 Jamaica The level of violence against women in Jamaica was already high at 27.8 per cent per cent of ever- partnered women reporting at least one act of physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner in their lifetimes. This has been exacerbated by the pandemic. Further, Covid-19 has had a very specific impact on women’s and men’s livelihoods. According to a recent UN Women analysis of the labour force in Jamaica, 58,387 women compared to 36,316 men work in accommodation and food services, a proxy measure of employment in the tourism sector, one of the sectors most hard hit by the pandemic.
    [Show full text]
  • Sex with Chinese Characteristics : Sexuality Research In/On 21St Century China
    This is a repository copy of Sex with Chinese Characteristics : Sexuality research in/on 21st century China. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/127758/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Jackson, Stephanie Forsythe orcid.org/0000-0001-6981-0712, Ho, Petula Sik Ying, Cao, Siyang et al. (1 more author) (2018) Sex with Chinese Characteristics : Sexuality research in/on 21st century China. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH. pp. 486-521. ISSN 0022-4499 https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2018.1437593 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ PDF proof only--The Journal of Sex Research SEX WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS: SEXUALITY RESEARCH IN/ON 21ST CENTURY CHINA Journal: The Journal of Sex Research Manuscript ID 17-247.R2 Manuscript Type: Original Article Sexual minorities, Women‘s sexuality, Desire, Extramarital Sex, Special Keywords: Populations/Gay, les,ian, ,isexual Page 1 of 118 PDF proof only--The Journal of Sex Research 1 2 3 SEX WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS: 4 5 6 ST SEXUALITY RESEARCH IN/ON 21 CENTURY CHINA 7 8 9 10 Abstract 11 12 13 This article examines the changing contours of Chinese sexuality studies by locating 14 15 recent research in historical context.
    [Show full text]
  • Queering Chinese Comrades!
    Studies in Chinese Learning and Teaching Issue 2 pp. 61-87 ______________________________________________________________________________ Queering Chinese Comrades! Audrey Tse Student Advisor: Elisabeth Kaske Carnegie Mellon University I. Tongzhi and Queer In the past two decades, tongzhi (同志) culture, activism, and identity have increased its presence in mainstream China despite institutional discrimination. In contrast with the term ‘homosexuality’ (同性恋), which has a clinical connotation, tongzhi, like ‘gay and lesbian’ or ‘queer’, is used for self-identification. Tongzhi’s etymological root in the Communist and Nationalist Party struggles during the mid-twentieth century results in a term that embodies positive cultural references, gender neutrality, and desexualization while undermining the stigma of homosexuality.1 The first vernacular use of the word tongzhi, meaning comrade, to describe Chinese queer, LGBT, and non-heterosexual individuals was in 1989. It was wittingly appropriated from the Communist Party’s rhetoric for use at the first Lesbian and Gay Film Festival in Hong Kong, when the playwright Edward Lam referred to the festival as the Tongzhi Film Festival.2 Since then, the term tongzhi has been widely used to signify non-normative genders and sexualities in the Chinese context, and functions similarly to the English term ‘queer’. In this article, I will argue that the work of Cui Zi’en, a prominent activist and film director, supports a universalist application of queer theory in China that encourages a global 1 Hinsch, Brett, Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China, (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press,1990) 2 Travis S. K. Kong, Chinese Male Homosexualities: Memba, Tongzhi and Golden Boy (London: Volume 52 of Routledge Contemporary China Series, 2010), 14.
    [Show full text]
  • Prodigals in Love: Narrating Gay Identity and Collectivity on the Early Internet in China
    Prodigals in Love: Narrating Gay Identity and Collectivity on the Early Internet in China by Gang Pan A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by Gang Pan 2015 Prodigals in Love: Narrating Gay Identity and Collectivity on the Early Internet in China Gang Pan Doctor of Philosophy Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto 2015 Abstract This dissertation concerns itself with the eruption of a large number of gay narratives on the Chinese internet in its first decade. There are two central arguments. First, the composing and sharing of narratives online played the role of a social movement that led to the formation of gay identity and collectivity in a society where open challenges to the authorities were minimal. Four factors, 1) the primacy of the internet, 2) the vernacular as an avenue of creativity and interpretation, 3) the transitional experience of the generation of the internet, and 4) the evolution of gay narratives, catalyzed by the internet, enhanced, amplified, and interacted with each other in a highly complicated and accelerated dynamic, engendered a virtual gay social movement. Second, many online gay narratives fall into what I term “prodigal romance,” which depicts gay love as parent-obligated sons in love with each other, weaving in violent conflicts between desire and duty in its indigenous context. The prodigal part of this model invokes the archetype of the Chinese prodigal, who can only return home having excelled and with the triumph of his journey.
    [Show full text]
  • Facebook and Youtube Addiction: the Usage Pattern of Malaysian Students
    Facebook and YouTube Addiction: The Usage Pattern of Malaysian Students Dr. Sedigheh Moghavvemi Dr. Noor Ismawati Binti Jaafar Senior Lecturer, Department of Operation and Management Associate Prof. Department of Operation And Management Information System Information System Faculty of Business and Accountancy Faculty of Business and Accountancy University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysiasf [email protected] Nafisa Kasem Dr. Ainin Binti Sulaiman PhD student, Faculty of Arts and Social Science Professor, Department of Operation and Management University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Information System. Faculty of Business and Accountancy University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Abstract-- This paper explores the usage of Facebook and YouTube average [9]. Many research in the field of social media and among Malaysian students and the possibility of internet addiction in education have explored the possibilities of social media tools, order to determine the effect of using social media in their social and and its popularity among youth in teaching and learning [10]. academic lives. Data was collected from 667 Facebook users and 1056 However, research shows that Internet and new technologies YouTube users. Examining Young’s [1]Internet addiction scale among have an idealistic effect on students, additionally causing the students revealed that 18% of Facebook users and 22% of YouTube users are addicted, and they spend more than two hours on Facebook disturbing influences as opposed to academically helping them and YouTube per day. They use Facebook for information, maintain [11]. Ravizza, Hambrick, and Fenn [12] reported that non- relationships, academic learning, product inquiry, and meeting academic Internet usage, including social media among people, while YouTube is used for entertainment, information, university students was negatively associated with classroom academic learning, and product inquiry.
    [Show full text]
  • How Danmei Writers ‘Drive a Car’ on Jinjiang
    Research Article Censorship and Circumvention in China: How Danmei Writers ‘Drive a Car’ on Jinjiang Dr. Aiqing WANG1 ABSTRACT Danmei, aka Boys Love or BL, denotes a literature genre featuring male- male romantic or erotic relationships, predominantly created by and for heterosexual women who are referred to as ‘rotten girls’. This subculture is characterised by explicit depiction of sexual encounters and erotic spectacles, which is metaphorically represented by a newly coined Internet neologism kaiche ‘to drive a car’ in China. As a consequence of its dual connection with homosexuality and pornography, as well as its accused transgression of traditional norms, danmei is subject to severe moral scrutiny and state censorship in China. As a leading danmei website with the largest readership and prominent commercial success, Jinjiang has been sensitive to government policy shifts and anti-pornography campaigns, and hence has enforced strict self-censorship standards comprising both automatic detection of transgressive keywords and multiple rounds of manual review. Consequently, writers at Jinjiang adopt a variety of circumvention tactics, including metaphor, code- switching and satire strategies, so as to accommodate readers’ requirement for homoerotic depictions. More significantly, erotic representations illustrate writers’ sexual desires and identity as ‘rotten girls’, as well as illuminate writers’ rebellion against online censorship and restriction on freedom of creation imposed by authorities. Keywords: China, danmei, boys love, censorship,
    [Show full text]