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How to Use The Commodore® 64™ Computer Jerry Willis and Deborrah Willis dilithium Press Beaverton, Oregon How to Use The Commodore® 64™ Computer Jerry Willis and Deborrah Willis dilithium Press Beaverton, Oregon 11.'1984 by dilithium Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, record­ ing or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher, with the following excep­ tions: any material may be copied or transcribed for the nonprofit use of the purchaser, and material (not to exceed 300 words and one figure) may be quoted in published reviews ofthis book. Where necessary, permission is granted by the copyright owner for libraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Cen­ ter (CCC) to photocopy any material herein for a base fee of $1.00 and an additional fee of $0.20 per page. Payments should be sent directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 21 Congress Street, Salem, Massachusetts 01970. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Willis, Jerry. How to use the Commodore 64 computer. Includes index. 1. Commodore 64 (Computer)-Programming. 2. Basic (Com­ puter program language) I. Willis, Deborrah. II. Title. QA76.8.C64W54 1984 001.64 83-15419 ISBN 0-88056-133-5 Cover: Greg Ellingson Printed in the United States of America dilithium Press 8285 S.W. Nimbus Suite 151 Beaverton, Oregon 97005 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Well What Do We Have Here? ........... 1 Chapter 2 Setup and Installation. 9 Chapter 3 How to Get Your Computer Up and Running 21 Chapter 4 Loading Information from Cassette or Disk 31 Chapter 5 Output to Cassette, Diskette or Printer . .. 43 Chapter 6 Programming in BASIC ................ 55 Chapter 7 Getting Information into the Computer . .. 65 Chapter 8 More BASIC. .. 73 Chapter 9 Graphics, Sound and more BASIC ........ 79 Chapter 10 Software for your Computer ............. 93 Chapter 11 Selecting Hardware and Accessories ...... 109 Chapter 12 Sources of Additional Information ........ 125 Appendix A Abbreviations for BASIC Keywords . .. 129 Appendix B Error Messages ....................... 131 iv How to Use the Commodore 64 Computer ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Apple II Apple Computer, Inc. ATARI400,800 Atari, Inc. Commodore PET Commodore 64 Commodore Computer Corporation VIC 20 Midwest Micro Association SuperCalc Sorcim Corporation VisiCalc VisiCorp CHAPTER! Well What Do We Have Here? This book was written for the novice computer user who owns, or is thinking of buying the Commodore Model 64 computer. Early advertising for this computer carried banner heads that read, "For $595, you get what nobody else can give you for twice the price." Commodore Model 64 is a lot of computer for the money. The machine has a full size, typewriter style keyboard; it can be programmed in a version of Microsoft BASIC-the most popular computer language; and it has very good color graphics and sound synthesis features. It runs thousands of programs designed for the PET series of computers and, with some optional accessories, can run business software written for computers that use CP/M. It even has a slot for inserting cartridges of your favorite video game. When the Model 64 was announced many magazine reviewers praised it-"Commodore launches a winner ... all it is cracked up to be ... exceptional graphics, color and sound ... compatibility with VIC peripherals ... at a price that's difficult to beat ... 'best buy' in the $600 personal computer price range .... " This book was written for the computer user with little back­ ground in computer science or electronics. It provides information for maximum use of the Commodore 64. The book was written with the following objectives: 1. To introduce you to the computer and its basic components, what they do, and how they work together (Chapters 1,9, and 10). 2. To overview things you can do with your computer (Chapter 1). 3. To give step-by-step instructions on how to set up or "install" your computer and tell you how to get it "up and running" (Chap­ ters 2 and 3). 2 How to Use the Commodore 64 Computer 4. To describe how to load and save programs on standard audio cassettes and diskettes (Chapters 4 and 5). 5. To introduce the novice to BASIC, the standard computer language on the Commodore 64, and to color graphics and sound synthesis with the Commodore 64 (Chapters 6, 7 and 8). 6. To inform you about accessories for your computer and how to select, buy, install, and use them (Chapter 10). 7. To inform you of other sources of information for your com­ puter such as publications, user's groups, and computer based information networks (Chapter 11). 8. Inform you of software available for the Commodore 64, how to select the best programs for your needs, and where to buy it (Chapter 9). After a brief history of Commodore this chapter will discuss uses of the computer and how it works. If you are eager to get started, move on to Chapter 2. A LITTLE HISTORY In 1974 Commodore International was known as a successful manufacturer of calculators. It was a relatively small company that had matched development and marketing skills of giants like Texas Instruments and held its own. Development of hand-held calculators in the early seventies required manufacturers to design systems that used electronic devices called "integrated circuits," or IC's. With IC's, designers could replace hundreds of discrete transistor circuits with three or four integrated circuits. A standard integrated circuit could per­ form all the functions of 50 to 200 transistors, drastically reducing the steps and time required to manufacture a calculator. Today's technology has created many hand-held calculators that have only one large integrated circuit in them. IC's can replace tens of thou­ sands of individual transistor circuits. The little IC, foundation of the calculator industry, was also the foundation of the personal computer revolution. MOS Technology, one of Commodore's chip suppliers, pioneered development of one "computer on a chip," the 6502 microprocessor integrated circuit. Many of the popular computers, Apple II, Atari 800 and 400, Commodore PET, and the VIC 20 all use the 6502 chip. When Commodore moved into the developing field of personal computers, it bought MOS Technology and combined the market- Well What Do We Have Here? 3 ing experience of its calculator background with the technical expertise of its chip development to create a company with a remarkably successful product, the PET computer. In 1977 Com­ modore announced the first appliance computer, the PET. The $495 computer was the first one that could be taken home, plugged in, and used immediately. Orders for the original PET, even with its hard-to-use calculator style keyboard, exceeded all expectations. Overnight, Commodore became one of the major players in the personal computer game. Some say the PET was too successful. The company was not pre­ pared for the product demand and delivery time slowed down. At one time Commodroe had a five month backlog of orders. Com­ modore, in fact, was never able to meet production schedules, establish a strong dealer network, and provide necessary support. Their U.S. market share dropped steadily after the first year. During the 1977-1981 period, unreturned phone calls, accessories announced but not manufactured, design errors, and a generally slipshod mode of operation created a poor image of Commodore and left many dealers and PET purchasers bitter. While Commodore was lagging in the U.S., it was beginning to dominate major European markets. They built an excellent com­ puter and used excellent marketing strategies in Europe. Between 1977 and 1981, Commodore expanded its original PET computer into a line of five models with four styles of disk drives. The 8032 computer, when combined with an 8050 disk drive, was one of the best computers in the small business market in 1981. By 1981, however, a good product was not enough. Competitors also had good machines and they answered their phones, sup­ ported their dealer network, and were easy to deal with. Com­ modore still competes in the business market, although it has only a small percentage of the sales despite its excellent products. Commodore still has problems with support and timely production of announced products. By 1981 the home computer phenomenon provided Commodore with another market-the "under $300 home computer." Com­ modore used the design and manufacturing expertise of MOS Technology to create the VIC 20, an inexpensive but powerful computer. Commodore introduced the VIC 20 in Japan in 1980 and began U.S. marketing in 1981. A buyer could get a real computer for only slightly more than the cost of a video game. Commodore used Star Trek's Captain Kirk, William Shatner, in its multi­ million dollar advertising campaign that sold hundreds of thou- 4 How to Use the Commodore 64 Computer sands of VIC computers. The VIC is a unit good for everything from video games to stock market speculation. Commodore's small VIC computer that sells for under $100 is a front runner in the race to put computers in the home. The Model 64, announced in 1982, and the Executive 64-a portable version announced in 1983, cost several times more. But they offer im­ proved sound and graphics features, a video display with double the screen capacity, and compatibility with the PET computers that have been around long enough to inspire thousands of pro­ grams in virtually every area of application. The Commodore 64 is suitable for home or office, classroom, or living room. This book will help you use the computer effectively.

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