Goh Shou Xian Has Been the Assistant Manager, Policy Division at the Land Transport Authority Since 2011

Name: Goh Shou Xian Organization: Land Transport Authority of Singapore Title/Position: Assistant Manager, Policy Division Email: [email protected]

Goh Shou Xian has been the Assistant Manager, Policy Division at the Land Transport Authority since 2011. He is involved in private transport policy formulaon and his work focuses on vehicle ownership and usage policies, as well as policies relang to land transport emissions. The Land Transport Authority (LTA) is a statutory board under the Ministry of Transport that spearheads land transport developments in Singapore. 'To provide an efficient and cost-effecve land transport system for different needs' is our mission statement.

1 Internaonal Forum on Economic Policies for Traﬃc Congeson and Tailpipe Emissions Control

Electronic Road Pricing in Singapore: Policy, Technology and Impact

GOH, Shou Xian Land Transport Authority, Singapore

2 Singapore’s Land Transport Master Plan 2013

• Connues 2008 Master Plan’s focus of shiing more trips to public transport, especially rail-based transport ̶ Aim of 75 percent of trips during morning and evening peak hours to be made on public transport by year 2030

• 3 key strategic thrusts: ̶ More connecons ̶ Beer service ̶ Liveable & inclusive community

3 Singapore’s Land Transport Master Plan 2013

• At the same me, we aim to reduce reliance on private transport by managing road travel demand:

Ownership Usage Control Restraint

• Vehicle Quota System • Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) • Addional Registraon Fee • Oﬀ-Peak Car scheme • Other ownership costs • Petrol duty

- Excise duty • Parking policies - Road tax

4 Key Road Network Stascs

Land area - 715.8 sq km Road network - 3,425 km Expressway network - 161 km Vehicle populaon - 972,676 Car populaon - 607,104

• 12% of land is used for roads compared to 15% for housing

5 History of Road Pricing in Singapore

Introducon of Introducon of Area Licensing Scheme (ALS) Electronic Road Pricing (ERP)

Now 1975 1998

6 Area Licensing Scheme (ALS)

• Introduced in Central Business District (CBD) in 1975 ̶ Cordon-based ̶ Motorists required to purchase license to enter Restricted Zone (RZ) ̶ Reduces congeson in CBD ̶ Volume of cars entering CBD decreased by 44% during 1st year of implementaon

• However, ALS required high manpower resources and lacked ﬂexibility

7 Electronic Road Pricing (ERP)

• Introduced in 1998 to replace Area Licensing Scheme ̶ Caters to changing traﬃc paerns

• Aims to change driving behaviour and reduce congeson ̶ ERP is not intended to generate revenue for the Government

• Cordon-based and point-based ̶ Cordon-charging in 3 cordons: Bugis-Marina Centre Cordon, Shenton Way-Chinatown Cordon, Orchard Cordon ̶ Point-charging along expressways and arterial roads

8 Electronic Road Pricing (ERP)

• ERP rates are determined based on local traﬃc condions and me ̶ 85th percenle speed measurement method ̶ Reviewed every 3 months

45 km/h 65 km/h Expressways Increase rate Opmal Speed Range Decrease rate

Increase rate Opmal Speed Range Decrease rate Arterial Roads 20 km/h 30 km/h

9 Maintaining Eﬃciency on Roads

• ERP maintains opmal speed range on expressways & arterial roads ̶ Rates are adjusted to keep traﬃc within Level of Service (LOS) E

10 Gantry 2

Line Detector Array

Camera

24/7 operaons: • Monitors equipments • Processes ﬁnancial transacons • Enforcement of violaons

15 EXPRESSWAY

KAYU JALAN

AVE CHU UPPER Sungei KANG THOMSON EXPRESSWAY Lo w e r Serangoon PANJANG EXPRESSWAY BUKIT Peirce ROAD ROAD PUNGGOL EXPRESSWAY Reservoir KIO RD YIO ANG

UPP MO KANG

ROAD ROAD 3 MO KIO ROAD

BUKIT Uppe r Peirc e ANG ROAD HOUGANG Reservoir AVE 2 BATOK

UPP CTE TAMPINES BUKIT THOMSON TIMAH SERANGOON CENTRAL 3 BKE bef PIE EXP N CTE (after AMK AveUP 1) RESS MacRitchie RD P ER Reservoir AVE WAY EXPRESSWAY PAYA ROAD UPPER ROAD LEBARKPE

PAN-ISLAND HOUGANG

LORNIE ROAD RD THOMSON Northbound CTE EUNOS LINK RT PO COMMONWEALTH DUNEARN Thomson Rd CTE (Braddell) AIR BUKIT RD PIE (Adam) ROAD ROAD WHITLEY ROAD ROAD RD CTE (Serangoon) BendemeerMACPHERSON Rd PAN-ISLAND

CLEMENTI ROAD JLN TOA AVE 6 PAYOH JLN PIE (Woodsville F/O) ADAM PIE PIE (Whitley) PAYA LEBAR WAY AYER Outer Ring Road Northbound CTE KO PIE HOLLAND PIE (Bendemeer slip road) EAST ROAD L AM BUKIT EXPRESSWAY AYER (before EunosAVENUE Link) ROAD WEST RD CTE (Balestier) Dunearn Road SIMS ROAD TIMAH COAST CHANGI STILL RD Pandan PIE slip road AVENUE Reservoir AVE Kallang RoadSIMS ROAD FARRER to CTE ROAD SCOTTS GEYLANG ROAD ROAD COAST BUROH MOUN RD PARADE ROAD SERANGOON TB ORCHARD A T EAST RAJAH STREET T COAST E QUEENSWAY PENJURU N MARINE RD # ROAD ZION ECP WEST *Orchard Bugis- AYE Marina (Fort Road) EAST ECP Cordon VICTORIA CLEMENTI Centre RD COAST Cordon Ophir Road KPE to JURONG ECP(City) CENTRAL

BUONA HIGHWAY ROAD AYE JLN BUKIT ALEXAN EXPRESSWAY Shenton Way

VISTA MERAH - Chinatown *Orchard Cordon TERUMBU DRA Cordon RETAN PASIR ECP with effect from 3 Oct 2005 LA U T PANJANG RD (Marina Blvd) # ROAD TELOK Bugis-Marina Centre Cordon BLA NGAH with effect from 7 Jul 2008 KEPPEL ROAD ROAD

PULAU RENGGIS PULAU BRAN I

SELAT PANDAN Seng of ERP Charges

• Charges vary by vehicle type, locaon of gantry, me of day ̶ Ranges from SGD 0.50 to SGD 6 for cars per pass ̶ Total of 71 gantries (32 gantries serving expressways and arterial roads, 29 gantries serving 3 cordons) ̶ Rates are graduated to prevent motorists from speeding/slowing to avoid charges

• Charges are set based on Passenger Car Unit (PCU) principle ̶ Vehicles which take up more road space pay more for congeson ̶ Cars have a PCU of 1

17 Examples of ERP Charges

18 ERP Operang Hours

• Bugis-Marina Centre Cordon (9 gantries) ̶ 8 am to 10 am, 12 pm to 8 pm on weekdays & 12.30 pm to 8 pm on Saturdays

• Shenton Way-Chinatown Cordon (11 gantries) ̶ 8 am to 10 am, 12 pm to 8 pm on weekdays

• Orchard Cordon (9 gantries) ̶ 12 pm to 8 pm on weekdays, 12.30 pm to 8 pm on Saturdays

• Expressways & arterial roads (32 gantries) ̶ 7 am to 9.30 am (5.30 pm to 8 pm for ECP and CTE) on weekdays 19 Introducon of Evening and Weekend ERP

• August 2005 – ERP extended to manage evening peak hour congeson for home-bound trips ̶ Congeson causes externalies, regardless of the me

• October 2005 – Orchard Cordon introduced, with ERP on weekdays and Saturdays ̶ Aim is to reduce through traﬃc in Orchard corridor

20 Modes of Payment for ERP Charges

• NETS CashCard

• Contactless E-Purse Applicaon Standard (CEPAS) ̶ Naonal standard for Contactless Smart Card (CSC) ̶ Card can be used on public transport, ERP, parking charges and at parcipang retail merchants

• Cardless payment ̶ Automac billing via credit card ̶ Motorists need not perform credit top-ups or worry about violaons

21 In-Vehicle Unit (IU)

• 6 diﬀerent types of IU: ̶ Allows variable pricing for diﬀerent types of vehicles

• Current 2nd generaon IU is compable with both NETS CashCard and CEPAS card ̶ Improvement over 1st generaon IU which is compable with only NETS CashCard

22 Implementaon Process for ERP (1998)

• Policy changes ̶ Lower vehicle tax rates ̶ Road tax rebates ̶ Reducing impact for commercial vehicles

• Fing of In-Vehicle Unit

• Publicity

• Tesng for motorists

23 Impact of ERP

• Between 1998 and 2012, traﬃc volume to CBD increased only by 0.8% p.a. despite an increase in vehicle populaon of 3% p.a.

24 Future of Road Pricing in Singapore

• Singapore is studying next generaon ERP: ̶ System Evaluaon Test (SET) to idenfy suitable technology ̶ Use of Global Posioning System (GPS) allows us more ﬂexibility and makes possible distance-based road pricing

25 Summary

• Pricing strategy should be ﬂexible and relevant

• Connue to shi more trips to public transport, especially rail-based transport

• Manage car-based travel demand , through car ownership and usage restraint measures ̶ ERP is a key policy tool for restraining usage and complements other policy tools

26 Thank You!