Status and Monitoring of the Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros in Dudhwa National Park PDF 8.49 MB

Status and Monitoring of the Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros in Dudhwa National Park

Citation: Sharma, R. and Gupta, M. 2015. Status and Monitoring of the Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros in Dudhwa National Park. WWF-India, New Delhi

WWF-India 172-B, Lodi Estate, New Delhi 110 003 Tel: +91 11 4150 4814 www.wwfindia.org

Design by Chhavi Jain / WWF-India

Cover Image: © Ruchir Sharma / WWF-India © Irshad Ali, Mahavat / Dudhwa tiger reserve A male tigerstalksrhinoceros Rajshree andher onemonthold calf FOREWORD

Dr. Rupak De The population of the Greater One-Horned rhinoceros is under Ravi Singh Although rhino populations are shrinking worldwide, the severe threat in India. An animal that once roamed nearly all Indian or greater one-horned rhino populations in India Secretary General IFS across north and east India is now confined to a few forest have recovered as a result of on-ground conservation actions. & Chief Executive Principal Chief pockets in Assam and West Bengal, and as a reintroduced Rhinos are found in four Indian states with the largest Officer Conservator of population in Uttar Pradesh. A part of the Terai in Uttar Pradesh population in Assam, followed by West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh World Wide Fund Forests (Wildlife) is fortunate enough to have recovered a population once lost to and a small population in Bihar. The population in Dudhwa for Nature - India & Chief Wildlife hunting and deforestation. While the reintroduced population at Uttar Pradesh was re-established three decades back with Warden has seen a rise in number, it has been imperative to establish a rhinos being sourced from Assam and Nepal. The rhino Uttar Pradesh Forest newer, more advanced method to monitor these individuals to reintroduction program at Dudhwa is a testament to the fact Department ensure their safety. that it is possible to conserve wild populations with active management measures. Dudhwa Tiger Reserve is the oldest protected area and tiger reserve in Uttar Pradesh. It is home to several endangered Even though the population has increased over the last thirty and threatened flora and fauna such as the tiger, leopard, years, scientific and systematic monitoring of rhinos has been elephant, sloth bear and swamp deer. With the rhino population wanting. With the commitment to conserve threatened species once again thriving in Dudhwa, this is an ideal example of a in Dudhwa and the entire Terai Arc Landscape, the Uttar conservation success story. Pradesh state Forest Department together with WWF-India initiated scientific monitoring of rhinos at this Park. This The rhino ID program is an interesting, positive and welcome program, utilizing new techniques in India, has come to set a effort towards the effective conservation and monitoring of the new standard in the monitoring of rhinos. We sincerely hope rhinos in Dudhwa. This compilation is the first of its kind and that this does not remain a standalone initiative and that other provides comprehensive and consolidated information about monitoring programs learn from this and further improve on it individual rhinos including photographs and identification to bring a more personalized and importantly, an intensive and marks. This publication marks a significant achievement scientifically sound method to monitor rhino populations in for front line staff and managers for formulating effective other landscapes and countries. monitoring and conservation strategies. This report is the culmination of collaborative effort between World Wide Fund for I would like to thank all concerned for taking up this work, Nature - India (WWF-India) for training and establishing such especially the Chief Wildlife Warden – Uttar Pradesh, Field an innovative program and the management and field staff of Director, Deputy Director, ACFs, Range Officers, Foresters, Dudhwa Tiger Reserve for applying this in the rhino area. Forest Guards and the Mahouts of Dudhwa Tiger Reserve; WWF-AREAS Programme Coordinator; NTNC – Nepal and Let this be a precursor to all the other parks and states to adopt a the field team of WWF-India Terai Arc Landscape programme technologically advanced, yet easily implemented protocol. working in Dudhwa.

(Rupak De, Dr.) (Ravi Singh)

vi vii © Ruchir Sharma / WWF-INDIA

The ID based rhino monitoring program in Dudhwa has now This monitoring program would not have started so smoothly if it were not due to Acknowledgements become the standard method for monitoring in the Kakraha the hours of training carried out by Babu Ram Lamichhane of NTNC, Nepal, who rhino reintroduction area. For the successful implementation was very helpful throughout. A lot of the work would not have been possible without of this program, it took the will and hard work of several people the able advice of Pranav Chanchani, Research Associate, WWF-India; and Dabeer from both the Uttar Pradesh Forest Department and the World Hasan, Project Officer who helped in the coordination of the program. The WWF tiger Wide Fund for Nature - India (WWF-India). We are grateful monitoring team comprised of Ashish Bista, Rekha Warrier, Shwetha Nair, Macson to Dr. Rupak De, Principal Chief Conservator of forests -cum- D’Almeida and Rohit Ravi, and Wildlife Trust of India veterinarian Dr. Saurabh Chief Wildlife Warden for his support and keen interest in this Singhai, are all thanked for their contribution towards the project and for being the program; at WWF-India, we are grateful to Mr. Ravi Singh, best companions possible. And I would like to thank my field assistants Udan Lal and Secretary General & Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Sejal Worah, Devendra Kumar, who painstakingly carried out my field work; and Sher Singh, who Programme Director and Dr. Dipankar Ghose, Director-Species taught me almost everything I know about working and living in the wild. I am grateful & Landscapes, for pulling together the funding and supporting to Chhavi Jain and Anil Cherukupalli for the long hours spent designing and for the this program all through. publication of this report. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Dr. Satya Priya Sinha, who gave me access to all his work and without whose help the rhino family Many thanks to Mr. Shailesh Prasad, Field Director, Dudhwa trees would never have been complete. Tiger Reserve; Ganesh S. Bhat, Former Deputy Director, Dudhwa Tiger Reserve and Vinod Krishan Singh, Deputy Director, And finally, a great thanks and hand of applause is owed to the staff of the Kakraha Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, for their constant support in making rhino area : Ghanshyam Shukla, Deputy Range Officer, South Sonaripur, for pushing sure that the program faced no obstacles. A special thanks the staff to do their duties, thoroughly. I am proud to know the elephant-backed staff to Mr. Ganesh S. Bhat for all the hours spent discussing and who beat the odds and difficulties, even of illiteracy, to collect data of photographic and consolidating the ID based rhino monitoring, and to Mr. Vinod remote-sensed value; the mahavats - Chote Lal, Jagroop Prasad, Idrish Khan, Irshad Krishan Singh and Mrs. Abha Singh for providing a very homely Ali, Lallan Baksh, Manoj Kumar, Mohd. Umar, Rameshwar Yadav, Sushil Kumar and atmosphere. We also wish to thank Anand Kumar Srivastav, chara-cutters - Aijaj Ali, Mehtab, Pappu, Qiyamuddin, Rahees, Ram Avtaar, Ranjeet, Wildlife Warden- Belraien, C.K.P. Choudhary, Former Range Riyasuddin, Safeeq, Sanu, Suresh, Taj, have the biggest hand in the implementation of Officer, South Sonaripur, D.K. Lal Srivastava, Range Officer, the ID based rhino monitoring program. And I cannot forget to thank my large friends South Sonaripur, without whose interest and constant presence the pachyderms - Batalik, Gajraj, Madhu, Mohan, Pakhri, Pavankali, Pushpakali, in the field this program would not have been implemented Roopkali, Sundar, who did the maximum amount of walking and kept any charging effectively. Again a special thanks to Mr. C.K.P. Choudhary rhinos and tigers at bay. for the time spent in the rhino area working closely for the And last, but not the least, I would like to thank my family for their constant support betterment of the rhinos. and encouragement, without which I would not have got here.

Ruchir Sharma viii ix Dudhwa, Uttar Pradesh Introduction 1 Hemraj 67 Index ID based rhino monitoring program 4 Pavan 71 Rhino biology 7 Raghu 75 Vijayshree’s calf 79 Rhino IDs Subhadra 83 Banke 15 Unidentified Male 1 87 Swayamvara 19 Unidentified Male 2 91 Narayani 23 Unidentified Female 1 95 Suheli 27

Bheemsen 31 ANNEXURE Nakul 35 Details of rhinos relocated to Dudhwa 101 Rajshree 39 Family trees of Dudhwa’s rhinos 102 Rajeshwari 43 The Kakraha enclosure 106 Vijayshree 47 Manual for Garmin Etrex 10 107 Hemvati 51 Species monitoring form 111 Sahdev 55 List of mammals found in the rhino reintroduction area 113 Sada 59 List of vegetation found in the rhino reintroduction area 115 Shama 63 References 118

xi Rhino reintroduction Dudhwa area of Dudhwa National Park national park Base camp The park consists of Chhota Palia gate dense forests of Sal (Shorea robusta), Grasslands mixed moist cover 20% forests, riparian of the total communities, and area, and 413 tall wet grasslands interspersed birds with patches of in these

short grasses. 1 grasslands are 79 a number of fishes found Located in the swamps. Parvatiya Salukapur Lakhimpur-Kheri 47 gate

district of Uttar species mammals of

Pradesh, India, along the Indo-Nepal border. 35

number reptiles Between 28° 18’N and 28°42’N latitudes and 80°28’E and 80°57’E longitudes. endangered fauna found2 number of species found1 Rhinoceros Rucervus Panthera Elephas Panthera Melursus Caprolagus Gavialis Houbaropsis The park covers an area of unicornis duvaucelii tigris maximus pardus ursinus hispidus gangeticus bengalensis 680.335 km² 17 91 21 490.2979 km² forms the core zone and 77 190.0371 km² serves as the buffer zone 179 (Mathur and Midha 2008) trees shrubs climbers grass and aquatic one-horned swamp deer bengal tiger asian leopard sloth bear hispid gharial bengal grassland plants rhinoceros elephant hare florican plants

he Greater One- the alluvial plain grasslands refuge for the big rhino The Rhino Reintroduction optimal habitat, the area was THorned Rhinoceros of the northern Indian numbers in Kaziranga and program in Dudhwa Tiger contained in an electrified (Rhinoceros unicornis subcontinent over the last Chitwan, whole populations Reserve can be deemed as perimeter. Both the elderly Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the 300 years, there has been would have been pushed to one of the most successful females died shortly after most endangered species a great reduction in the the brink of extinction. initiatives of its kind in India. arrival, but the remaining of Indian mega fauna, and rhino range. Following their three settled well. In 1979, the Indian one of the five remaining extirpation from the Indian of a sub-adult and two To maintain genetic Board for Wildlife set up species of rhinoceros of an terai in the 19th century, elderly females, a young variability in the a committee to evaluate approximately thirty genera with the last rhino in the adult and one older male reintroduced population, the status of the rhino that once existed (Nowak Indian terai being shot in were captured in Pobitora it was decided to introduce in India and to make and Paradiso 1983). Their the Pilibhit Forest Division Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, some more individuals from recommendations for the distribution once ranged in in 1878 (Hewitt 1938), the and released into a 27 km² a different population. establishment of several the flood plains of the Indus, rhino populations were rhino reintroduction area In 1985, with the new populations (Schenkel Ganges and Brahmaputra confined almost entirely (RRA) in the Kakraha block collaboration of the Nepal 1983). Following extensive rivers, from the Hindu Kush to national parks and of south Sonaripur range in government, four female surveys in Dudhwa for in the west to the present sanctuaries in Assam and 1984. In order to prevent rhinos were relocated from habitat suitability by the Indo-Burmese border in West Bengal in India, and human-rhino conflict in Chitwan National Park, all Botanical Survey of India the east (Dinerstein 2003); in Nepal. In the event of an the nearby villages and of which were able to adapt (Hajra & Shukla 1982), but due primarily to the epidemic, with no alternate cultivation, and to assist to their new home (Sale and five rhinos comprising disappearance of most of their initial establishment in Singh 1987). As of now, only

2 1 2 Sinha and Sawarkar 1991 De 2001 ID Based three from the founding stock are still alive, but the population has seen a Rhino steady rise in number. Monitoring The rhino enclosure in Kakraha, South Program Sonaripur range of Dudhwa National Park has seen an increase in numbers since the first individuals were translocated into the park. This achievement has been possible due to the dedicated management efforts by the Uttar Pradesh Forest Department, over the past three decades. Due to the rise in the illegal trade of protected species, there is increasingly a need for a better monitoring program to ensure the safety of wild animals. The ID based rhino monitoring program is a step towards accomplishing that goal. Using identification methods developed by William Andrew Laurie (1978),

the Zoological Society of London / WW F-IN D I A © R uch i r S har m a (ZSL) created a program to monitor whole populations at an individual ndia is home to the largest monitoring in Bardia, Chitwan level, which has since seen successful Ipopulation of the Greater and Suklaphanta to closely application in Nepal. One-Horned Rhinoceros, which follow each individual and its As a first step towards establishing a is found in great numbers in offspring. A similar method formal rhino monitoring program, for and around Kaziranga, Assam. has come to be adopted the past two years WWF-India and While rhino reintroductions in India, starting with the the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve staff have have happened in more Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, and in jointly identified individual rhinos in than one place, the Dudhwa Manas Tiger Reserve. relocation is considered as one the Kakraha RRA using standardized In Dudhwa, the first step of the better models. However, methods that rely purely on to the commencement of with the increase in population photographic data and use individual this program was to create in the last thirty years in variations in external morphology an individual identification the now 21.1 km² enclosure, to distinguish rhinos. The current database. With the help there is a need to have a more survey has established that there are of the National Trust for systematized monitoring no less than twenty-three adult and Nature Conservation (NTNC) protocol, to ensure the healthy four juvenile rhinos in the 21.1 km² of Nepal, several training growth of the rhinos. The enclosure. workshops were conducted Nepalese terai has seen its rhino for staff in the identifying This report provides details of these population bounce back from of rhinos, using the alloted individuals by way of photographs, the brink of extinction, and equipment of binoculars, history and unique features that can be has adopted an individualized digital cameras and GPS a / WW F-IN D I A © R uch i r S har m a used for their identification.

3 4 handsets. The elephant- 1994). But due to the record backed staff of the Kakraha not being maintained RRA photographed the systematically, there is rhinos found inside the little proof to identify some enclosure over a period of the individuals. As far of two months. This was as was possible, looking compiled into the first through records and the database of the individual field staff’s knowledge of rhinos, identifying each the rhinos, each was given rhino by at least two-three his original name. The ones unique features. Due to the that could not be connected fact that the primary form to any previous records or of identification, the horn, name have been given a changes over a period of code name. In the recent time, the IDs are updated years, the naming culture on a timely basis. To ease has regressed, and so the the record keeping and last few individuals to be identifying of the rhinos, indentified do not have a each rhino was given an ID name. They have been given number and a name. a name based on their family history records maintained The rhinos are now by the park management. monitored on a daily basis with the aid of these IDs. This has been the first step The data accumulated towards implementing a over a period of a month is scientifically rigorous rhino compiled into a report with monitoring program. With the remote sensed data of continued efforts, the ID the sighting information based monitoring will enable of each individual and the systematic monitoring of patrol effort of the staff. the rhino population over These reports are provided time and yield important to the management for the information on demographic betterment of monitoring parameters such as and conservation of these fecundity, birth and survival mega-herbivores. rates. Moreover, data on individual rhinos will also Some of the individuals enable us to understand were named at the time home ranges, activity of their relocation in 1984 patterns, foraging habits and 1985, and many were and behaviour of Dudhwa’s named soon after they were born (Sinha & Savarkar rhino population.

© Ruchir Sharma / WWF-INDIA 5 6 the horn rhino The horn does not serve as a weapon, and is used for dominance displays only. It is biology not made up of bone but of a compact mass of keratin fibres, which instead of being he Greater One- height & length fixed to the skull, rest on a cartilaginous THorned rhinoceros, cushion. The horn is subject to wear and (Rhinoceros unicornis) Height: 6 ft. tear throughout the life of a rhino and is also known as the In- Length: 10-13 ft. capable of growing throughout dian rhino is one of the their lifetime. largest land mammals Weight The Indian rhino is highly endangered due after the African and 1500-2000 kg. to the increasing demand of rhino horn, Asian elephants and from which a large variety of medication is the white rhino. As the made which are used as name suggests (Rhinoc- an aphrodisiac and eros from the Greek, rhino meaning “nose” for curing cancer. / ww f - in d i a © ruch i r shar m a and ceros meaning Rhinoceros Pavitri with her 2-3 day old calf “horn” and unicornis from the Latin, uni BEHAVIOUR meaning “one” and cornis meaning Indian rhinos are primarily nocturnal, injuries. One such incident in Dudhwa “horn”), the greater but also active during early mornings and saw an adult female receiving injuries that one-horned rhino have late afternoons. The remainder of the time required medical intervention, while her four a single horn which can is mostly spent resting in the shade or month old calf was killed by the adult male. attain a length of 8 to 24 wallowing. Rhinos spend a large amount When startled, rhinos normally run away inches (20 to 61 cm). of time wallowing in waterholes, especially from the direction of the disturbance while Rhinos belong to the during the summer, to regulate their body making a snorting or grunting noise. On order Perissodactyla temperature. This species is the most These are some instances, particularly with females (from Greek : perissós amphibious of all the species of rhinos. false beliefs, with young calves, mock charges are not meaning “uneven” and During the monsoons however, rhinos are as the horn mass is uncommon; however, charges are often dáktylos meaning “fin- often prone to feeding at mid-day. ger/toe”. Perissodactyls, made of keratin which carried through. (Laurie 1978) is what human hair and Rhinos do not live in groups, but adult also called odd-toed In Dudhwa, there have been cases of rhinos nails are composed of. females can be seen with other mothers and ungulates, include hors- charging at both domestic elephants and However, due to the lack of calves and also with sub-adult rhinos. Adult es and tapirs apart from humans, and some cases of mortality of both awareness, the rhino horn trade male rhinos however are solitary, and loosely rhinoceros. The rhino The color of the greater elephants and humans have been recorded. has three toes, with continues to increase each year. territorial. Only the ‘strong’ males mate with one-horned rhinoceros’ Even though they appear to be large, short- large nails which enable the females, but their territories overlap with hide is grey-brown, It is widely believed that the Indian legged and slow, rhinos are capable of it to grip the marshy soil those of ‘weak’ males and even with those of becoming pinkish in the rhinos have very poor eyesight. sprinting at fast speeds of 40 km/h! it lives in. other ‘strong’ males. skin-folds; the horn is They rely primarily on their sense of black. The neck folds in smell and hearing - rhinos are capable Agonistic interactions take place between males are visibly more of picking up smells that are two to adult male rhinos and other rhinos. Usually Diet developed than those three hundred metres from them and these end with the flight of one of the rhinos in females. Body hair is are able to catch sound waves from all after a display of their lower incisors and Rhinos are mega-herbivores, with a dietary uncommon, but eyelashes, directions using their cup-like ears, charges with the head down. There are preference of grasses, shrubs and aquatic ear-fringes, and tail brush which they swivel to focus on any instances of fights and even chases in which plants. The Indian rhino consumes about 40 Greater one-horned kilograms of vegetation each day. rhinoceros’ footprint are always present. nearby noise. other adult males and adult females sustain

7 8 ahavat / dudhwa t i ger reserve / dudhwa ku m ar, ahavat © sush i l t i ger reserve / dudhwa ku m ar, ahavat © sush i l

Male rhino urinating Female rhino urinating

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM their external genitalia. Male rhinoceroses’ mother often leaves the calf alone for as long penis is clearly visible from the side or from as 90 minutes while she feeds up to 800 While most male ungulates differ in size and the back when they take large strides or are metres away. appearance from females, the greater one horned sprinting. The female genitalia however is Calves are separated from their mothers rhinoceros shows few traits in dimorphism. However, visible only from the back and upon close at least a week before the birth of the next rhinos vary greatly in size in relation to their age; a examination. The other reliable method calf; the mother is known to drive her calf new born calf for example is dwarfed by its mother, for sex determination is to observe a rhino away sometimes, violently. Male calves leave but grows at a rapid rate, almost increasing its weight urinating. A female’s vulva is slightly under their mothers at a mean age of 39 months in by ten times within a year. Once separated from their the tail, below the anus; whereas a male’s comparison to the female calves, who leave mothers, calves are known as sub-adults; sub-adults penis is between the hind legs. So when at 34 months. (Laurie 1978) show development of the horn and neck folds. Sub- female rhinos urinate they lift their tail and adult rhinos are often seen close to their mothers or spray their urine from a little below their other female rhinos, possibly to keep a safe distance anus, as opposed to the males who spray life span from solitary males. After about 6-7 years of age, sub- it from between their legs. (Laurie 1978; adults are classified as adults. (Dinerstein 2003) Dinerstein 1991, 2003) In the wild, rhinos can live up to 30-35 years, male rhino The horn can be of the same length in both males and and in captivity up to 40-45 years. females, although sometimes the females can have Tigers (panthera tigris) prey on calves upto longer horns. But the circumference of the base of the REPRODUCTION the age of six months; there were cases of horn is usually greater in males, and the horn is more Males attain sexual maturity at the age of 7, unsuccessful attempts by tigers on one year often grooved, worn down or broken off in males. whereas the females do at 5. The gestation old calves. Interestingly, there were two Males use their lower incisors to fight other males, period lasts approximately 15-16 months; cases of a tiger attacking adult female rhinos, hence the lower incisors are longer in males than and mothers give birth to one calf every 2-3 succeeding in one case, while in one case the in the females. Older adult male rhinos have years. Mating takes place throughout rhino was rescued before she succumbed significantly larger neck circumferences than females the year. to her injuries and was released upon her just behind the head and around the shoulders. This recovery. Birth in rhinos is rapid, following within serves in dominance displays as well as protection thirty minutes after the first signs of labour. Aside of these of cases, the only predator in fights since in all head-on fights the incisors of a Female rhinos may either stand or lie during to rhinos are humans. Rhinos have been rhino are likely to penetrate the neck. parturition. The calf is able to stand within hunted over the last centuries for sport and Although these physical characteristics can be used about thirty minutes, and tries to suckle. for its horn. to determine the sex of rhinos, the easiest and most Calves suckle frequently till they are about female rhino reliable method to do so in the wild is by observing a year old. Up to the age of six months, the

9 10 © Ruchir Sharma / WWF-INDIA species of rhinos in the world

relative sizes of the species of rhinos found in the world The Greater One-Horned rhinoceros is found only in India and Nepal. Their home-range once stretched 7 from the Hindu-Kush mountains in Pakistan to Burma, in the far east. However due to their hunting 6 and habitat degradation, in India species native to asia species native to africa they are found only in Kaziranga, 5 Pobitora, Orang, Gorumara and Manas in the North-east, in Greater One-Horned rhinoceros White rhinoceros 4 Rhinoceros unicornis Jaldapara, Bengal, and in Dudhwa, Ceratotherium simum Uttar Pradesh. In Nepal, their Population3: 20,405 populations are limited to Chitwan 3 National Park, Bardia National Park Sumatran rhinoceros and Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve. Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 2 Black rhinoceros Population: 100 The Sumatran rhino is found Diceros bicornis in Sabah, Malaysia and three 1 Population3: 5,055 Indonesian National Parks : Gunung Javan rhinoceros Leuser, Way Kambas, and Bukit Rhinoceros sondaicus Barisan Selatan and are fewer than Population: 35-44 a 100 left. Length in ft. The Javan rhino is found only in Approximate rhino Indonesia’s Ujung Kulon National 2500 population in India Park and number in a meagre 35-44 (IUCN AsRSG 2013). In Nepal, the estimate is at 534 (Subedi et al. 2013) One-Horned rhino Sumatran rhino Javan rhino White rhino Black rhino

12 3 IUCN AfRSG 2013 Rhino body parts

7 9 2 8 4 14 19

10 5 18 7 20 6 16

9 19 14 15 8

13 12 11 rhinos (1) Horn (2) Tail (3) Ear (4) Anal plate (5) Front cross fold (6) Rear cross fold (7) Neck fold of dudhwa (8) Shoulder plate (9) Upper thigh plate (10) Prong (Spine) (11) Ribs (12) Front Legs (13) Hind Legs (14) Lower neck fold (15) Lower thigh plate (16) Back plate (17) Upper back corner fold (18) Shoulder cross fold (19) Lower back corner fold (20) Upper neck national park 13 14 banke History 31/03/1984 ID no. 01 Brought from Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam. Sex His age at the time Male of relocation was Features approximately seven Horn - Long, sharp years. (sword-like), broad uneven base. Crevice in the middle.

Ear - Right - Torn and bent forward.

15 16 sighting sheet • Banke, id no. 01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan feb

Mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

notes

17 18 Sex swayamvara Female Calves timeline : 12/10/1989 Features Birth of calf. Found dead ID no. 03 Horn - Pointed, Thin Rear Cross Fold - Right- on 07/01/1990 at tip, two bands on the Fold just below upper back base. corner fold. 10/08/1991 Birth of male calf, History Bheemsen (ID no. 09) 29/03/1985 07/10/1994 Brought from Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Her age at the Birth of female calf, time of relocation was approximately five years. Rajeshwari (ID no. 12)

06/08/1998 Birth of male calf. Found dead on 28/08/2002

29/07/2004 Birth of calf

Current status Has one calf, born in 2014

19 20 sighting sheet • Swayamvara, id no. 03

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notes

21 22 NARAYANI History 29/03/1985 ID no. 04 Brought from Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Her age at the time Sex of relocation was Female approximately five years. Features Horn - Slightly Calves timeline: crooked. Pointed (when seen from the front), 1987 Chipped tip (when seen Calf aborted from the side) Face - Melanin 01/06/1989 deficiency spot between Birth of female calf, the nostrils Suheli (ID no. 07)

Rear Cross Fold 31/07/1992 - Left - Fold close to Birth of male calf, Nakul upper back corner fold (ID no. 10)

21/11/1999 Birth of calf. Found dead on 10/01/2001

31/08/2004 Birth of calf outside the RRA fence

~2011 Birth of male calf, Vijay (ID not prepared)

23 24 sighting sheet • Narayani, id no. 04

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notes

25 26 suheli History Born of Narayani ID no. 07 (ID no. 04) on 01/06/1989

Sex Female Calves timeline:

Features 11/01/1994 Horn - Broad at base, Birth of calf. Found dead thin and pointed at tip on 17/01/1994

Upper back corner 17/09/1997 fold - Left - Fold above Birth of female calf anal plate 01/11/2002 Birth of female calf, Sada (ID no. 18)

27/06/2005 Birth of a calf

~2009 Birth of calf

Current status Has one calf, born on 11/03/2013

27 28 sighting sheet • Suheli, id no. 07

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notes

29 30 bheemsen History Born of Swayamvara ID no. 09 (ID no. 03) on 10/08/1991

Sex Male

Features Horn - Long, broad at base, pointed tip, groove in the front

Ear - Left - Upper half of the ear lobe is absent

31 32 sighting sheet • Bheemsen, id no. 09

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan feb

Mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

notes

33 34 nakul History Born of Narayani ID no. 10 (ID no. 04) on 31/07/1992

Sex Male

Features Horn - Long, groove in the middle

Rear Cross Fold- Right - Large fold visible by the ribs

Abdomen - Right - Injury wound under large fold

35 36 sighting sheet • Nakul, id no. 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan feb

Mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

notes

37 38 Sex rajshree Female Calves timeline : 12/06/1999 Features Birth of calf. Killed by a ID no. 11 Horn - Long, narrow from the base to the tip tiger on 25/02/2000

History 14/09/2007 Born of Hemrani on 05/08/1992. Birth of male calf, Raghu (ID no. 27)

~2011 Birth of male calf, Arjun. Killed by an adult male rhino on 23/02/2015

Current status Has one calf, born on 14/05/2014

39 40 sighting sheet • Rajshree, id no. 11

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notes

41 42 rajeshwari History Born of Swayamvara ID no. 12 (ID no. 04) on 07/10/1994

Sex Female Calves timeline:

Features 07/09/2002 Horn - Very long, Birth of calf. Injured by smooth texture a tiger and found dead on 24/12/2002

09/03/2005 Birth of female calf

16/09/2007 Birth of calf

~2011 Birth of a calf (ID not prepared)

Current status Has one calf, born on --/07/2014

43 44 sighting sheet • Rajeshwari, id no. 12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan feb

Mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

notes

45 46 vijayshree History Born of Hemrani ID no. 15 on 19/10/1997

Sex Calves timeline: Female 21/05/2006 Features Birth of a male calf Horn - Small, pointed, equilateral triangular ~ 2008 shape Birth of calf (ID no. 29) Upper back corner 12/10/2012 fold - Left - Fold close Birth of calf. Killed by to upper back corner an adult male rhino on fold 19/02/2013

47 48 sighting sheet • Vijayshree, id no. 15

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan feb

Mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

notes

49 50 Sex hemvati Female Calves timeline: Current status Features Has one calf, born on ID no. 16 Horn - Small, pointed 21/09/2014

History Born of Rajrani on 01/11/2001

51 52 sighting sheet • Hemvati, id no. 16

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan feb

Mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

notes

53 54 sahdev History Born of Hemrani ID no. 17 on 06/08/2002

Sex Male

Features Horn - Long, big crevice in front, stretching from base to tip, curved when seen from the side

55 56 sighting sheet • Sahdev, id no. 17

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan feb

Mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

notes

57 58 sada History Born of Suheli ID no. 18 (ID no. 07) on 01/11/2002.

Sex Female Calves timeline:

Features ~2009 Horn - Broad at base, Birth of female calf, narrow at tip Subhadra (ID no. 30)

Rear cross fold - 19/09/12 Right - Large curved Birth of female calf. fold next to leg Found dead on 28/11/2013

59 60 sighting sheet • Sada, id no. 18

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan feb

Mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

notes

61 62 Shama History Born of Suheli ID no. 22 (ID no. 07) on 27/06/2005

Sex Female

Features Horn - Small, rounded with a tip

Upper back corner fold - Left - Whole fold is unevenly shaped

Rear cross fold - Right - Prominent U-shaped fold a little below the Upper back corner fold

63 64 sighting sheet • Shama id no. 22

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan feb

Mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

notes

65 66 Sex hemraj Male History Born of Hemrani on Features 13/09/2007 ID no. 25 Horn - Medium sized, tip pointed towards back

67 68 sighting sheet • Hemraj, id no. 25

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan feb

Mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

notes

69 70

PAvan History Born of Pavitri on ID no. 26 14/09/2007

Sex Male

Features Horn - Medium Sized

Ear - Right - Nick on the upper portion of the lobe

Rear cross fold - Left - Large fold close to the upper back corner fold

71 72 sighting sheet • Pavan, id no. 26

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan feb

Mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

notes

73 74 raghu History Born of Rajshree ID no. 27 (ID no. 11) on 14/09/2007

Sex Male

Features Horn - Broad, uneven base. Small groove in the middle. Flat tip when viewed from the side.

Rear cross fold- Right - ‘X’ shaped mark

75 76 sighting sheet • Raghu, id no. 27

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan feb

Mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

notes

77 78 vijayshree’s History Born of Vijayshree calf (ID no. 15) in ~2008 ID no. 28

Sex Unknown

Features Horn - Small

79 80 sighting sheet • Vijayshree’s calf, id no. 28

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan feb

Mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

notes

81 82 Subhadra History Born of Sada (ID no. 18) ID no. 30 in ~2009.

Sex Female

Features Horn - small

83 84 sighting sheet • Subhadra, id no. 30

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan feb

Mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

notes

85 86 Unidentified History male 1 N/A ID no. U.M.1

Sex Male

Features Horn - Long, pointed. Groove towards the base.

Ear - Left - Lobe torn into half.

Rear cross fold - Right - Bruise mark on skin, a little way down from the Upper back corner fold

Upper & lower thigh plates- Left - Large bruise marks running diagonally across

87 88 sighting sheet • Unidentified Male 1, id no. U.M.1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan feb

Mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

notes

89 90 Unidentified History male 2 N/A ID no. U.M.2

Sex Male

Features Horn - Long, grooves all along the side and prominent groove in the centre

91 92 sighting sheet • Unidentified Male 2, id no. U.M.2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan feb

Mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

notes

93 94 Unidentified History female 1 N/A ID no. U.F.1

Sex Female

Features Horn - Long, broad with pointed tip

Rear Cross Fold - Left - Big tear in skin, a little way down from the Upper back corner fold

95 96 sighting sheet • Unidentified Female 1, id no. U.F.1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan feb

Mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

notes

Photo credits for rhinos of Dudhwa National Park:

annexure

99 100 details of rhinos relocated to dudhwa family trees tiger reserve Of Dudhwa’s rhinos S.no. Name Sex Relocation Age (at Current Details date relocation) status 1 Banke M 31/03/1984 7 yrs Alive Was brought from Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam 2 Raju M 31/03/1984 25 yrs Dead Was brought from Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam. He was severely injured by Banke on 11/12/1988 and died. 3 Saheli F 31/03/1984 30 yrs Dead Was brought from Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam. She died on 12/04/1984 due to a stressful abortion. 4 Asha F 31/03/1984 17 yrs Dead Was brought from Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam. She died on 31/07/1984 due to an injury sustained during capture. Key: Dead rhino Live rhino 5 Pavitri F 31/03/1984 4 yrs Dead Was brought from Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam. She died on 27/01/2013 due to a cardiac arrest brought on by a tiger attack. 6 Swayamvara F 29/03/1985 5 yrs Alive Was brought from Chitwan National Park, Nepal pavitri’s family 7 Narayani F 29/03/1985 5 yrs Alive Was brought from Chitwan National Park, Nepal Calf (U) Calf (U) born Male calf Male calf Female calf 8 Hemrani F 04/01/1985 4 yrs Dead Was brought from Chitwan born on on 21/09/1995, Kartikeya born Pavan born on born on National Park, Nepal. She 04/08/1991, was found dead on 02/10/1997, 14/09/2007 06/11/2012, died on 18/10/2014 due to was injured on 21/01/1996 was found dead was old age. by a tiger on 16/02/2014 found 9 Rapti F 04/01/1985 6 yrs Dead Was brought from Chitwan and found dead on National Park, Nepal. She dead on 09/01/2013 died on 25/09/1991 11/01/2000 10 Lohit M 28/04/1992 8 yrs Returned Was brought from Kanpur Zoo and was returned after Banke attacked him. He is presently in Lucknow Zoo.

101 102 swayamvara’s family narayani’s family

Calf (U) Male calf Calf (U) Calf (U) Calf (U) Male calf Calf Male calf Calf (U) born on Male calf born on born on born on born in born on Bheemsen (U) was Nakul 21/11/1999, was Vijay born 12/10/1989, 06/08/1998, 29/07/2004 2014 31/08/2004 born on aborted in born on found dead on in ~2011 was found was found outside the 10/08/1991 1987 31/07/1992 10/01/2001 dead on dead on RRA fence 07/01/1990 28/08/2002

Female calf Female calf Suheli born on Rajeshwari 01/06/1989 born on 07/10/1994 suheli’s rajeshwari’s family family Female calf Female calf Calf (U) born Calf (U) born on Calf (U) Calf (U) Calf (U) born on Calf (U) born on Shama born on in ~2009 11/03/2013 born in born on 07/09/2002, was born on 17/09/1997 27/06/2005 injured by a tiger 16/09/2007 ~2011 --/07/2014 and found dead on 24/12/2002 Calf (U) born on Female calf Female calf born 11/01/1994, Sada born on on 09/03/2005 was found 01/11/2002 dead on 17/01/1994

sada’s family

Female calf Female calf born on Subhadra born 19/09/2012, was found in ~2009 dead on 28/11/2013 due to unknown causes

103 104 hemrani’s family the kakraha Male calf born enclosure on 23/11/2013, was found dead on 09/01/2014

Male calf Hemraj born on 13/09/2007 Female calf Vijayshree Male calf born on Sahdev born on 19/10/1997 06/08/2002

vijayshree’s family

Female calf Male calf born Calf (U) born Calf (U) born on Rajshree on 21/05/2006 in ~ 2008 12/10/2012, was born on killed by a male rhino 05/08/1992 on 19/02/2013 Female calf Rajrani born on rajshree’s family 02/02/1989, was found Calf (U) born on Male calf Male calf Arjun born Calf (U) dead on 12/06/1999, was Raghu born on in 2011, was killed born on 02/12/2011 killed by a tiger 14/09/2007 by a male rhino on 14/05/2014 on 25/02/2000 23/02/2015 rajrani’s family

Calf (U) was Calf (U) born Female calf Male calf aborted in 1995 on 02/01/1999, Hemvati born born on was found dead on 01/11/2001 07/10/2006 on 28/10/1999

hemvati’s family

Calf (U) born on 21/09/2014 Fence length - 18.2 km. Enclosure area - 21.1 Sq. km.

105 106 manual for garmin etrex 10 (also applies to etrex 20 & etrex 30) device overview 1. Zoom Keys - the optimum accuracy, this number should Saving a particular track be as small as possible: 3 m. is the highest Zoom in and out in map Press the menu button twice to enter the accuracy the device can provide and is the 2. Back key - main menu. Select Track Manager and then ideal, but no reading should be taken until To go back select Current Track (this is the current the accuracy is below 10 metres. To see logged track). Four options will appear 3. Joystick - the date/Time or battery life of the GPS, on the screen - Select the last one, Clear Navigate in any direction, and press the light button once. To increase or Current Track to delete the tracked data, select an option decrease screen brightness, press the light and click on Yes. To save the previously button multiple times. 4. Menu key - tracked data, click on the first option Save for options Track, and then edit the name, and scroll to Saving a waypoint the Done button at the bottom of the screen 5. Power/Light key - Press the joystick button inwards, and keep and select it. After saving/exporting the file, To switch on device and it held until the waypoint name and location the GPS will offer to delete the current track increase screen brightness shows. To edit any details, select an item to optimize space, click on Yes. The screen when on to edit by scrolling to it using the joystick, will return to that of the Track Manager and 6. Mini USB port (under manoeuvring upwards, downwards and the saved track will appear under the applied weather cap) sideways. name. 7. Battery Cover To edit the name, select the waypoint name and press the joystick inwards. A keyboard Calculating an Area 8. Battery cover locking ring will emerge and using the joystick, enter the Press the menu key twice to enter the main installing batteries name of choice and then select Done. The menu. Select Area Calculation, and then name will appear along with the location. To select Start. Walk the perimeter of the The device operates on two AA size batteries. First, turn the save the location, scroll down to Done and area to be measured, and upon completion battery cover locking ring counter-clockwise and pull up to press the joystick. Once the location is saved, select Calculate. The calculated area will remove the cover. Insert the batteries observing the polarity - the device will return to its original screen. be displayed. To view the area in different each battery has a ‘+’ and a ‘-’ sign, and the batteries must be units, select Change Units and select the placed as indicated in the GPS. Place the battery cover, lower Navigating to a location unit the area has to be calculated in. To save end first, and turn the D-ring clockwise. Press the menu key twice to enter the main the tracked area, select Save Track, enter a menu. Select Where To?, select Waypoint name and select Done. Turning on and acquiring satellite signals and choose which point you wish to navigate Hold the power key . After the device is on, it begins to. Click on Go and the map page will acquiring signals. It requires an open sky ideally to acquire open, with a line navigating to the point. signals quickly. The device must not be in motion when Alternatively, a desired location can be acquiring signals, so stay in one place till a reading appears, accessed through the waypoint manager. in the upper left corner. To the right of the reading is a Select Waypoint Manager, and then using number, in metres. This is the accuracy. In order to obtain the joystick, scroll to the location name.

107 108 System 2. Record Method Position Format advanced settings- set to Auto 1. GPS (Do not change the position format or in setup always set to Normal 3. Recording Interval the map datum unless specified to. These set to Normal settings are not to be played with.) 2. WAAS/EGNOS always set to Off 1. Position Format Reset set to hddd.ddddd° for degree decimal 3. Language 1. Reset Trip Data or hddd°mm’ss.s” for degrees minutes English to reset all trip data (i.e. Max Speed, seconds 4. Battery type Odometer, etc.), click Yes 2. Map Datum Alkaline, unless using rechargeable, in 2. Delete All Waypoints never change from WGS 84 which case select Lithium to delete all waypoints on GPS, click Yes 3. Map Spheroid 5. USB Mode 3. Clear Current Track never change from WGS 84 always set to Mass Storage to clear the current track log, click Yes Display 4. Reset All Settings Heading to reset GPS to factory state, click Yes 1. Display 1. Backlight Timeout always set to Directional Letters always set to 15 Seconds Page Sequence 2. North Reference 2. Adjust Contrast Select Add Page to add a new page. To move always set to True Keep the toggle in the centre or delete a page, select the page and select 3. Go To Line either Move or Remove. Keep this order - always set to Bearing Map Satellite, Map, Compass, Trip Computer, 1. Orientation Main Menu. select North Up for north always at the Customizing the Main Menu top of the page, Track Up to show current Units direction of travel at the top of the page (not in Setup) 1. Distance and Speed 2. Data Fields always select Metric Press the menu key twice to enter the main 0 menu. In the menu, press the menu button 2. Elevation (Vertical Speed) once and select Change Item Order. Select 3. Advanced Map Setup always select Meters (m/sec) Add Page to add a new page. To move or Auto Zoom - On, User Waypoint Zoom delete a page, select the page and select Level - Auto, User Waypoint Text Size - Time either Move or Remove. Keep this order - Small 1. Time Format Waypoint Manager, Track Manager, Where 4. Marine Colors - Off select 12-Hour to show time in AM/PM, To?, Area Calculation, Setup. 24-Hour to show in hours Tracks 2. Time Zone 1. Track log always select Automatic always set to Record, Show on Map

109 110 Daily Species Monitoring Form

Date : ______Start Time : ______End time : ______Patrol team : ______Armed/Unarmed (Tick one)

Direct Sighting G.P.S. location Location name Species Indirect Sighting Notes Photo. # (Dd.mmmmm°) Adult Young Male Female Unknown Male Female Unknown

111 112 List of mammals found in the rhino reintroduction area

Greater one horned rhinoceros Gainda Tiger Bagh Hog deer Pada Fishing cat Bagh Dasha Rhinoceros unicornis Panthera tigris tigris Axis porcinus Prionailurus viverrinus

Leopard Tendua Sloth bear Bhaaloo Golden jackal Siyaar Smooth Indian Otter Oodbilau Panthera pardus Melursus ursinus ursinus Canis aureus Lutra perspicillata

Swamp deer Barasingha Spotted deer Chital Rhesus Macaque Bandar Grey langur Langur Rucervus duvaucelii duvaucelii Axis axis Macaca mullata Semnopithecus entellus

113 114 List of vegetation found in the rhino reintroduction area grasses

tall short

Apluda mutica Gurla Chrysopogen aciculatus Gandar, Khus, Panni seenk Chrysopogon Doob zizanioides (syn. Vetiveria Cynodon dactylon zizanioides) Indian porcupine Sayai Hispid hare Jhabra Khargosh Cyperus spp. Hystrix indica Caprolagus hispidus Dabh (i.e. C. michelianus, C. kyllingia, Desmostachya bipinnata C. haspan) Hemarthria compressa Munj Saccharum bengalensis (Syn. Meyari, Charni, panhar Erianthus Munja) Imperata cylindrica (syn. I. arundinacea) Narenga, Tamar, Kanwar Narenga porphyrocoma (syn. marsh Saccharum narenga) Kilak nari Kans Arundo donax Saccharum spontaneum Honey badger Bijju Indian gray mongoose Nevla Carex spp. Mellivora capensis Herpestes edwardsii Retwa Sclerostachya fusca Hemarthria compressa Meyari, Charni, Panhar Imperata cylindrica (syn. I. arundinacea) Paspalidium flavidum Narkul, Nar, Tatar Phragmites karka

Photo credits: Retwa Greater one horned rhinoceros, Swamp deer, Spotted deer, Hog deer: © Ruchir Sharma/WWF-India Sclerostycha fusca Tiger, Leopard, Sloth bear, Fishing cat, Golden jackal, Smooth Indian otter, Rhesus macaque, Grey langur, Indian porcupine, Honey badger, Indian gray mongoose: © WWF-India/Dudhwa Tiger Reserve Ulla, Sarkhera Hispid hare: © WWF-India/Manas Tiger Reserve Themeda arundinacea

115 116 aquatic plants shrubs De, R. 2001. Management Plan for Dudhwa Tiger Reserve. Uttar references Pradesh Forest Department.

(Anchored hydrophytes with Ageratum conyzoides Dinerstein, E. 1991. Sexual Dimorphism in the Greater One-Horned floating leaves) Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). Journal of Mammology 72 (3): Artemisia nilagirica 450-457. Nymphacea spp. (N. Nouchali, syn. N. stellata) Chromolaena odorata (syn. Dinerstein, E. 2003. The Return of the Unicorns : The Natural History Eupatorium odoratum) and conservation of the Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros. Columbia Nelumbo nucifera University Press. Bhindu, Puchera, Daya Colebrookea oppositifolia Hajra, P.K. and Shukla, V. 1982. Dudhwa National Park: Some (Free floating hydrophytes) Botanical Aspects of the Proposed New Habitat for Rhino. Botanical Erigeron spp. Survey of India, Howrah. Hygroryza aristata Litsaea spp. Hewitt, Sir J. 1938. Jungle trails in Northern India. London. Trapa natans Gandhela, Kath Neem, IUCN African Rhino Specialist Group. 2013. Curry Patta IUCN Asian Rhino Specialist Group. 2013. (Suspended submerged Murraya koenigii hydrophytes) Laurie, W.A. 1978. The Ecology and Behaviour of the Greater One- Polygonum plebeium homed Rhinoceros. PhD. Thesis. University of Cambridge, UK. Hydrilla verticillata Premna spp. Mathur, P.K. and Midha, N. 2008. Mapping of National Parks Stuckenia pectinata (syn. and Wildlife Sanctuaries, Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, WII-NNRMS- Solanum spp. Potamogeton pectinatus) MoEF Project, Final Technical Report, Wildlife Institute of India, Vallisneria spiralis Rangoi Dehradun, India. 216 pp. Teliacora acuminata Nowak, R.M. and Paradiso, J.L. 1983. Walker’s Mammals of the Gutel World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. fringes & riparian Trewia nudiflora Sale, J.B. 1981. Final Recommendations of the Rhino Sub- Committee habitat Ber, Jharberi of the Wild Life Status Evaluation Committee of the IBWL, on the Ziziphus mauritiana Translocation of Great Indian rhinoceros. Government of India, New Delhi. Semal Bombax ceiba (syn. Bombax Sale, J.B. and Singh, S. 1987. Reintroduction of Greater Indian malabaricum = Salmalia Rhinoceros into Dudhwa National Park. Oryx 21 (2) : 81-84. malabarica) woodland Sinha, S.P. and Sawarkar, V.B. 1993. Management of the Reintroduced Dhak Great One Horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) in Dudhwa Sal, Sakhu National Park, Uttar Pradesh, India. Rhinoceros biology and Butea monosperma (syn. Butea Shorea robusta frondosa) conservation: Proceedings of an international conference, San Diego, U.S.A. Zoological Society of San Diego. pp 218-227. Shisham, Sissoo Dalbergia sissoo Schenkel, R. 1983. Report on the Suitability of Dudhwa National Park, UP, as Potential Site for Re-introduction of the Indian Rhinoceros. Khair IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland. Senegalia catechu (syn. Acacia Subedi, N., Jnawali, S.R., Dhakal, M., Pradhan, N.M.B., Lamichhane, catechu) B.R., Malla, S., Amin, R., and Jhala, Y.V. 2013. Population status, Jamun structure, and distribution of the greater one-horned rhinoceros Syzygium cumini (syn. Eugenia rhinoceros unicornis in Nepal. Oryx 47 (3) : 352-360. jambolana)

117 118 © sushil kumar, mahavat / dudhwa tiger reserve Staff patrolling on amotorable road duringthemonsoon www.wwfindia.org