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Download The PRESENT AS PAST: FORMS OF CONTEMPORARY HISTORY IN BRITAIN, 1750- 1835 by DALE SMITH B.A., Carleton University, 1994 M.A., Carleton University, 1996 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES ^ History) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA A December 200^.0 © Dale Smith, 200 A- 11 Abstract This study is concerned with identifying and tracking, across a set of disparate genres and forms of writing, a shared preoccupation with the representation of the historical present. This element of eighteenth and early nineteenth-century British historiography has not been recognized by intellectual historians, even though it ran parallel to and intersected with other forms of historical-mindedness that privileged more remote periods of the past. In various forms of writing - the novel, conventional history, anecdotal biography, the periodical register, "present states", antiquarian surveys, and the early social science of statistics - there appears to be an historiographical re-orientation towards representing contemporaneity. This trans-generic assemblage of authors and texts does not directly fit within the available frameworks which have characterized the history of British historical thought and writing during the period from 1750 to the end of the 1830s. Yet they share something in common, and once these connections are established, seemingly disparate texts such as Tobias Smollett's Continuation of the Complete History of England (1760- 5) and Sir John Sinclair's Statistical Account of Scotland (1791-9) appear as a part of a wider historiographical spectrum. Central to all of the genres outlined in this study is a sustained comparison between past and present, as well as a frequent prospective look towards the future. Rather than a shift to the remote past that many historians have argued took place after 1750, a re-configured tradition of contemporary history became an important part of the British historiographical landscape. In this modification of the Thucydidean classical model, contemporary history became a mode of social and cultural description that stretched beyond the neoclassical politico-military narrative. Moreover, in mapping the broad contours of contemporary history during this period, a set of writings not normally seen as historiographical have been re-positioned within this framework. Seen from this new perspective, such texts and projects should be seen as equally important for our understanding of the wider historical sense of eighteenth and nineteenth-century Britain as they are to understanding other emerging human and social sciences. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ii Table of Contents iii Acknowledgements iv INTRODUCTION The Strange Death of Contemporary History? Narratives and Surveys, 1750-1835 1 CHAPTER 1 The "History of an Atom": Tobias Smollett, the Novel, and Contemporary History 12 CHAPTER 2 History, the Novel, and Anecdote: The Political and Cultural History of Hanoverian Britain 46 CHAPTER 3 "The New-Born Occurrences of the Day Dressed in the Pompous Robe of History" 77 CHAPTER 4 Surveying Contemporaneity: Present States, Antiquarianism, and "Statistics" 115 CONCLUSION The Strange Death of Contemporary History Revisited 180 Bibliography 186 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the University of British Columbia, in particular the Department of History, for the University Graduate Fellowship funding that supported a great deal of the research that was required to complete this dissertation. I am also grateful to the library staff at the University of British Columbia, as well as the library staff at the University of Toronto, the Firestone Library at Princeton University in New Jersey, and at the Library of Congress in Washington. I would like to acknowledge the participation of my examining committee: Dr. Mark Salber Phillips, Dr. Allan Smith, Dr. Edward Hundert, Dr. James Huzel, and Dr. Jonathan Wisenthal. Thank you as well to Dr. Ron Hatch, for chairing my thesis defense. Many friends and colleagues have provided valuable insight over the years, none more so than Dr. Matthew Lauzon and Michael White. My greatest intellectual debt, however, is to Dr. Mark Salber Phillips. As a teacher and now collaborator and friend, his scholarly example has proved invaluable to me over the years. Finally, however, my ultimate debt is to my parents, Garry and Evelyn Smith, whose patience, support and encouragement is the reason this work could be completed. INTRODUCTION: THE STRANGE DEATH OF CONTEMPORARY HISTORY? NARRATIVES AND SURVEYS, cl750-1835 In writing the history of the present times, Dr. Smollett has encountered difficulties which will vanish before a future historian; but he hath likewise experienced very peculiar advantages....Our author sympathizes with the distress, and exults in the prosperity of his country, with heart-felt emotions that must appear counterfeit, should they be expressed by a writer of the future age. Critical Review 12 (1761) [The] object is, to lay the foundation of a great, methodical, and complete survey of Scotland, and perhaps of England, which I hope will be undertaken by the government at the commencement of the ensuing century. If periodical surveys are afterwards taken, every 50 or 100 years, they will furnish the best means of ascertaining the progress of national improvement. Sir John Sinclair, Statistical Account of Scotland (1792) This study is concerned with an important aspect of the intellectual and cultural history of eighteenth and early nineteenth-century Britain. This was a period marked by considerable social, political, economic and cultural change, and the stress marks of such a rapid transformation were often reflected in its cultural productions and intellectual history. In this project, I am particularly concerned with a cultural episode that can be tracked across a set of disparate genres and forms of writing. These texts are linked by a shared preoccupation to represent the historical present, or 2 the "history of the times". This historiographical impulse has not been recognized by intellectual historians, even though it ran parallel to - and intersected with - other forms of historical- mindedness, including those that privileged more remote periods of the past. In all of the forms of writing examined below - the novel, conventional history, anecdotal biography, the periodical register, "present states", and the early British social science of statistics - there appears to be an historiographical re-orientation towards representing contemporaneity. This trans-generic assemblage of authors and texts does not directly fit within the available frameworks which have characterized the history of British historical thought and writing during the period from 1750 to the end of the 1830s. Yet they share something in common, and once these connections are established, seemingly disparate texts such as Tobias Smollett's Continuation of the Complete History of England (1760-5) and Sir John Sinclair's Statistical Account of Scotland (1791-9) appear to be part of a wider historiographical horizon. Other periods and national contexts, of course, have traditions of contemporary history. Moreover, the comparative register of past and present (and future) is a feature that is central to all historical thinking and writing. As a universal element and function of historical writing, Marc Bloch referred to this as the "solidarity of the ages".1 But this study is concerned with its particular shape in eighteenth and early-nineteenth-century Britain, a cultural episode in which the narrating and mapping of the historical present appears to have a unique set of expressions. Indeed, the two epigraphs included above broadly represent two different yet related ways of providing a picture of contemporaneity: its narrative forms and its non-narrative, or "survey" forms. In looking at these genres, this study aims to place the representation of contemporaneity 1 Quoted in David Allan, '"This Inquisitive Age': Past and Present in the Scottish Enlightenment", Scottish Historical Review 76 (1997), 70. within a broader sense of British historiographical thought and practice during this period. As Judith Shklar has noted in relation to Jean d'Alembert and the French Encyclopedic, "the critique of traditional history did not preclude the creation of a new kind of history, new in its subject matter, in its greater reliability and, above all, new in its aims. Contemporary history thus became very important. It would secure for future generations history worth knowing."2 A similar recognition of the important place of contemporary history in eighteenth and early nineteenth- century Britain should be established, particularly as it seems to have been recently revived as an integral part of a later twentieth-century historical sense. As Peter Mandler has pointed out, the 1960s and 1970s set off an explosion of contemporary history that has continued to this day, helped along tremendously by fdm, video and other new archival modes.3 From the narrative conceit of sentient matter in Smollett's History of an Atom - a "novelized history" of the Seven Years' War and Hanoverian history - through to the tireless information gathering by Sir John Sinclair and his predecessors, there is a continuous concern for the development of new modes of social apprehension and the identification of perspectives for such social observation. Of utmost importance to
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