Results of Surface Water Quality Monitoring of the Western Bug River Basin in Lviv Region

Journal of Ecological Engineering Received: 2020.01.15 Revised: 2020.01.30 Volume 21, Issue 3, April 2020, pages 18–26 Accepted: 2020.02.15 Available online: 2020.03.16 https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/118303

Zoriana Odnorih1*, Roman Manko1, Myroslav Malovanyy1, Khrystyna Soloviy1

1 Viacheslav Chornovil Institute of Sustainable Development, Lviv Polytechnic National University, S. Bandera Str. 12, Lviv, 79013, Ukraine * Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The article describes the steps for organizing and conducting the ecological monitoring of surface water in order to shift Ukraine to the European standards in the field of water use and protection. The main water users-pollutants of the Western Bug River basin in the Lviv region were identified. The results of the water samples taken from the control bodies in 2018 were analyzed. A promising way to improve the work of the water basin management of the Western Bug River was proposed.

Keywords: the Western Bug River, river basin, EU Water Framework Directive, monitoring, quality of surface waters.

INTRODUCTION with the use of GIS technologies. They help not only to reflect the dynamics of the water quality Excessive impact of the anthropogenic activi- changes on maps, but also to track the cause and ty causes a degradation of the aquatic ecosystems effect of anthropogenic pollutants on the aquatic productivity and a disturbance of the ecologi- ecosystem in order to predict quality in the future cal balance. The organization of qualitative and [Gopchak et al. 2019]. quantitative status of the surface and groundwater The necessity of transition of Ukraine to the (aquatic and hydro-ecological monitoring) stud- European standards and norms in the field of use ies system in order to predict the risks of river and protection of the surface waters, harmoniza- ecosystem functioning in the future is relevant. tion of the monitoring methods, assessment of the The Western Bug River is one of the 5 most water quality and typology of the study on the hy- polluted rivers in Ukraine. Numerous scientific drographic network is presented in [Khilchevskyi studies on the ecological status of the transbound- et al. 2016b]. The abiotic typology of surface wa- ary river have been undertaken through the cre- ters takes into account the main features of the ation of the Euroregion Bug Cross-Border Asso- natural conditions of the catchments, due to their ciation. The status of the surface water quality of physical, geographical and altitude position, geo- the river basin, the analysis of natural and anthro- logical structure and morphometric features. pogenic sources of surface water pollution, and Owing to the National Security Strategy the need for joint transboundary monitoring were of Ukraine [Stratehiia… 2015], it is planned to investigated by IB Koynova, MR Zabokritskaya, bring national legislation into line with EU envi- N.M. Wozniuk and others [Bilyk et al. 2009; Ko- ronmental policy, in particular the Water Frame- jnowa 2007; Koynova et al. 2012; Khilchevskyi work Directive [Dyrektyva 2000/60/ EU]. The et al. 2016a; Nina Hagemann et al. 2014]. The WFD defines an integrated basin model of the monitoring studies of the hydro-ecological sta- water management in the EU countries in order tus of the river basin continue to this day, already to achieve the “good” ecological status of the

18 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 21(3), 2020 surface and groundwater masses. An integrated According to [Nakaz № 5, 2019], the ecologi- approach to water management is a water man- cal status of the surface water mass class should agement system that guarantees environmental be determined by biological, hydromorphologi- safety and accessibility of water for the popula- cal, chemical and physicochemical parameters: tion and natural objects, based on the consider- •• for the biological indicators – for the five ation of all water sources, the balance of sectoral classes corresponding to the environmental interests and all levels of water use, widespread statuses “excellent”, “good”, “satisfactory”, involvement of all water users, as well as ratio- “bad” and “very bad”; nal use of water resources [Klymchyk 2018]. It is •• for chemical and physicochemical indica- implemented through the hydrographic and wa- tors – for the three classes corresponding to ter management of the territory of Ukraine, the the ecological states “excellent”, “good” and development of river basin management plans, “satisfactory”; the development of water management balances, •• for specific synthetic and non-synthetic con- the determination of the powers of central and lo- taminants within the chemical and physico- cal authorities [Upravlinnia dovkilliam... 2014]. chemical parameters – for the two classes cor- For Ukraine, the introduction of the Basin Prin- responding to the ecological states “good” and ciple is, first of all, decentralization in the field “satisfactory”. of water management, since the Basin Councils involve both representatives of state authorities The purpose of the work was to analyze the and local governments, as well as water users (at results of the monitoring studies of surface waters least 30%) and environmental NGOs. The Basin of the Western Bug River, conducted quarterly by council decisions are taken into account when de- the Water resources basin management of West- veloping the basin management plans and imple- ern Bug and Syan, during 2018 in control bodies menting the measures for the rational use of water within the Lviv region. resources and water protection. In order to comply with the provisions of the WFD, Ukraine adopted [Zakon Ukrainy 2016], MATERIALS AND METHODS according to which nine areas of river basins were formed. According to [Postanova KMU № The flow of the river basin of the transbound- 758 2018], the new monitoring system for surface ary Western Bug River is formed on the territo- water, groundwater and marine water is a step tory of three states – Poland (49.2% of the area), wards the implementation of EU standards in the Ukraine (27.4%) and Belarus (23.4%). The West- field of water quality and water management. The ern Bug River is a left tributary of the Narew State Agency of Ukraine plans to implement the River (the Vistula River Basin). The length of the following 5 steps in 2019 to develop a river basin territory of Ukraine is 404 km, 363 km of which management plan: is the natural border between the Republic of Po- •• Step 1. Determination of water masses, their land, Ukraine and the Republic of Belarus, i.e. typology – till 01.07.2019; it is a transboundary watercourse. The Western •• Step 2. Analysis of anthropogenic impacts, Bug River is a mixed-type river that feeds from quantitative and qualitative status of waters – the melted spring and summer rainfall with little till 01.11.2019; groundwater. The highest water level is observed •• Step 3. Description of the river basin district – in March and April during snowmelt, as well as till 01.09.2019; in the first half of summer, when the highest rain- •• Step 4. Register of protected areas – till fall occurs. The lowest water level is in August- 01.12.2019; September and December-February. The main •• Step 5. Development of the monitoring pro- tributaries are: right-bank – Solotvyna, Bilyy gram – by 31.12.2019. Stik, Spasivka; left bank – Zolochivka, Poltva, Kam`yanka, Rata, Solokiya. A common feature According to [Nakaz № 4, 2019], the main of the tributaries is their small basins (from 240 criteria for determining the surface water mass in- to 570 km2) and wide wetlands [Zabokrytska et clude: ecoregion; surface water category; typol- al. 2006]. There is a well-developed hydrological ogy; geographical and hydromorphological dif- network in the Western Bug basin. The average ferences; change of ecological status; the zones density of the river network is 0.35 km2 [Еdited (territories) to be protected. by Herenchuk 1972].

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A surface water monitoring system was es- the discharges have exceeded at least one indi- tablished in the 1980s to control the discharges cator of the approved MPD standards individu- of industrial enterprises in the coal, energy and ally for each enterprise); 3.3 million m3 – norma- alcohol industries. Currently, most businesses tively clean without treatment at treatment plants; have ceased to exist, so utilities are the main pol- 3.2 million m3 are uncategorized, mine waters. lutants of the Western-Bug River Basin. The wa- In 2018, contaminated water was discharged by: ter resources of this river are first and foremost Lvivvodokanal – 33.0 million m3 into the Poltva a source of the technical water supply for the in- River (which accounts for 93.1% of the volume dustrial power, heat, fishery and agricultural en- of all polluted effluent); Sokal MCC WSE – terprises. The largest water users are [Baseinove 0.88 million m3 into the Western Bug River; Cher- upravlinnia… 2019]: vonogradvodokanal – 0.7 million m3 into the •• industrial enterprises – SE «Dobrotvirskaya Western Bug River and Rata River; Rava-Ruskа TPS» (PJSC DTEK «Westenergy»), LLC MSE «SE Ukrspirt» – 0.25 million m3 into the «Radekhivsky cukor», PJSC «Company Rata River; CE Kamyankavodokanal – 0.18 mil- «Enzym», PJSC «Lviv Coal Company», SE lion m3 in Kamianka River, Lviv National Acad- «Lvivvugillya» (separate subdivisions of emy of Sciences – 0.16 million m3 in the Yar- the mine: «Velykomostivska», «Stepova», ichevskyi River tributary, CE «Rava-Ruska BU «Chervonogradska»), SE «Ukrspirt» («Vu- №2» – 0.1 million m3 in Rata River [Baseinove zlivske», «Stronibabske», «Strutinske», «Ra- upravlinnia… 2019]. va-Ruske»), SE «Danish Textile»; The state water quality monitoring network of •• agricultural enterprises – LLC «Kunin», LLC the Lviv region in 2018 consisted of approved ob- «Yakymiv Fish», Private agricultural firm servation points (ranges) according to [Nakaz № «Bilyy Stik», tenant Fedorchak R. V., PJSC 14, 2015]. The water samples in the Western Bug «Lviv Regional Fish Production Plant» (WG River basin in the Lviv region were collected in 6 «Krasne», WG «Yaniv»); ranges (see Figure 1 and Table 1). •• housing and communal enterpris- The program [Nakaz № 6, 2018] provides the es – MCC «Zolochivvodokanal», CE definition of the hydrochemical parameters- per «Kam’yankavodokanal», CE «Zhovkivske taining to the quality of the Western Bug River, VUVKG», CE «Chervonogradvodokanal», the analysis of the existing monitoring system Sokalsk MCC WSE, LMCC «Lvivvodokanal»; and its adaptation to the requirements of the Wa- •• transport industry – enterprises of PJSC ter Framework Directive. The measurements of «Ukrainian Railways». the water quality indicators at the points of state monitoring are carried out quarterly by the labo- Only groundwater is used for the drinking ratory of the Lviv hydro-geological and reclama- and sanitary needs of the Lviv region population, tion expedition (now, the laboratory of the Water as the water from the Western Bug is not suitable resources basin management of Western Bug and for drinking. Syan). However, from the year 2019 [Nakaz №6, There are two types of sources of water pol- 2018], the observation points of the Western Bug lution: point (wastewater from enterprises and River in the town of Dobrotvir and Stargorod vil- water utilities / municipal wastewater treatment lage as well as the observation point on the Rata plants) and diffuse sources (pesticides and min- River in the Great Bridges have been excluded eral fertilizers of farmland, livestock farms, land- (see Table 2). scape transformation, bank unauthorized waste Hydrochemical and radiological control of the landfills). surface water quality is carried out by the labora- The total wastewater discharge in the Lviv tory of monitoring of waters and soils of the Lviv region is 135.31 million m3 of volume (192.7% State Hydrological Station under the ACDEY of the intake). This is explained by the presence program, according to 23 indicators (tempera- of water intakes at the Lvivvodokanal LCM in ture, odor, points, transparency, hydrogen index, the Dniester River basin, and all the wastewater suspended solids, alkalinity, hardness, calcium, is discharged into the Poltva River. Out of the magnesium, potassium + sodium, hydrocarbon- total discharge: 93.33 million m3 – waste wa- ates, chlorides, sulfates, dry residue, ammonium ter, normatively purified at treatment facilities; ions, nitrite ions, nitrate ions, phosphates, total 3 35.48 million m – contaminated effluents (when iron, COD, BOD5, and dissolved oxygen).

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Fig. 1. Map-diagram of the location of the control bodies in the Lviv region

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION •• AC = 1 (uncontaminated (clean)); •• CC = 1.01–2.50 (slightly contaminated); The water quality assessment was made •• CC = 2.51–5.00 (moderately contaminated); according to the pollution factor [KND •• AC = 5.01–10.00 (dirty); 211.1.1.106–2003, Table 7], compared with the •• AC > 10 (very dirty). MPC for fisheries water bodies, according to [Postanova KMU № 552, 1996, Table. 6]. Con- In accordance with the Procedure for regula- tamination coefficient (CC) is determined by the tory monetary valuation of non-agricultural lands formulas. The obtained numerical values of the (except for settlements), the coefficients that con- CP allow estimating the water status by pollution sider the qualitative status of water bodies are levels by the following values: taken into account (QWO2). The results are presented in Table 2. The data of radiological characteristics (ce- Table 1. Surveillance points at the surface waters sium-137 and strontium-90) during 2016–2018 in in the Western Bug river basin in the Lviv region all control establishments do not exceed the max- Distance imum permissible norms, which indicates a stable No. Name of the river Іtem observation from the mouth, кm radiation status of the surface waters of the Lviv 1. Western Bug c. Kamianka-Buzka 704 region. When comparing long-term data, there is Dobrotvirsky a tendency to decrease the activity of cesium and 2. Western Bug reservoir, lower 689 strontium, which is associated with their decay. beef The results of the quarterly 2018 studies on 3. Western Bug v. Stargorod 669 the most pollutants in the controls – ammonium 4. Western Bug c. Sokal 637 nitrogen, phosphate, BOD5 and iron (I) – are pre- Poltva River, sented in Figures 2–5. left tributary 5. v. Kamyanopil 30 Western Bug The Poltva River (the left tributary of the West- River ern Bug) is the most polluted river in the basin as it Rata River, acts as a wastewater collector in Lviv. In 2018, ac- left tributary uts. the Great 6. 22 Western Bug Bridges cording to [KND 211.1.1.106–2003], its water was River characterized as «very dirty» (see Table 2).

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Table 2. Assessment of the surface water quality of the Lviv region according to the pollution factors The value of the pollution factor, quarterly Range title QWO2 І, 2018 ІІ, 2018 ІІІ, 2018 ІV, 2018 І, 2019 ІІ, 2019 ІІІ, 2019 r. Western Bug – 2.61 3.12 3.0 2.66 1.96 1.77 2.7 0.9 c. Kamianka-Buzka r. Western Bug – 1.88 2.16 2.26 2.70 0.9 c. Dobrotvir r. Western Bug – 1.30 1.49 1.75 2.17 1.2 с. Starhorod r. Western Bug – 1.20 1.43 1.76 2.05 1.38 1.84 1.85 1.2 c. Sokal r. Poltva – 12.86 22.37 17.75 10.58 5.03 8.94 13.15 0.5 с. Kamyanopil r. Rata – 1.27 1.45 1.53 1.38 1.2 uts. the Great Bridges

In the range of Poltva river in the Kamyanop- improvement of the CBS-2 LMCC «Lvivvodo- ol village of Pustomitivskiy district (below treat- kanal» operation. ment facilities), low content of dissolved oxygen According to the nature of pollution, prelimi- 3 3 (0.78–2.78 mgO2/dm at MPC ≥ 4 mgO2/dm ) as nary conclusions about the source of the pollu- + well as the exceedance of the BOD5 limit values tion were drawn. If NH4 ammonium ions are (5.17–19.68 times), COD (2.82–7.37 times), sus- found in the water but no NO2- and NO3- nitrates pended solids (from 2.72 to 6.96 times), ammo- are present, it indicates fresh contamination with nium (6.1–50.9 times), nitrites up to 37, 25 times, faecal effluents. The water content of nitrites and phosphates (1.49–7.76 times), iron (2.8–8.4 times) nitrates demonstrates the contamination of the and sulfates (up to 1.72 times) were observed. reservoir with organic substances. The high con- The excessively high content of ammonia- tent of nitrites and phosphates is explained by the cal nitrogen, phosphates, suspended solids, COD highly concentrated domestic effluent containing and BOD5 can be explained by the inflow of these detergents and cleanser items, as well as by the pollutants from the sludge sites of the Lviv treat- use of excessive fertilizers by agricultural farms ment plants with an area of 22 ha (2 million tons in the spring (see Fig. 3). Such pollutants cause of sediment) (see Fig. 2). The wastewater collec- the active development of algae and plants (eu- tion for settlements not connected to the sewage trophication), as a consequence – a decrease in network is carried out in individual septic tanks the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the hot or sinkhole, the sewage of which is not treated period. Oxygen is known to be spent on breathing and can be one of the potential sources of pol- aquatic creatures and decomposing organic com- lution of aquifers and surface waters. In 2018, pounds. The dissolved oxygen deficiency causes as compared to 2017, the discharge of pollutants destructive processes in any river ecosystem, and

BOD5, COD and suspended matter has reduced for the Poltva River it means that fish and other due to the reduction of the discharges volume and aquatic organisms cannot exist.

Fig. 2. Dynamics of changes in the concentrations of BOD5.

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Fig. 3. Dynamics of changes in the concentrations of NH4+.

Fluctuations in the concentration of iron are as «moderately polluted», the exceedance of clearly seasonal, which depends on the changes the maximum allowable BOD5 standards (up to in nutrition (see Fig.4). During spring floods the 2.62 times), ammonium (up to 13.16 times), ni- concentration of iron increases along with the trites (from 4.25 to 19.75 times), phosphates (up water content, while the mineralization of water to 4.53 times), iron (up to 3.3 times), suspended (sulphates and suspended matter) decreases. Con- solids (up to 2.04 times) was recorded, as well as versely, in a limited period, mineralization sharp- a slight excess in sulfates and COD. The compar- ly increases to the maximum due to underground atively low water quality at the observation point feeding, and the dissolved oxygen concentration is caused by the stagnation of water in the Do- decreases to a minimum. brotvir reservoir and the impact of effluents from In the range of «R. Western Bug – Kamian- CE «Lvivvodokanal» across the river Poltva. The ka-Buzka», the water was «moderately contami- water quality at the range is affected by the waste- nated», exceeded the maximum allowable levels water of PJSC «Zakhidenergo», CE «Kamyanka- of phosphates (up to 3.82 times) (see Fig.5), am- vodokanal» and unauthorized effluents. monium (from 5.42 to 11.72 times), BOD5 (up to In the left tributary of the Western Bug River, 1.86 times), iron (from 1.6 to 5.9 times), nitrites r. Rata (uts. the Great Bridges), the water was (from 6.75 to 27.5 times), suspended solids (up to «slightly polluted», its quality was better than that 2.64 times) and sulfates (up to 1.34 times). The of other basins. The exceedance of the maximum water quality of the facility is influenced by the permissible norms of nitrites (up to 4.25 times), wastewater of the CE «Lvivvodokanal» through iron (up to 7.4 times), nitrogen (up to 2.12 times) the Poltava River, as well as the wastewater of and minor excess of phosphates were found. The the Busk WSE. quality of water at the range is affected by the At the «r. Western Bug – Dobrotvir town» wastewater of Zhovkva through the r. Svynya and point of observation, the water was characterized c. Rava-Ruska.

Fig. 4. Dynamics of changes in the concentrations of Fe+.

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3- Fig. 5. Dynamics of changes in the concentrations of PO4 .

At the «r. Western Bug – Sokal city» point Creating a web-based integrated system of of observation, the water was characterized as real-time surface water quality monitoring us- «poorly polluted», the exceedance of maximum ing mathematical simulation models, mapping, permissible norms of BOD5 (up to 1.55 times), am- GIS technologies, satellite remote sensing based monium (up to 3.38 times), nitrites (from 1.75 to on a stationary monitoring network is the main 9.75 times), iron (from 1.3 to 3.7 times) and small goal of ensuring the ecological safety of the increases in the concentrations of the suspended aquatic ecosystem [Gunatilaka et al.; Qiaoling solids, sulfates, phosphates, COD were detected. Chen et al. 2007]. The quality of water at the range is affected by the In our opinion, one of the most effective mea- wastewater of CE «Chervonogradvodokanal». sures for the improvement of operation is to equip At the «r. Western Bug – Stargorod village» the control facilities with automated remote hy- point of observation, the water was «slightly pol- drological posts (ARGP) and complexes (AGC) luted». The exceedance of the maximum allowable with autonomously operating equipment (contin-

BOD5 standards (up to 1.51 times), ammonium (up uously analysis of water, or with a given periodic- to 3.88 times), nitrites (from 1.25 to 10.25 times), ity by 2–6 parameters) and the use of mobile lab- iron (from 1.2 to 5.0 times) and (to a small extent) oratories (with the equipment for sampling and sulfates, phosphates, suspended solids were found. analysis of water in the field by 5 – 15 indicators). The quality of water at the point of observation is affected by the wastewater of c. Sokal. It should be noted that in comparison with CONCLUSIONS 2013–2015, the quality of water has deteriorated. In 2018, water intake in the basin from natural 1. The work of the State Agency of Ukraine for sources amounted to 70.22 million m3, but only the implementation of EU standards in the field 8.65 million m3 (only 12.3%) was collected from of water quality and water management during surface water bodies. 2018–2019 has been analyzed. According to the results of the monitor- 2. The results of the analyses of the water sam- ing studies, compared to the previous years ples from the control structures of the Western (2013–2017), the water quality in the control Bug River in the Lviv region, conducted by the bodies of the basin is deteriorating; therefore, laboratory of the Lviv hydro-geological-recla- it is necessary to urgently take measures to im- mation expedition on a quarterly basis during prove the ecological status of the Western Bug 2018, were presented. The Poltva River, after River basins. The author [Bezsonnyi 2019] refers leaking from Lviv, is the most polluted river in to the main disadvantages of the existing surface the basin and is characterized as «very dirty». water monitoring system, in particular, the inabil- 3. Exceedance of the MPC in relation to BOD5 ity of fast registration of water bodies or streams was recorded up to 20 times, COD up to emergency contamination due to the lack of sys- 7.37 times, suspended solids – 7 times, am- tems for continuous control of the water quality monium – 50 times, nitrites – 37 times, phos- characteristics. phates – 8 times, iron – 8.4 times and sulfates

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