DOCSLIB.ORG

Piscine Orthoreovirus (PRV)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Piscine Orthoreovirus (PRV) VIRUSES Piscine Orthoreovirus (PRV) I. Causative Agent and Disease species may be possible reservoirs. Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV), also known as Atlantic salmon reovirus, V. Diagnosis was identified in 2010 by next genera- HSMI disease is diagnosed by tion sequencing of tissues from farmed histological changes of mononuclear Atlantic salmon in Norway dying from inflammation and necrosis of the heart the disease “heart and skeletal muscle and red skeletal muscle with absence of inflammation” (HSMI). The virus has pancreatic lesions. PRV replicates in the double-stranded RNA with 10 segments cytoplasm of red blood cells producing and is 72 nm in diameter. There are inclusion bodies similar to EIBS with or three strains of the virus (PRV1, 2, 3) without anemia. This finding suggests a possibly influencing disease outcome relationship of PRV with EIBS as well in different host species under different as HSMI. PRV does not replicate well environmental conditions. in available fish cell lines, requiring molecular detection and sequencing for II. Host Species confirmation of the virus and strain. PRV is reported from Norway, Denmark, Ireland, Chile, Japan and the VI. Prognosis for Host Pacific Northwest (WA, AK, BC, Can- Rarely, 20% mortality from HSMI ada) infecting Atlantic salmon, Pacific has occurred in Atlantic salmon smolts salmon and trout (cutthroat, steelhead, 5-9 months after transfer to seawater. sea-run brown). In Alaska, PRV was However, high levels of PRV genetic ma- sequenced from three stocks of coho and terial are detected in asymptomatic wild one stock of Chinook and unconfirmed and cultured salmonids with no evidence in one stock of chum salmon. of HSMI disease. In one experiment, PRV was infectious for Chinook and III. Clinical Signs sockeye salmon and persisted but did not HSMI, described from Norway in cause fish mortality or HSMI, or other 1999, causes anorexia, lethargy, and apparent disease. Testing of archived tis- ascites with inflammatory lesions of the sues from BC indicated PRV was present heart and skeletal muscle. It is a disease in asymptomatic wild and farmed Pacific of farmed Atlantic salmon (PRV-1) and salmon since 1987, possibly as early rainbow trout (PRV-3) in both freshwater as 1977 before Atlantic salmon were and seawater. PRV-1 has been associated imported for aquaculture. The ubiquity with jaundice, anemia and degenerative/ of PRV, apparent historic presence in necrotic lesions of the liver/kidney in wild Pacific salmon stocks in the PNW healthy farmed Chinook salmon and and lack of clear association with disease PRV-2 is associated with EIBS and suggest the virus is of low risk to wild jaundice/anemia in farmed coho salmon species of Pacific salmon. in Japan. Stress may precipitate clinical disease. VII. Human Health Signifcance There are no human health concerns IV. Transmission regarding infection of fish with PRV. PRV can be transmitted by injection and horizontally. Marine forage fish 14 VIRUSES PRV and EIBS viruses are likely related if not the same virus. EIBS/PRV virus in Chinook salmon: (A) Peripheral blood smear with single and multiple cytoplasmic erythrocytic inclusion bodies (arrowhead), scale bar = 5 um; (B) TEM of a single virus inclusion body (arrowhead) in erythrocyte cytoplasm, scale bar = 0.5 um; (C) Higher magnifcation of virus particles (60-70 nm) in the inclusion body of (B), scale bar = 100 nm; (D) Extracellular virus particles associated with cell debris in peripheral blood, scale bar = 100 nm. (From Meyers 2007). 15 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Piscine Orthoreovirus (PRV)-3, but Not PRV-2, Cross-Protects Against PRV-1 and Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation in Atlantic Salmon
    Article Piscine Orthoreovirus (PRV)-3, but Not PRV-2, Cross-Protects against PRV-1 and Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation in Atlantic Salmon Muhammad Salman Malik 1,†, Lena H. Teige 1,† , Stine Braaen 1, Anne Berit Olsen 2, Monica Nordberg 3, Marit M. Amundsen 2, Kannimuthu Dhamotharan 1 , Steingrim Svenning 3, Eva Stina Edholm 3, Tomokazu Takano 4, Jorunn B. Jørgensen 3 , Øystein Wessel 1 , Espen Rimstad 1 and Maria K. Dahle 2,3,* 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway; [email protected] (M.S.M.); [email protected] (L.H.T.); [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (K.D.); [email protected] (Ø.W.); [email protected] (E.R.) 2 Department of Fish Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 0454 Oslo, Norway; [email protected] (A.B.O.); [email protected] (M.M.A.) 3 Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway; [email protected] (M.N.); [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (E.S.E.); [email protected] (J.B.J.) 4 National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Nansei 516-0193, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +47-92612718 † Both authors contributed equally. Citation: Malik, M.S.; Teige, L.H.; Abstract: Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI), caused by infection with Piscine orthoreovirus-1 Braaen, S.; Olsen, A.B.; Nordberg, M.; (PRV-1), is a common disease in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Reovirus Associated with Epidemic Mortality in Wild Largemouth Bass
    Journal of General Virology (2016), 97, 2482–2487 DOI 10.1099/jgv.0.000568 Short Novel reovirus associated with epidemic mortality Communication in wild largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) Samuel D. Sibley,1† Megan A. Finley,2† Bridget B. Baker,2 Corey Puzach,3 Aníbal G. Armien, 4 David Giehtbrock2 and Tony L. Goldberg1,5 Correspondence 1Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA Tony L. Goldberg 2Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Fisheries Management, Madison, WI, [email protected] USA 3United States Fish and Wildlife Service, La Crosse Fish Health Center, Onalaska, WI, USA 4Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA 5Global Health Institute, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Reoviruses (family Reoviridae) infect vertebrate and invertebrate hosts with clinical effects ranging from inapparent to lethal. Here, we describe the discovery and characterization of Largemouth bass reovirus (LMBRV), found during investigation of a mortality event in wild largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in 2015 in WI, USA. LMBRV has spherical virions of approximately 80 nm diameter containing 10 segments of linear dsRNA, aligning it with members of the genus Orthoreovirus, which infect mammals and birds, rather than members of the genus Aquareovirus, which contain 11 segments and infect teleost fishes. LMBRV is only between 24 % and 68 % similar at the amino acid level to its closest relative, Piscine reovirus (PRV), the putative cause of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation of farmed salmon. LMBRV expands the Received 11 May 2016 known diversity and host range of its lineage, which suggests that an undiscovered diversity of Accepted 1 August 2016 related pathogenic reoviruses may exist in wild fishes.
    [Show full text]
  • Disease of Aquatic Organisms 120:109
    Vol. 120: 109–113, 2016 DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Published July 7 doi: 10.3354/dao03009 Dis Aquat Org OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS Occurrence of salmonid alphavirus (SAV) and piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) infections in wild sea trout Salmo trutta in Norway Abdullah Sami Madhun*, Cecilie Helen Isachsen, Linn Maren Omdal, Ann Cathrine Bårdsgjære Einen, Pål Arne Bjørn, Rune Nilsen, Egil Karlsbakk Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway ABSTRACT: Viral diseases represent a serious problem in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) farm- ing in Norway. Pancreas disease (PD) caused by salmonid alphavirus (SAV) and heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) caused by piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) are among the most fre- quently diagnosed viral diseases in recent years. The possible spread of viruses from salmon farms to wild fish is a major public concern. Sea trout S. trutta collected from the major farming areas along the Norwegian coast are likely to have been exposed to SAV and PRV from farms with dis- ease outbreaks. We examined 843 sea trout from 4 counties in Norway for SAV and PRV infec- tions. We did not detect SAV in any of the tested fish, although significant numbers of the trout were caught in areas with frequent PD outbreaks. Low levels of PRV were detected in 1.3% of the sea trout. PRV-infected sea trout were caught in both salmon farming and non-farming areas, so the occurrence of infections was not associated with farming intensity or HSMI cases. Our results suggest that SAV and PRV infections are uncommon in wild sea trout. Hence, we found no evi- dence that sea trout are at risk from SAV or PRV released from salmon farms.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Studies of Piscine Orthoreovirus Proteins
    Piscine orthoreovirus Series of dissertations at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences Thesis number 79 Viruses, not lions, tigers or bears, sit masterfully above us on the food chain of life, occupying a role as alpha predators who prey on everything and are preyed upon by nothing Claus Wilke and Sara Sawyer, 2016 1.1. Background............................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Piscine orthoreovirus................................................................................................................................ 2 1.3. Replication of orthoreoviruses................................................................................................................ 10 1.4. Orthoreoviruses and effects on host cells ............................................................................................... 18 1.5. PRV distribution and disease associations ............................................................................................. 24 1.6. Vaccine against HSMI ............................................................................................................................ 29 4.1. The non ......................................................37 4.2. PRV causes an acute infection in blood cells ..........................................................................................40 4.3. DNA
    [Show full text]
  • A Molecular Investigation of the Dynamics of Piscine Orthoreovirus in a Wild Sockeye Salmon Community on the Central Coast of British Columbia
    A molecular investigation of the dynamics of piscine orthoreovirus in a wild sockeye salmon community on the Central Coast of British Columbia by Stacey Hrushowy B.Sc. (Biology), University of Victoria, 2010 B.A. (Anthropology, Hons.), University of Victoria, 2006 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in the Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science © Stacey Hrushowy 2018 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fall 2018 Copyright in this work rests with the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. Approval Name: Stacey Hrushowy Degree: Master of Science (Biological Sciences) Title: A molecular investigation of the dynamics of piscine orthoreovirus in a wild sockeye salmon community on the Central Coast of British Columbia Examining Committee: Chair: Julian Christians Associate Professor Richard Routledge Senior Supervisor Professor Emeritus Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences Jim Mattsson Co-Supervisor Associate Professor Jennifer Cory Supervisor Professor Jonathan Moore Supervisor Associate Professor Margo Moore Internal Examiner Professor Date Defended/Approved: September 11, 2018 ii Ethics Statement iii Abstract Many Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.) populations are declining due to the action of multiple stressors, possibly including microparasites such as piscine orthoreovirus (PRV), whose host range and infection dynamics in natural systems are poorly understood. First, in comparing three methods for RNA isolation, I find different fish tissues require specific approaches to yield optimal RNA for molecular PRV surveillance. Next, I describe PRV infections among six fish species and three life-stages of sockeye salmon (O. nerka) over three years in Rivers Inlet, BC.
    [Show full text]
  • SALMON FARMING IS GOING VIRAL: DISEASE EDITION Disease Spread from Open Net-Pen Salmon Farms Threaten Wild Fish Populations Across Canada
    SALMON FARMING IS GOING VIRAL: DISEASE EDITION Disease spread from open net-pen salmon farms threaten wild fish populations across Canada. Canada’s sea-cage fish farming industry has a disease problem1 2 3. With salmon or trout crammed together by the thousands, viruses can spread like wildfire through open net-pen aquaculture sites. Beyond the net-pens, highly contagious diseases bred at fish farms can infect wild species. At the grocery store, fish culled after viral outbreaks are sold without notice to consumers, so long as they are not considered a risk to human health. As the ills of open net-pen fish farming continue to persist on both the Atlantic and the Pacific coasts, we’re calling on our leaders to work towards a transition away from open net-pens across Canadian waters. This briefing explores two of the reasons why. A CLOSER LOOK AT DISEASE: PISCINE ORTHOREOVIRUS (PRV) Concern for wild Pacific salmon populations spiked on Canada’s West coast when salmon stocked at B.C. open PRV can produce lesions and large discolourations in the abdominal muscle tissue of Atlantic salmon, even when fish appear otherwise net-pen farms were found to be infected with Piscine “normal” on the outside9. Photos: adapted from Bjørgen et al., 2015. Orthoreovirus, commonly known as PRV4. In Atlantic salmon populations, PRV attacks red blood cells and vital organs, including the heart. Infection can kill farmed fish directly through the onset of a disease called heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI). In other salmon species, the virus expresses as similar diseases, referred to as jaundice/anemia or “HSMI-like disease”.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Piscine Orthoreovirus (PRV) and Associated Diseases to Inform Pathogen Transfer Risk Assessments in British Columbia
    Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) Research Document 2019/035 National Capital Region and Pacific Region Characterization of piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) and associated diseases to inform pathogen transfer risk assessments in British Columbia Mark Polinski and Kyle Garver Fisheries and Oceans Canada Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Road Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7 June 2019 Foreword This series documents the scientific basis for the evaluation of aquatic resources and ecosystems in Canada. As such, it addresses the issues of the day in the time frames required and the documents it contains are not intended as definitive statements on the subjects addressed but rather as progress reports on ongoing investigations. Published by: Fisheries and Oceans Canada Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat 200 Kent Street Ottawa ON K1A 0E6 http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas-sccs/ [email protected] © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2019 ISSN 1919-5044 Correct citation for this publication: Polinski, M. and Garver, K. 2019. Characterization of piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) and associated diseases to inform pathogen transfer risk assessments in British Columbia. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2019/035. v + 35 p. Aussi disponible en français : Polinski, M. et Garver, K. 2019. Caractérisation de l’orthoréovirus pisciaire (RVP) et des maladies associées pour guider les évaluations des risques de transfert d’agents pathogènes en Colombie-Britannique. Secr. can. de consult. sci. du MPO, Doc. de rech. 2019/035. v + 40
    [Show full text]
  • Piscine Orthoreovirus: Distribution, Characterization and Experimental Infections in Salmonids
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 04, 2021 Piscine orthoreovirus: Distribution, characterization and experimental infections in salmonids Vendramin, Niccolò Publication date: 2019 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Vendramin, N. (2019). Piscine orthoreovirus: Distribution, characterization and experimental infections in salmonids. Technical University of Denmark, National Institute for Aquatic Resources. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. DTU Aqua National Institute of Aquatic Resources Piscine orthoreovirus Distribution, characterization and experimental infections in salmonids By Niccolò Vendramin PhD Thesis Piscine orthoreovirus. Distribution, characterization and experimental infections in salmonids Philosophiae Doctor (PhD) Thesis Niccolò Vendramin Unit for Fish and Shellfish diseases National Institute for Aquatic Resources DTU-Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby 2018 2 Niccoló Vendramin‐Ph.D. Thesis Piscine orthoreovirus. Distribution, characterization and experimental infections in salmonids You can't always get what you want But if you try sometime you might find You get what you need 1969 The Rolling Stones Niccoló Vendramin‐Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • (PRV-1) in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar) During the Early and Regenerating Phases of Infection
    pathogens Article Dissemination of Piscine orthoreovirus-1 (PRV-1) in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) during the Early and Regenerating Phases of Infection Kannimuthu Dhamotharan 1 , Håvard Bjørgen 2 , Muhammad Salman Malik 1, Ingvild B. Nyman 1, Turhan Markussen 1, Maria K. Dahle 3 , Erling Olaf Koppang 2, Øystein Wessel 1 and Espen Rimstad 1,* 1 Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway; [email protected] (K.D.); [email protected] (M.S.M.); [email protected] (I.B.N.); [email protected] (T.M.); oystein.wessel.fi[email protected] (Ø.W.) 2 Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway; [email protected] (H.B.); [email protected] (E.O.K.) 3 Department of Fish Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 0454 Oslo, Norway; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +47-672-32-227 Received: 21 January 2020; Accepted: 17 February 2020; Published: 20 February 2020 Abstract: Piscine orthoreovirus-1 (PRV-1) can cause heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), but the line of events from infection, pathologic change, and regeneration has not been thoroughly described. In this study, the cellular localization and variation of PRV-1 RNA and protein levels were analyzed at different times post-exposure in experimentally infected Atlantic salmon. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and Western blot were used for assessment of the presence of the PRV-1 σ1 protein, while RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization were performed for viral RNA.
    [Show full text]
  • Piscine Orthoreovirus
    Finstad et al. Veterinary Research 2014, 45:35 http://www.veterinaryresearch.org/content/45/1/35 VETERINARY RESEARCH RESEARCH Open Access Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) infects Atlantic salmon erythrocytes Øystein Wessel Finstad1*, Maria Krudtaa Dahle2, Tone Hæg Lindholm1, Ingvild Berg Nyman1, Marie Løvoll3, Christian Wallace3, Christel Moræus Olsen1, Anne K Storset1 and Espen Rimstad1 Abstract Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) belongs to the Reoviridae family and is the only known fish virus related to the Orthoreovirus genus. The virus is the causative agent of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI), an emerging disease in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). PRV is ubiquitous in farmed Atlantic salmon and high loads of PRV in the heart are consistent findings in HSMI. The mechanism by which PRV infection causes disease remains largely unknown. In this study we investigated the presence of PRV in blood and erythrocytes using an experimental cohabitation challenge model. We found that in the early phases of infection, the PRV loads in blood were significantly higher than in any other organ. Most virus was found in the erythrocyte fraction, and in individual fish more than 50% of erythrocytes were PRV-positive, as determined by flow cytometry. PRV was condensed into large cytoplasmic inclusions resembling viral factories, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. By electron microscopy we showed that these inclusions contained reovirus-like particles. The PRV particles and inclusions also had a striking resemblance to previously reported viral inclusions described as Erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome (EIBS). We conclude that the erythrocyte is a major target cell for PRV infection. These findings provide new information about HSMI pathogenesis, and show that PRV is an important factor of viral erythrocytic inclusions.
    [Show full text]
  • Piscine Orthoreovirus (PRV) Replicates in Atlantic Salmon
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by MUCC (Crossref) Wessel et al. Veterinary Research (2015) 46:26 DOI 10.1186/s13567-015-0154-7 VETERINARY RESEARCH RESEARCH Open Access Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) replicates in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) erythrocytes ex vivo Øystein Wessel1*, Christel Moræus Olsen1, Espen Rimstad1 and Maria Krudtaa Dahle2 Abstract Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is a reovirus that has predominantly been detected in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). PRV is associated with heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon, and recently erythrocytes were identified as major target cells. The study of PRV replication and pathogenesis of the infection has been impeded by the inability to propagate PRV in vitro. In this study we developed an ex vivo cultivation system for PRV in Atlantic salmon erythrocytes. PRV was successfully passaged to naïve erythrocytes using lysates of blood cells from infected salmon. During cultivation a significant increase in viral load was observed by RT-qPCR and flow cytometry, which coincided with the formation of cytoplasmic inclusions. The inclusions resembled viral factories and contained both PRV protein and dsRNA. In addition, the erythrocytes generated an antiviral immune gene activation after PRV infection, with significant up-regulation of IFN-α, RIG-I, Mx and PKR transcripts. Supernatants from the first passage successfully transmitted virus to naïve erythrocytes. This study demonstrates that PRV replicates in Atlantic salmon erythrocytes ex vivo. The ex vivo infection model closely reflects the situation in vivo and can be used to study the infection and replication mechanisms of PRV, as well as the antiviral immune responses of salmonid erythrocytes.
    [Show full text]
  • Piscine Orthoreovirus-1 Isolates Differ in Their Ability To
    pathogens Article Piscine Orthoreovirus-1 Isolates Differ in Their Ability to Induce Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Øystein Wessel 1,* , Elisabeth F. Hansen 1, Maria K. Dahle 2 , Marta Alarcon 3 , Nina A. Vatne 1, Ingvild B. Nyman 1, Karen B. Soleim 2, Kannimuthu Dhamotharan 1 , Gerrit Timmerhaus 4, Turhan Markussen 1, Morten Lund 5, Håvard Aanes 5, Magnus Devold 5, Makoto Inami 6, Marie Løvoll 6 and Espen Rimstad 1 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway; [email protected] (E.F.H.); [email protected] (N.A.V.); [email protected] (I.B.N.); [email protected] (K.D.); [email protected] (T.M.); [email protected] (E.R.) 2 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 0454 Oslo, Norway; [email protected] (M.K.D.); [email protected] (K.B.S.) 3 FishVetGroup, 0275 Oslo, Norway; marta.alarcon@fishvetgroup.com 4 Nofima, 1430 Ås, Norway; gerrit.timmerhaus@nofima.no 5 PatoGen, 6002 Ålesund, Norway; [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (H.A.); [email protected] (M.D.) 6 VESO Vikan, 7810 Namsos, Norway; [email protected] (M.I.); [email protected] (M.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 21 November 2020; Accepted: 11 December 2020; Published: 14 December 2020 Abstract: Piscine orthoreovirus 1 (PRV-1) is the causative agent of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The virus is widespread in Atlantic salmon and was present in Norway long before the first description of HSMI in 1999.
    [Show full text]