Handbook of Print Media

Technologies and Production Methods

Bearbeitet von Helmut Kipphan

1. Auflage 2001. Buch. xl, 1207 S. ISBN 978 3 540 67326 2 Format (B x L): 18,9 x 24,6 cm Gewicht: 2860 g

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Table of Contents

1 Fundamentals 1.4 Print Quality ...... 1.4.1 Color/Color Theory ...... 1.1 Communication Technologies ...... 1.4.2 Color Image Composition ...... 1.1.1 Print Media ...... 1.4.3 Halftone Process ...... 1.1.1.1 Books ...... 1.4.4 Quality Control/Measurement 1.1.1.2 Magazines ...... Techniques ...... 1.1.1.3 Newspapers ...... 1.4.4.1 Color Measurement ...... 1.1.1.4 Brochures ...... 1.4.4.2 Color Register ...... 1.1.1.5 Other Printed Media ...... 1.4.4.3 Measurement of Gloss ...... 1.1.2 Electronic Media ...... 1.4.5 Surface Finishing Techniques ...... 1.1.3 Multimedia ...... 1.4.5.1 Characteristics of Surface Finishing ...... 1.1.4 Distribution and Market Volume ...... 1.4.5.2 Surface Finishing Techniques ...... 1.1.5 For the Future: Trends and Scenarios ...... 1.1.5.1 Changes in the Traditional 1.5 Print Media Materials ...... Sector ...... 1.5.1 Substrates ...... 1.1.5.2 Integration of New Media ...... 1.5.2 Printing Inks ...... 1.5.2.1 Structure and Requirements ...... 1.2 Production of Print Media ...... 1.5.2.2 Inks ...... 1.2.1 Layout, Typography, Graphic Design ...... 1.5.2.3 Gravure Printing Inks ...... 1.2.1.1 Type ...... 1.5.2.4 Flexographic Printing Inks ...... 1.2.1.2 Typography ...... 1.5.2.5 Letterpress Printing Inks ...... 1.2.1.3 Graphic Design ...... 1.5.2.6 Screen Printing Inks ...... 1.2.2 Prepress ...... 1.5.2.7 Pad Printing Inks ...... 1.2.3 Printing ...... 1.5.2.8 Inks for Non-Impact Printing 1.2.4 Postpress/Finishing ...... Technologies ...... 1.2.5 Digital Production Equipment 1.5.3 Varnishes ...... in the Workflow ...... 1.2.6 Premedia ...... 1.6 Printing Presses and Printing Systems . . . . 1.6.1 General Structure ...... 1.2 Printing Technologies ...... 1.6.2 Designs for Multicolor Printing ...... 1.3.1 Overview of Printing Technologies ...... 1.6.2.1 Sheet-Fed Printing Presses ...... 1.3.2 Printing Technologies with 1.6.2.2 Web-Fed Presses ...... a Printing Master ...... 1.6.2.3 Packaging Printing Presses ...... 1.3.2.1 Letterpress/Flexographic Printing ...... 1.3.2.2 Gravure Printing ...... 1.7 Drying Methods ...... 1.3.2.3 Lithography/Offset Printing ...... 1.7.1 Physical Drying (Absorption) ...... 1.3.2.4 Screen Printing ...... 1.7.1.1 Infrared (IR) Drying ...... 1.3.3 Printing Technologies without 1.7.1.2 Evaporative Drying ...... a Master (NIP Technologies) ...... 1.7.1.3 Problems in Practical Operation ...... 1.3.3.1 Electrophotography ...... 1.7.2 Chemical Drying ...... 1.3.3.2 Ink Jet ...... 1.7.2.1 Oxidation ...... 1.3.3.3 Printing Systems based on Non-Impact 1.7.2.2 UV Drying ...... Printing Technologies ...... 1.7.2.3 Electron Beam (EB) Drying ...... 1.7.3 Auxiliary Drying Techniques ...... 2 Table of Contents

1.7.3.1 Powder Spraying ...... 2.1.4.3 Register Measurement and Control ...... 1.7.3.2 Silicon Application ...... 2.1.4.4 Inspection of the Printed Image ...... 1.7.4 Measuring Techniques ...... 2.1.4.5 In-line Print Quality Measurement and Control Systems ...... 1.8 Products of Print Finishing ...... 2.1.4.6 The State of the Art in Remote Control, Measurement and Control Systems ...... 1.9 Aspects of Management and 2.1.5 Automation in Print Media Production . . . . Business Models ...... 2.1.5.1 Wash-Up Procedures ...... 1.9.1 Production Options and Business 2.1.5.2 Plate Changing ...... Models ...... 2.1.5.3 Sheet Size and Paper Travel ...... 1.9.1.1 The Value-Added Chain (Production 2.1.5.4 Ink Feed Presetting in the Printing Unit . . . Depth and Product Range) ...... 2.1.5.5 Ink and Dampening Solution Supply ...... 1.9.1.2 Financing and Distribution Models ...... 2.1.5.6 Makeready for Print Production ...... 1.9.1.3 Media Business as a Technical Service . . . . . 2.1.6 Press Examples and Production Systems . . . 1.9.2 Coordination of Workflows ...... 2.1.6.1 Sheet-Fed Presses ...... 1.9.2.1 Lean Production and Lean 2.1.6.2 Web-Fed Presses ...... Management ...... 2.1.7 Potential for Further Development ...... 1.9.2.2 Tracking ...... 2.1.7.1 Print Quality ...... 1.9.2.3 Quality Assurance ...... 2.1.7.2 Offset Printing ...... 1.9.3 Production Layout ...... 2.1.7.3 Drying ...... 1.9.3.1 Material Flow ...... 2.1.7.4 Automation ...... 1.9.3.2 Capacity Planning ...... 1.9.3.3 Personnel Deployment and Supply 2.2 Gravure Printing ...... of Utilities ...... 2.2.1 Process ...... 2.2.1.1 Gravure Cylinder Manufacture ...... 2.2.1.2 Gravure Cylinder Imaging ...... 2 Printing Technologies with Permanent 2.2.1.3 Storage and Changing of Gravure Printing Master Cylinders ...... 2.2.1.4 Impression Roller ...... 2.1 Offset Printing ...... 2.2.1.5 Inking Unit and Doctor Blade ...... 2.1.1 Basic Principles ...... 2.2.1.6 Drying ...... 2.1.1.1 Process ...... 2.2.1.7 Circumferential and Lateral Register ...... 2.1.1.2 Printing Plates, Printing Ink, Dampening 2.2.1.8 Magazine Turner Bars Superstructure . . . . . Solution ...... 2.2.1.9 Gravure Printing Folders ...... 2.1.1.3 Inking Unit, Dampening Unit, Printing 2.2.1.10 Reel Stands ...... Unit ...... 2.2.2 Examples of Press Configurations ...... 2.1.1.4 Print Quality ...... 2.2.3 Gravure Printing in the Packaging 2.1.2 Sheet-Fed Offset Printing ...... Industry ...... 2.1.2.1 Paper Travel ...... 2.2.4 Further Development Potential ...... 2.1.2.2 Feeders ...... 2.1.2.3 Printing Units ...... 2.3 Letterpress Printing ...... 2.1.2.4 Sheet Reversal/Perfecting ...... 2.3.1 Process ...... 2.1.2.5 Delivery ...... 2.3.2 Letterpress Printing (Process and 2.1.2.6 Drying ...... Applications) ...... 2.1.2.7 Print Enhancement and In-Line Finishing . . 2.3.3 ...... 2.1.2.8 Press Architecture (Special Designs) ...... 2.3.3.1 Process ...... 2.1.3 Web Offset Printing ...... 2.3.3.2 Printing Unit ...... 2.1.3.1 Press/System Concepts (Components) . . . . . 2.3.3.3 Examples of Presses ...... 2.1.3.2 Web Travel (Infeed and Further 2.3.4 Further Development Potential ...... Processing) ...... 2.1.3.3 Printing Unit ...... 2.4 Screen Printing ...... 2.1.3.4 Folders, Print Product Variations ...... 2.4.1 Process ...... 2.1.3.5 Newspaper Printing ...... 2.4.1.1 Platemaking ...... 2.1.4 Remote Control, Measurement and 2.4.1.2 Printing Process ...... Control Systems ...... 2.4.2 Applications ...... 2.1.4.1 Press Remote Control Systems ...... 2.4.2.1 Screen Printing on Flat Surfaces ...... 2.1.4.2 Color Measurement and Control Systems . . 2.4.2.2 Screen Printing on Curved Surfaces ...... Table of Contents 3

2.4.3 Examples of Machinery ...... 3.1.7.4 Gravure Printing ...... 2.4.3.1 Equipment and Machinery for Flat-bed 3.1.7.5 Screen Printing ...... Screen Printing ...... 3.1.8 Color Management ...... 2.4.3.2 Screen Printing Machinery for Printing 3.1.8.1 Processes for the Correction of Tone on Curved Surfaces ...... and Color Values ...... 2.4.3.3 Rotary Screen Printing Presses ...... 3.1.8.2 Offset-Gravure Conversion ...... 2.4.4 Further Development Potential ...... 3.2 Digital Prepress ...... 2.5 Special Printing and Product Specific 3.2.1 Structure of Products . . . . . Applications ...... 3.2.1.1 Technological Capabilities and 2.5.1 Security Printing ...... Workflows ...... 2.5.1.1 Bank Notes ...... 3.2.1.2 Digital Description of the Printed Page . . . . 2.5.1.2 Postage Stamps, Stamps ...... 3.2.1.3 Digital Screening Processes ...... 2.5.1.3 Documents ...... 3.2.2 Quality Requirements ...... 2.5.2 Business Form Printing ...... 3.2.2.1 Input and Output Resolution ...... 2.5.3 Label Printing ...... 3.2.2.2 Transferable Tonal Range ...... 2.5.4 Pad Transfer Printing ...... 3.2.2.3 Dot Shape ...... 2.5.4.1 Printing Process ...... 3.2.2.4 Tonal Value Influences in Printing ...... 2.5.4.2 Cliché Making ...... 3.2.2.5 Color Management Profiles ...... 2.5.4.3 Pad, Ink, Substrate Fixture ...... 3.2.2.6 Image-Dependent Effects and 2.5.4.4 Multicolor Printing, Applications ...... Corrections ...... 3.2.3 Digital Photography ...... 3 Prepress 3.2.3.1 Origins of Digital Photography ...... 3.2.3.2 Image Scanning with Digital Cameras . . . . . 3.1 Conventional Prepress ...... 3.2.3.3 Demands on the Resolution ...... 3.1.1 Word Processing, Typesetting ...... 3.2.3.4 Special Features of Digital Cameras ...... 3.1.1.1 Typesetting Procedure ...... 3.2.3.5 igital Photography and Color 3.1.1.2 Manuscript ...... Management ...... 3.1.1.3 Text Input ...... 3.2.4 Digitizing Originals (Scanner) ...... 3.1.1.4 Word Processing and Composition ...... 3.2.4.1 Scanner Designs and Models ...... 3.1.2 Text Output for the Production 3.2.4.2 Drum Scanners ...... of Film/Plate ...... 3.2.4.3 Flat-Bed Scanners ...... 3.1.2.1 Designs of Output Devices ...... 3.2.4.4 Digitizing and Redigitizing ...... 3.1.2.2 Requirements on Films ...... 3.2.5 Sheet Assembly and Imposition ...... 3.1.3 Photomechanical Image 3.2.5.1 Page Make-up and Sheet Assembly ...... Processing/Reproduction ...... 3.2.5.2 Full-Sheet Output ...... 3.1.3.1 Use and Importance of Analog 3.2.5.3 Imposition through Software ...... Reproduction ...... 3.2.5.4 Imposition Workflows ...... 3.1.3.2 Principles, Tasks of Photomechanical 3.2.6 Raster Image Processor (RIP) ...... Reproduction ...... 3.2.7 Storage Media ...... 3.1.3.3 Materials ...... 3.2.8 Networks ...... 3.1.3.4 Machines and Devices Used in 3.2.8.1 Network Concepts and Components ...... Reproduction Technology ...... 3.2.8.2 Working with Networks ...... 3.1.3.5 Production of Film Copy for Single-Color 3.2.9 Data Formats ...... Printing ...... 3.2.10 Color Management ...... 3.1.3.6 Production of Film Copy for Multicolor 3.2.10.1 The Image Reproduction Process Printing ...... Using Color Management ...... 3.1.4 Electronic Reproduction Technology 3.2.10.2 Production of Color Profiles ...... (Repro Scanner) ...... 3.2.10.3 Structure of Color Profiles ...... 3.1.5 Assembly ...... 3.2.10.4 Connection of Color Profiles ...... 3.1.5.1 Page Make-Up ...... 3.2.10.5 Rendering Intent ...... 3.1.5.2 Sheet Assembly ...... 3.2.10.6 Color Management and the Production 3.1.6 Proofs/Test Print ...... of Proofs ...... 3.1.7 Platemaking and Quality Control ...... 3.2.10.7 Color Management for Images 3.1.7.1 General ...... on the Internet ...... 3.1.7.2 Offset Printing ...... 3.2.10.8 Color Management and 3.1.7.3 Letterpress Printing, Flexography ...... Standardization ...... 4 Table of Contents

3.2.11 Digital Proof ...... 4.4.2.1 Concepts for Re-imageable Masters 3.2.11.1 Digital Proofing Processes ...... with Material Application/Ablation ...... 3.2.11.2 Soft Proof ...... 4.4.2.2 Re-imageable Plate Systems without 3.2.11.3 Hard Proof ...... Material Application ...... 3.2.11.4 Color Management Concepts ...... 3.2.11.5 Preflight Check ...... 4.5 Computer to Print ...... 3.2.12 Film Production and Platemaking ...... 4.5.1 Printing Systems based on 3.2.12.1 Computer to Film Systems ...... Electrophotography ...... 3.2.12.2 Computer to Plate Systems ...... 4.5.2 Printing Systems based on Ionography, 3.2.12.3 Computer to Film and Computer Magnetography, and Ink Jet ...... to Plate in the Prepress Workflow ...... 4.5.3 Design Principles of Computer to Print Systems ...... 4.5.4 Digital Printing ...... 4 Computer to … Technologies

4.1 Survey of the Technologies ...... 5 Printing Technologies without a Printing 4.1.1 Computer to Film ...... Plate (NIP Technologies) 4.1.2 Computer to Plate ...... 5.1 Principles and Basic Components ...... 4.1.3 Computer to Press (Direct Imaging 5.1.1 Computer to Press/to Print Technology . . . . and Computer to Print) ...... 5.1.2 Non-Impact Printing Technologies 4.1.4 The Use of Computer to ... Technologies (Overview) ...... and Networking for the Production 5.1.3 Printing Process and Functional of Print Media ...... Components in NIP Technologies ...... 5.1.4 Digitally Controlled Image Creation 4.2 Computer to Film ...... in NIP Technologies ...... 4.2.1 Principles and Equipment ...... 5.1.5 System Concepts/Architectural 4.2.2 Film Material ...... Arrangement of Computer to Print System ...... 4.3 Computer to Plate/to Cylinder/to Screen . . 5.1.6 Inks for Non-Impact Printing 4.3.1 Introduction ...... Processes ...... 4.3.2 Technology of Computer to Plate 5.1.7 Components for Computer to Print Systems for Offset Printing ...... Systems ...... 4.3.2.1 Design Principles ...... 4.3.2.2 Imaging Methods and Plate Punching . . . . . 5.2 Electrophotography ...... 4.3.2.3 Computer to Plate Systems for Offset 5.2.1 The Principle of Electrophotography ...... Printing ...... 5.2.2 Imaging Equipment ...... 4.3.3 Computer to Plate for Flexographic 5.2.3 Inking Unit (Developing Unit) Printing ...... and Toner ...... 4.3.4 for Gravure Printing ...... 5.2.4 Fixing and Cleaning ...... 4.3.5 Computer to Screen (Screen Printing) . . . . . 5.2.5 Conception of the Printing Unit ...... 4.3.6 Computer to Plate Workflow ...... 4.3.7 Rise in Quality as a Result of Computer 5.3 Ionography ...... to Plate Computer to Cylinder ...... 5.3.1 Printing Unit ...... 4.3.8 Productivity and Economic Efficiency . . . . . 5.3.2 Imaging System and the Principle 4.3.9 Printing Plates for Digital Imaging ...... of Ionography ...... 4.3.10 Trends with Computer to Plate ...... 5.3.3 Printing Unit Concepts and Printing Systems based on Ionography ...... 4.4 Computer to Press/Direct Imaging ...... 4.4.1 Computer to Press/Direct Imaging 5.4 Magnetography ...... with Removal of the Master for each 5.4.1 The Principle of Magnetography ...... Print Job ...... 5.4.2 Imaging System ...... 4.4.1.1 Computer to Press/Direct Imaging 5.4.3 Examples of Applications/Printing Printing Systems ...... Systems ...... 4.4.1.2 Expansion and Comparison of Systems . . . . 4.4.2 Computer to Press/Direct Imaging 5.5 Ink Jet ...... Printing Systems with Re-imageable 5.5.1 Overview of Ink Jet Technologies Master ...... and Processes ...... Table of Contents 5

5.5.2 Continuous Ink Jet ...... 7.2.1 Cutting and Die-Cutting ...... 5.5.3 Drop on Demand Ink Jet Technologies . . . . 7.2.1.1 Characterization of the Processes ...... 5.5.4 The Structure of Ink Jet Arrays ...... 7.2.1.2 Cutting with Guillotine Cutters ...... 5.5.5 Printing Systems based on Ink Jet 7.2.1.3 Cutting Webs ...... Technology for Multicolor Printing 7.2.1.4 Die-Cutting ...... (Selection) ...... 7.2.2 Folding ...... 7.2.2.1 Characterization of the Process ...... 5.6 Thermography ...... 7.2.2.2 Folding with Folding Machines ...... 5.6.1 Overview of Thermography 7.2.2.3 Folding Bookbinding Sheets ...... Technologies ...... 7.2.3 Forwarding ...... 5.6.2 Thermal Transfer Printing Systems ...... 7.2.3.1 Characterization of the Process ...... 5.6.3 Thermal Sublimation Printing Systems . . . . 7.2.3.2 Forwarding Process in Industrial Finishing ...... 5.7 Electrography ...... 7.2.4 Assembling into Blocks ...... 7.2.4.1 Characterization of the Process ...... 5.8 Photography ...... 7.2.4.2 Gathering ...... 5.9 “X-Graphy” ...... 7.2.4.3 Gathering into Single-Layer Blocks ...... 5.9.1 TonerJet Printing Technology ...... 7.2.5 Binding Blocks ...... 5.9.2 Elcography ...... 7.2.5.1 Characterization of the Process ...... 5.9.3 Direct Imaging Printing Technology ...... 7.2.5.2 Thread-Stitching Books ...... 5.9.4 Assessment of New Types of 7.2.5.3 Perfect Binding ...... NIP Technologies ...... 7.2.5.4 Thread-Sealing ...... 7.2.5.5 Wire-Stitching ...... 7.2.6 Trimming ...... 6 Hybrid Printing Systems 7.2.6.1 Characterization of the Process ...... 7.2.6.2 Trimming Book Blocks and Brochures . . . . 6.1 Overview of Printing Methods and 7.2.7 Edge Treatment on Books and Technologies ...... Brochures ...... 7.2.7.1 Characterization of the Process ...... 6.2 Combination Variants of Hybrid Printing 7.2.7.2 Process Sections of Block Edge Systems ...... Treatments ...... 7.2.8 Case Making ...... 6.3 System Concepts and Examples of 7.2.8.1 Characterization of the Process ...... Implementations ...... 7.2.8.2 Producing Book Covers ...... 6.3.1 Hybrid Printing Systems combining Conventional 7.2.9 Book Finishing ...... Printing Technologies ...... 7.2.9.1 Characterization of the Process ...... 6.3.2 Hybrid Printing Systems combining 7.2.9.2 The Process Sections of Book Finishing . . . . NIP Technologies ...... 7.2.10 Packaging ...... 6.3.3 Hybrid Printing Systems combining 7.2.10.1 Characterization of the Process ...... Conventional and NIP Technologies ...... 7.2.10.2 Packaging of Books and Brochures ...... 6.3.4 Hybrid Printing Systems combining Computer to Press/Direct Imaging 7.3 Process Structuring in Print Finishing . . . . with NIP Technologies ...... 7.3.1 Basic Principles of Process Structuring . . . . 6.3.5 Hybrid Print Systems combining 7.3.1.1 Workflow Production in Print Finishing . . . Conventional Printing Technologies 7.3.1.2 Interlinking Modules in Print Finishing . . . with Computer to Press Technologies . . . . . 7.3.1.3 Temporary Storage of Folded Sheets ...... 7.3.2 Production Lines in Paper Finishing 6.4 Hybrid Techniques for In-Line and (Examples) ...... Off-line Print Production ...... 7.3.2.1 Cutting Lines for Labels ...... 7.3.2.2 Production Lines for Mailings and Folded 7 Print Finishing Processes Products ...... 7.3.2.3 Newspaper Mailroom ...... 7.1 Classification of Print Finishing 7.3.2.4 Mailroom for Magazines ...... Processes ...... 7.3.2.5 Binding Lines for Multi-Layer Brochures ...... 7.2 Process Steps and Procedure for 7.3.2.6 Production Lines for Hard Covers ...... Print Finishing ...... 7.3.2.7 Finishing Short Print Runs ...... 6 Table of Contents

7.3.2.8 Bag Production Systems ...... 10 Comparison of Printing and Production 7.3.2.9 Folding Boxes ...... Technologies for Print Media

8 Material and Data Flow 10.1 Introduction ......

8.1 Material Conveyance Logistics ...... 10.2 Overview of Methods and Technologies for the Production of Print Media ...... 8.1.1 Logistics around the Press ...... 8.1.1.1 The Supply of Printing Plates ...... 10.3 Production Methods and Strategies ...... 8.1.1.2 Paper Reel Logistics ...... 8.1.1.3 Ink, Dampening Solution, and 10.4 Criteria for the Selection of Printing Technologies Air Supply ...... and Production Methods ...... 8.1.1.4 Waste Disposal ...... 8.1.1.5 Paper Pile Logistics for Sheet-fed 10.5 Performance Criteria of Printing Systems Offset Presses ...... and Trends in Print Media Production . . . . 8.1.2 Logistics in Printing Companies ...... 10.5.1 Quality and Productivity/Run Length . . . . . 8.1.2.1 Procurement Logistics in Printing 10.5.2 Productivity ...... Companies ...... 10.5.3 Production Costs per Print Page ...... 8.1.2.2 Inventory Management in Printing 10.5.4 Trends in Print Media Production ...... Companies ...... 8.1.2.3 Production Logistics in Printing Companies ...... 11 Electronic Media and Multimedia 8.1.3 Logistics in Publishing Houses ......

8.2 Networking and Data Flow in 11.1 Media Concepts ...... Print Production ...... 8.2.1 Network Concepts and Interfaces ...... 11.2 Data Types, Data Structures and their 8.2.2 Digital Workflow ...... Applications ...... 8.2.2.1 Digital Workflow in Prepress ...... 11.2.1 Text ...... 8.2.2.2 Digital Workflow and Digital 11.2.2 Graphics ...... Printing (Computer to Press) ...... 11.2.3 Image ...... 8.2.2.3 Digital Workflow: Advantages, Challenges, 11.2.4 Audio ...... and Possibilities ...... 11.2.5 Video ...... 8.2.3 CIP3 for the Computer-Integrated 11.2.6 Animation ...... Manufacturing (CIM) of Printed 11.2.7 Virtual Reality (VR) ...... Products ...... 11.2.8 Augmented Reality ...... 8.2.4 Production Management Monitoring 11.2.9 Multimedia ...... Systems ...... 11.2.10 Document ...... 8.2.4.1 Purpose, Applications ...... 8.2.4.2 Production Monitoring Systems ...... 11.3 Data Carriers ...... 11.3.1 Hard Disk Storage Units ...... 11.3.2 Rewritable Removable Storage Units ...... 9 Production Strategies for Print Media 11.3.3 CD-ROM and DVD-ROM ...... 9.1 Production Concepts ...... 11.3.4 Magnetic Tapes ...... 9.1.1 Strategic Orientation of Printing Companies ...... 11.4 Networks ...... 9.1.2 Centralized and Distributed 11.4.1 Internet ...... Production ...... 11.4.2 Intranet, Extranet ...... 9.1.2.1 Centralized Production at One Site ...... 11.4.3 Broad Band Networks ...... 9.1.2.2 Distributed Production at Several Sites . . . . 9.1.2.3 Integrated Production, Interlinking 11.5 Data Compression ...... of Systems ...... 11.5.1 Compressed Data Archives ...... 9.1.3 Print on Demand ...... 11.5.2 Compression Processes for Image 9.1.4 Personalization ...... Data Files ...... 11.5.3 Compression Processes for Audio ...... 9.2 Production Systems ...... 11.5.4 Compression Processes for Video ...... Table of Contents 7

11.6 Output Devices for Electronic Media 13.2 Environment, Safety, Standardization . . . . . and Multimedia ...... 13.2.1 Environmental Protection in the Printing 11.6.1 Screen Output ...... Industry ...... 11.6.2 Projection Equipment ...... 13.2.1.1 Introduction ...... 11.6.3 Stereo Output ...... 13.2.1.2 Environmental Protection in Offset 11.6.4 Projection directly to the Eyes ...... Printing ...... 13.2.1.3 Environmental Protection in Gravure 11.7 Multimedia Applications ...... Printing ...... 13.2.1.4 Environmental Protection in Letterpress and Flexographic Printing ...... 12 Print Media and Electronic Media 13.2.1.5 Environmental Protection in Screen Printing ...... 12.1 Examples of Print Media and Electronic 13.2.1.6 Environment-oriented Business Media ...... Management ...... 13.2.1.7 Legal Foundations ...... 12.2 The Production of Print Media and 13.2.1.8 Support and Advice for Environment- Electronic Media ...... relevant Measures ...... 13.2.2 Safety Resources ...... 12.3 “Electronic” Books, “Electronic” Ink, 13.2.2.1 Health and Safety ...... “Electronic” Paper ...... 13.2.2.2 International and European Directives 12.3.1 “Electronic” Books (E-Books) ...... (Laws) and Standards ...... 12.3.2 “Electronic” Ink (E-Ink), “Electronic” 13.2.2.3 Safety-conscious Design ...... Paper (E-Paper) ...... 13.2.2.4 Requirements for Separating Protective Devices ...... 12.4 Market Shares and Trends ...... 13.2.2.5 Hazard Evaluation, Risk Assessment ...... 13.2.2.6 CE Mark and GS Label ...... 13.2.2.7 Intended Use ...... 13 Special Topics 13.2.3 Industry Standards, Codes of Practice and National/International Standards . . . . . 13.1 History, Education, Research ...... 13.1.1 History of Technology (Press and 13.3 Markets and Development Trends for Prepress) ...... Print Media ...... 13.1.1.1 Offset Printing and Offset 13.3.1 Newspaper Market ...... Printing Presses ...... 13.3.2 Magazine Market ...... 13.1.1.2 Gravure Printing and Gravure 13.3.3 Book Market ...... Printing Presses ...... 13.3.4 Catalogue Market ...... 13.1.1.3 Letterpress Printing and Letterpress 13.3.5 Advertising Printing Market ...... Printing Presses ...... 13.3.6 Packaging Market ...... 13.1.1.4 The Historical Relationship of the 13.3.7 SOHO Market ...... Printing Press Manufacturers ...... 13.1.1.5 Prepress ...... 13.1.2 Education and Qualifications (Career 14 Appendix Profiles, Courses) ...... 14.1 Explanation of Specific Terms ...... 13.1.2.1 The Printing Industry as an Employer . . . . . 14.1.1 Glossary ...... 13.1.2.2 Educational Requirements and Options . . . 14.1.2 Abbreviations and their Meaning ...... 13.1.2.3 Vocational Training ...... 14.1.3 Abbreviations of Source Data ...... 13.1.2.4 Course of Study ...... 13.1.2.5 Scholarships for International 14.2 Physical-Technical Quantities Study Programs ...... and Conversions ...... 13.1.2.6 Heidelberg Print Media Academy ...... 14.2.1 Quantities and Units in the SI-System 13.1.3 Science and Research (selected (Selection) ...... Examples) ...... 14.2.2 Conversion between the SI-System and the 13.1.3.1 Subjects, Methods and Cooperations ...... Imperial System (Metric/Imperial) ...... 13.1.3.2 Inking Units ...... 13.1.3.3 Printing Units ...... 14.3 Bibliography ...... 13.1.3.4 Sheet Transfer ...... 14.3.1 Bibliographical References to Readings on the 13.1.3.5 Joint Industrial Research ...... Chapters and sections in this Handbook . . . 8 Table of Contents

14.3.2 Selected Literature on Print Media related 14.5 Research Associations and Educational Topics (General Bibliography and Institutions for the Graphic Arts Industry Individual Topics) ...... (Selection) ...... 14.5.1 Universities ...... 14.4 Standards (Selection) ...... 14.5.2 Research Institutes and Research Centers ...... 14.4.1 Prepress ...... 14.5.3 Institutions for Training and Education . . . . 14.4.2 Printing Ink ...... 14.4.3 Substrates ...... 14.6 Associations and Organizations in the 14.4.4 Materials (Printing Plates, Blankets) ...... Printing and Publishing Industry 14.4.5 Printing Technologies and Printing (Selection) ...... Presses ...... 14.6.1 Associations and Organizations ...... 14.4.6 Finishing ...... 14.6.2 Commercial Joint Research ...... 14.4.7 Quality, Quality Specifications, and Measurement Techniques ...... 14.7 International Conferences for the 14.4.8 Safety of Machinery ...... Graphic Arts Industry (Selection) ...... 14.4.9 Environmental Management ......