Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Workshop Report No.

Second WESTPAC Training Workshop on Research and Monitoring of the Ecological Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reef Ecosystems

Phuket, Thailand 26-28 August 2015

(unedited)

UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Workshop Report No.

Second WESTPAC Training Workshop on Research and Monitoring of the Ecological Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reef Ecosystems

Phuket, Thailand 26-28 August 2015

(unedited)

UNESCO 2016

IOC Workshop Report No. Bangkok, Month 2016 English only

Disclaimer

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariats of UNESCO and IOC concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of the frontiers of any country or territory.

For bibliographic purposes this document should be cited as follows:

Second WESTPAC Training Workshop on Research and Monitoring of the Ecological Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reef Ecosystems. Phuket, Thailand, 26-28 August 2015. Paris, UNESCO, pp, 2016. (IOC Workshop Report, ) (English)

 UNESCO 2016

(IOC/2016/WR/)

IOC Workshop Report No. page (i)

Table of Contents

page

Executive Summary ...... (iii)

1. OPENING AND SELF-INTRODUCTION ...... 1

2. BRIEF ON THE MAIN RESULTS OF THE FIRST OA WORKSHOP ...... 1

3. CONDUCT OF THE WORKSHOP ...... 2

4. LECTURE SESSION ...... 2

4.1 Introduction to CO2 chemistry in seawater ...... 2

4.2 Measuring carbon dioxide parameters for ocean acidification observing systems: how good is good enough? ...... 3

4.3 Introduction on how to use CO2 sys calc: a user-friendly seawater carbon calculator for windows, mac os x, and ios (iphone) ...... 3

4.4 Introduction to long-term monitoring of ecological impacts of ocean acidification on coral reefs ...... 3

4.5 Bioerosion monitoring approach ...... 4

4.6 Accretion and monitoring calcification protocols ...... 5

4.7 Monitoring biodiversity using Autonomous Reef Monitoring structures (arms) ...... 5

4.8 Globally coordinated Ocean Acidification Observation and IOC-UNESCO’s role in GOA-ON ...... 6

5. PRESENTATIONS OF EXISTING OA MONITORING BY PARTICIPANTS ...... 6

5.1 Bangladesh ...... 6

5.2 China ...... 7

5.3 Indonesia ...... 7

5.4 Malaysia ...... 8

5.5 Philippines ...... 10

5.6 Thailand ...... 11

5.7 Vietnam ...... 11

6. REGIONAL SOPS, WORK PLANS AND NEXT STEPS TOWARD IMPLEMENTATION OF OA MONITORING IN THE REGION ...... 11

IOC Workshop Report No. page (ii)

ANNEX

I. PROGRAMME

II. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

III. RELATED "STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE (SOPS) FOR OCEAN ACIDIFICATION MONITORING

IOC Workshop Report No. page (iii)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The second WESTPAC Training Workshop on Research and Monitoring of the Ecological Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reef Ecosystems, as a follow up to the first Workshop, took place in Phuket, Thailand, 26-28 August 2015 at the Phuket Marine Biological Centre, Thailand with the objective to assist the selected pilot sites to develop a “Standard Operating Procedure” for monitoring the ecological impacts of ocean acidification on coral reef ecosystems, while building upon their existing reef monitoring systems and capacity. A total of 41 participants from Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, United States of America and Vietnam attended the workshop.

With reference to existing practices on carbonate chemistry and laboratory analysis, monitoring of biological parameters, bioerosion, accretion and calcification and biodiversity, the workshop finally came up with a plan of actions to be taken over the next intersessional period. Thus four working groups were established at the workshop towards the development of SOPs, respectively on Total Alkalinity, Spectrophotometric pH, Biology, and Carbonate Collection and Handling.

All participating institutions demonstrated their great interests in developing the SOPs and agreed that draft procedures for carbonate chemistry shall be available by December 2015 for testing while draft procedures for biology shall be reviewed as soon as possible. Moreover, all participants also agreed to develop an IOC Technical Manual on the regional SOPs by the end of 2016, based on all results of the working groups.

IOC Workshop Report No.

1. Opening and self-introduction

The second WESTPAC Training Workshop on Research and Monitoring of the Ecological Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reef Ecosystems was convened at 09:00 a.m. on Wednesday, 26 August 2015 at the Phuket Marine Biological Center (PMBC), Phuket, Thailand. The workshop was organized by the IOC Sub-Commission for the Western Pacific (WESTPAC), and kindly hosted by the Phuket Marine Biological Center (PMBC), Thailand.

Mr Wenxi Zhu, Head of the IOC Regional Office for the Western Pacific (WESTPAC Office), welcomed all participants to the training workshop. Firstly, he thanked the Workshop Organizing Committee for their tremendous efforts during the last intersessional period in the preparation of workshop documents and coordination with the experts in the region to share experience and current status on ocean acidification programme development in their respective countries. He also thanked Phuket Marine Biological Center (PMBC) for hosting this training workshop and expressed his appreciation to the Thai National Commission for UNESCO for their generous financial support which enables us to move forward ocean acidification programme in this region.

Dr Somkiat Khokiattiwong, Chairperson of WESTPAC, welcomed all participants and thanked the Thai National Commission for UNESCO for their generous financial support. He briefly introduced the objectives and outcomes of the first workshop and further encouraged all participants to gain more knowledge from invited experts, learn from each other and move forward this regional ocean acidification monitoring programme. He wished the workshop a great success and all participants a pleasant stay in Phuket. Ms Duriya Amatavivat, Deputy Secretary-General of the Thai National Commission for UNESCO and the Director of Bureau of International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Thailand delivered her welcome remarks by expressing her thanks to these resource persons, Dr Somkiat Khokiattiwong and Mr Wenxi Zhu for organizing this training workshop to strengthen the regional network of marine science in the Western Pacific. She emphasized the importance for all maritime countries to advance marine science, and expressed that Thailand has been given priority to it though marine science is just one of UNESCO’s natural science programme. She wished the training workshop a great success and looked forward to meeting all participants in the next training workshop.

All participants were invited to give self-introduction on themselves. The list of participants is attached as Annex II to this report.

2. Brief on the main results of the First OA Workshop

Mr Zhu briefed all participants on the main results of the first training workshop (19-21 January 2015, Phuket, Thailand) with its three objectives achieved. These objectives included: the information exchange on existing and proposed ocean acidification monitoring and research approaches, methods, and techniques at global, regional, and national levels; improving the understanding, and developing regional capability of research and long-term monitoring on ocean acidification in the Western Pacific and its adjacent regions; and identifying challenges, gaps and explore the possibility, building on existing coral reef monitoring initiatives, of a joint long-term monitoring and associated research programme on the impacts of ocean acidification on coral reefs in the region.

He explained that all participants in the first workshop broke out into two groups, respectively on physical/chemical aspect and biological aspect. With reference to the NOAA National Coral Reef Monitoring Plan (NCRMP), the Physical/Chemical Group developed a draft outline for carbonate monitoring in the region’s ocean acidification observing network,

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including discreet physical/chemical parameters, and their temporal and spatial resolution for measurement.

The Biological Group outlined a hierarchical approach with different levels or classes of observations ranging from a basic minimum set of parameters with minimum spatial and temporal resolution sampling to increasingly more comprehensive sets of parameters with higher spatial and temporal resolutions. This approach is similar to that outlined and implemented by NOAA, which was prioritized into 4 different hierarchical classes from class 0 to class 3.

He indicated that several pilot sites were finally selected by all participants, as a starting point for developing the regional monitoring programme/network. Finally, Mr Zhu reported that in view of the pressing need to draw the attention of high-level policy-makers and relevant stakeholders in the region to ocean acidification, the workshop established a task force to formulate, with technical assistance of the NOAA Ocean Acidification Program, a draft outreach flyer on OA and its social-economic impacts in the region.

3. Conduct of the Workshop

Dr Rusty Brainard explained to participants how this training workshop would be conducted. The first day will be dedicated to technical lectures, including CO2 chemistry in seawater, the measurement of CO2, an interdisciplinary approach to the long-term monitoring of ecological impacts of ocean acidification on coral reefs, and UNESCO/IOC’s role in the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON). On the second day, presentations will be given from Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam on their institutions’ existing ocean acidification monitoring capacity and progress made since the first workshop. On the last day a plenary session will be convened in order to reach, if possible, an agreement on biological and carbonate chemical parameters and their respective measurement towards the development of a set of regional Standard Operating Procedures.

In order for policy-makers to make informed decisions on resource management, he finally emphasized the importance to put in place together systematic standardized observations to document the changes to coral reef ecosystems due to ecological impacts of ocean acidification.

4. Lecture Session

4.1 Introduction to CO2 Chemistry in Seawater

Dr Andrew Gilmore Dickson provided an introduction of CO2 Chemistry in Seawater and its relevance and implication to ocean acidification. The figure of Monthly Average Carbon Dioxide Concentration by time series (1928-2015) from Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii was shown to illustrate the increase of atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and the most discussion on ocean acidification was based on this figure. Dr Dickson elaborated on the importance and understanding of acid-base equilibria and which and how CO2 parameters in seawater are usually measured. He walked through the suitable computational tools for the CO2 system such as CO2calc and suitable analytical equipment and training to make any CO2 measurements desired and accurate. The number of chemical questions on CO2 chemistry and ocean acidification was raised to enable all participants have more understanding on the effect of changing CO2 in seawater.

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4.2 Measuring Carbon Dioxide Parameters for Ocean Acidification Observing Systems: How Good is Good Enough?

Referring to the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network: Requirements and Governance Plan (First Edition, September 2014), Dr Andrew Gilmore Dickson started his presentation by focusing the measurements of carbonate system for oceans and coasts (Goal 1, Level 1 of the GOA-ON Plan) and data quality levels for the global ocean acidification observing network. He walked through the principles of Valid Analytical Measurement (VAM) and measurement uncertainty. It was suggested that the Ocean Acidification Observing Community agree on appropriate target measurement uncertainties for each of the individual “Level 1” parameters: T, S, [O2], CO2-parameters. These will, certainly, be different for the different goals, but should be based on a balanced consideration of scientific ambition and technical achievability.

Dr Dickson emphasized that we also need to agree on how to assess the magnitude of such measurement uncertainties in a clear and defensible manner for each measuring approach to a particular parameter that will be used in an observing network. We then have to develop quality control procedures for our proposed measurement systems that can assure us and our “customers” that any particular set of observations meets these target measurement uncertainties.

4.3 Introduction on how to use CO2 SYS calc: A User-Friendly Seawater Carbon Calculator for Windows, Mac OS X, and iOS (iPhone)

Dr Dickson continued his presentation on the use of the CO2SYS calc. CO2calc is a user-friendly, stand-alone application for the calculation of carbonate system parameters which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey Florida Shelf Ecosystems Response to Climate Change Project in response to its Ocean Acidification Task. The software and its manual can be downloaded at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1280/

He provided an example of inputting physical parameters and the calculation results generated from CO2SYS calc. It was suggested that participants use the CO2 calc with their data to test and verify the pCO2, pH results and their own CO2 calc.

4.4 Introduction to Long-term Monitoring of Ecological Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs

Dr Brainard provided an update on the approach to and method of monitoring the ecological impacts of ocean acidification on coral reefs. To start with, he stressed the need to conduct research and long-term monitoring of the impacts of ocean acidification so that we can provide critical information to support policy and management decisions to minimize negative impacts on people and communities that depend on coral reefs for food security, livelihoods, coastal protection, and other ecosystem services. Ocean acidification is and will continue to happen, though most of our knowledge on the likely ecological impacts of ocean acidification is based on simple species response experiments and limited time series observations of carbonate chemistry from the open ocean. In particular, given significant data gaps in the coastal waters in this region, there is a need to initiate and sustain a regional network of integrated time series observations of key biological, chemical, and physical parameters of coral reefs in the region that are expected to be most influenced by ocean acidification. This network of observations should leverage and build upon existing coral reef monitoring programs and capabilities.

While introducing the hierarchical interdisciplinary approach being implemented by NOAA as part of its National Coral Reef Monitoring Plan (NCRMP) he further Using the IOC Workshop Report No. page 4

implementation of NCRMP across the U.S. Pacific Islands, he described in details the general approaches adopted by the NOAA Pacific Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program (Pacific RAMP) to measuring key chemical, physical, and biological parameters to monitor the ecological impacts of ocean acidification. NOAA has developed and being taken approaches to acquire observations that are cost effective, consistent, systematic, repeatable, and comparable, which is also needed for WESTPAC countries and the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON). In addition to standardized coral reef monitoring that typically includes corals, reef fishes, and sometime macroinvertebrates, the NOAA ocean acidification monitoring efforts are also documenting changes in: 1) the balance between production of calcium carbonate through coral growth and reef accretion and reduction of calcium carbonate through bioerosion and dissolution, and 2) cryptobiota diversity. NOAA uses: 1) Calcium Accretion Units (CAUs) and coral cores to monitor indicators of rates of reef accretion and coral growth; 2) Bioerosion Monitoring Units (BMUs) to monitor indicators of reef bioerosion; and Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) to monitor indicators of cryptobiota (e.g. small organisms living within coral reefs). NOAA Pacific RAMP observations are collected on a 3-year repeat cycle where they utilize four hierarchical classes with increasing numbers of parameters and temporal frequency of observations. He described the recent additional measurements to document diurnal cycles of carbonate chemistry (e.g. pH, DIC, and TA) and physical parameters (e.g. Temperature, Salinity, Currents) at a subset of Class 2 sites across the Pacific.

NOAA’s existing Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for collecting these observations were further discussed respectively in presentations by Dr Andrew Dickson (carbonate chemistry), Dr Ian Enochs (removal of calcium carbonate), Dr Tom Oliver (production of calcium carbonate), and Dr Brainard (cryptobiota diversity).

4.5 Bioerosion Monitoring Approach

Dr Ian C. Enochs briefed on an approach to monitoring bioerosion which the term bioerosion describes the breakdown of calcium carbonate skeleton by living organisms. Bioerosion occurs both externally (epilithic) and within coral reef rock (endolithic). Organisms in this latter group may be further divided into macro- and microborers, based on whether the size of the holes they form are larger or smaller than 100 microns, respectively. Bioeroding organisms are incredibly diverse, belonging to more than eight different phyla, including Porifera, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Annelida, Chordata, Mollusca, and others. The methods by which these taxa erode the substrate are also diverse, ranging from mechanical scraping and rasping, to chemical dissolution. Similarly, rates of bioerosion are quite diverse, ranging from grams to kilograms of calcium carbonate removed (m-2 yr-1), depending on the taxa involved as well as numerous ecological and physical influences.

The relationship between ocean acidification (OA) and bioerosion is well established and is thought to be related to chemical dissolution rather than mechanical erosion. Presently experimental evidence is restricted to macroboring poriferans (clionaid sponges) and microborers (primarily photosynthetic algae, such as those in the genus Ostreobium). The majority of field studies demonstrating increased macroboring with OA are from samples of living coral and they have demonstrated the importance of other environmental factors, such as nutrients.

Methodologies for monitoring bioerosion encompass those that measure both the abundances of bioeroding species as well as the rates at which they erode the substrate. of the latter approach, different substrates have been used, ranging from live and dead coral to crystalline calcium carbonate and limestone. Different deployment durations can influence the rates and species measured, as bioeroding communities experience succession.

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Generally, microborers such as algae colonize a substrate first, followed later by macroborers such as worms and mollusks.

Dr Enochs documented NOAA’s bioerosion monitoring approach that Bioerosion Monitoring Units (BMUs) are made from clean blocks of massive Porites coral, precisely cut into 2 x 1 x 5 cm blocks. Blocks are cleaned, dried, and glued to PVC plates that are attached to the benthos (five per site) and left in the field for three years. Upon collection, BMUs are analyzed using computed tomography (CT) to quantify both endolithic and epilithic erosion, as well as secondary calcification.

Further he provided recommendations for monitoring that it is important, when monitoring rates of bioerosion, to start with clean and unbored coral rock from the same species. NOAA uses massive Porites species for this material due to its widespread distribution and relative availability. It is imperative that BMUs be cut and created consistently, so that subsequent analysis of size can be informative. Where possible, initial analysis with CT is helpful. When deploying BMUs, it is important to attach them securely against the substrate, to tag each sample, and to deploy them for roughly three years before collection. Samples may be analyzed by slicing with a saw and quantification of the cross sectional area or by CT scanning to visualize internal boring.

4.6 Accretion and Monitoring Calcification Protocols

Dr Thomas Oliver presented the approach used by the US National Coral Reef Monitoring Program (NCRMP) to monitor coral growth and net carbonate accretion. He documented NOAA’s program of coral coring in collaboration with Dr Anne Cohen of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. He then outlined the standard operating protocols (SOPs) for assessing net carbonate accretion using CAUs (Calcification Accretion Units). Highlighting their utility as a cost-effective, replicable measure of carbonate accretion rate, he demonstrated the spatial variation present in NOAA’s dataset. Further he walked through the SOPs for CAU deployment, recovery and analysis.

4.7 Monitoring Biodiversity Using Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS)

Dr Brainard provided an overview of the approaches and methods used to monitor indicators of the biodiversity of coral reefs using Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS). He first shared that most of our knowledge about the biodiversity of coral reef organisms is about reef fish and corals, and some of the macroinvertebrates and macroalgae, which collectively represent less than 1% of the biodiversity of life on coral reefs. Much of the diversity of life on coral reefs are small, cryptic organisms that life within the reef framework and the associated microbial community that collectively represent the other 99% of diversity. While both are poorly understood (only 15-20% have been described), these cryptobiota and microbial communities play key functional and ecological roles and provide much-needed resilience in the face of ocean acidification and climate, as well as other key anthropogenic stressors. As there are many indicators that we are currently in the 6th global mass extinction event and suggestions that prior mass extinction events were associated with ocean acidification, it is important to begin documenting and monitoring this biodiversity before it is lost. ARMS were developed as a standardized tool to systematically collect and document cryptobiota diversity and have been the primary tool used by NOAA’s Pacific Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program to monitor the biodiversity impacts of ocean acidification on coral reef biodiversity.

Dr. Brainard then walked through NOAA’s existing on-line Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for assembling, deploying, recovering, and processing ARMS showing videos and photographs of the respective steps in the different stages IOC Workshop Report No. page 6

(http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cred/survey_methods/arms/index.php). The assembly SOP and videos clearly state each of the component parts and tools needs to make and assemble ARMS units. Likewise, the deployment, recovery, and processing SOPs clearly describe and show the different steps of each of these stages, with the exception of the DNA extraction and pyrosequencing protocols which are currently being revised as continued improvements are being made by a consortium of partners from NOAA, Smithsonian Institution, San Diego State University, Moss Landing Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii – Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology and several others. As part of NOAA’s ocean acidification monitoring efforts in the Pacific Islands, 3 ARMS each are deployed at 4 ‘Climate Monitoring Sites’ (along with CAUs, BMUs, temperature recorders, carbonate chemistry and salinity water sampling, coral coring, photoquadrats, and rugosity measurements) around a particular small island (typically north, east, south, and west cardinal points). These Climate Monitoring Sites are serviced and ARMS are recovered and replaced every 3 years. Finally, Dr Brainard discussed potential capacity building opportunities to train on the recovery and processing stages of ARMS during the 2016 recoveries of 106 ARMS presently deployed across Indonesia from Raja Ampat, Bali, Seribu (Java), and Aceh (Sumatra).

4.8 Globally coordinated ocean acidification observation and IOC-UNESCO’s role in GOA-ON

Dr Kirsten Isensee recalled the workshop to the demands to address ocean acidification and the impacts of climate change on marine and coastal ecosystems and resources which were stressed during the United Conference for Sustainable Development in 2012 (the RIO+20). She presented that the final outcome document of Rio+20 ‘the future we want’ in dedicated section on oceans and seas contains a paragraph urging the emerging issue of Ocean Acidification (Paragraph 166) and how this new initiative together with IOC- UNESCO address it. IOC has been leading a number of programmes and activities related to ocean acidification, for example, ocean carbon sources and sinks programme, OBIS, a part of Advisory Board of OA-ICC and the production of outreach of scientific knowledge for general public.

Dr Isensee informed that some global reports and information leaflets dealing with different aspects of ocean acidification, not only targeting the science community but also policymakers and stakeholders were published but more measurements and especially standardized measurements are also needed for policy in order to improve early warning, clarify the cause and the effects of OA, and develop mitigation strategies, for science to understand the variability, assess ocean health, and improve forecasting. The measurements need to be global in order to finally be able to predict global-scale processes, conduct, and ensure the provision of ecosystem services and food security.

She stressed that the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network with its new mechanism for coordinated collection and collation of OA field data will facilitate and enforce the processes to serve the previously mentioned needs.

5. Presentations of existing OA monitoring by participants

5.1 Bangladesh

Dr Shahadat Hossain from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh presented that Bangladesh is the new member state of IOC/WESTPAC and the concept of coral reef monitoring in light of ocean acidification is still very limited in Bangladesh. The St. Martin’s Island located at 20.6273N & 92.3226E at the northernmost coral ecosystem in the Bay of Bengal is the only location having coral growth and reef structure. The Institute of Marine

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Sciences and Fisheries (IMSF) at the University of Chittagong has been participating in research and generating data in a wide range of coastal and marine ecosystems of Bangladesh. Major strengths of IMSF includes field and laboratory facilities, qualified researchers including large student work-force with exposure to wide ranging marine biological and oceanographic research and relatively easy access to divers with photographic and marine biological backgrounds. On the other hand, absence of any national program on coral reef monitoring, lack of impetus and funding from the government and development partners make the task of coral reef and ocean acidification monitoring out of the reach of the institute. Thus, dependence on external assistance from regional and global agencies/organizations like UNESCO-IOC/WESTPAC, NOAA, BOBLME, IOGOOS, SCOR, CLIVAR, SIBER, etc. are essential at this moment.

Coral growth rate, bioerosion rate, calcification accretion rate, reef-associated biodiversity and water parameters monitoring of the unique coral reef ecosystem in the northernmost Bay of Bengal (i.e. the St. Martin’s Island) not far from the freshwater discharge of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna River systems need integrated supports from local, regional and global agencies/organizations. In this connection, Dr Somkiat Khokiattiwong from PMBC suggested to develop a joint research proposal involving BOBLME (2nd phase), NOAA and IOC/WESTPAC to establish ocean acidification and coral reef monitoring program in Bangladesh. Similar expressions made by Dr Brainard from NOAA and Mr Wenxi Zhu from IOC/WESTPAC, while scientists from different countries and organizations agreed on. The IMSF team greatly acknowledges the suggestion and agreed to develop joint research proposal.

5.2 China

Mr Haolang Zhou from Guangxi Mangrove Research Center introduced Weizhou Island that is the largest island in Guangxi and located 21 nautical miles at the south of Beihai city, where around fifty species of corals still survive but are degrading. Reef check has been conducted at least once a year. Physical and chemical parameters were measured seasonally while biological parameters were measured once a year. In light of ocean acidification the GMRC is still lacking of typical parameter observations such as TA and DIC. Mr Zhou urged that ARMS are needed in their pilot sites.

5.3 Indonesia

Mr Suratno from Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) reported on the progress and plan of ocean acidification monitoring in Indonesia. Master Plan of National Research (2015-2039) presented is in the progress of discussion between LIPI and the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education.

Meanwhile, the medium-term plan (2015-2019) will cover 5 pilot sites: Seribu Islands, Lombok, Natuna and Pangkajene (by LIPI) and Spermonde (by Hassanudin University) for physical and chemical monitoring, and deployment of CAU & ARMS recovery.

Dr A’an Johan Wahyudi reported on 2015 progress on the monitoring. Two questions were raised on an alternative equipment to collect sample and other material as preservative reagent for TA measurement.

The second presentation was made by Dr Muhammad Lukman from Hasanuddin University. Dr Lukman presented on ocean acidification related research in Spermonde coral reefs of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Hasanuddin University (UNHAS) has selected one coral reef island (Barrang Lompo Island located within Spermonde Archipelago) as recommended site to join WESTPAC regional action on monitoring of the impact of ocean acidification on IOC Workshop Report No. page 8

coral reef ecosystem. UNHAS will work on long-term (3 years) ecological monitoring modules (i.e. ARMS, CAU, BMU) as well as the OA monitoring on chemical parameters (at least salinity, temperature, pH and alkalinity). As for OA parameters, UNHAS will exercise the recommended SOP 3b for the alkalinity and SOP 6b for the pH. The UNHAS long-term monitoring will start as soon as the methods are validated. UNHAS suggests that WESTPAC facilitate the method validation process or inter-laboratory comparison.

5.4 Malaysia

As a follow up to the discussion made during the first workshop, Dr Zulfigar Yasin from the Universiti Malaysia Terengganu raised several points to move ahead with the Ocean Acidification Monitoring programme. Firstly, the key institutions now with their principal researchers are Universiti Sains Malaysia (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aileen Tan Shau Hwai) and Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (Prof. Zulfigar Yasin). These two institutions would be involved in the main monitoring site of Pulau Langkawi in the Straits of Malacca and the Pulau Bidong site in the South China Sea.

Expression of interests were made by Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and the Sabah Parks Authority. This would increase the number of sites to three with the addition of a site in Sabah.

Secondly, the main parameters sampled is given in Table 1. The frequency and type of monitoring programmes proposed for the programme is given in Table 2. For the physical parameters it was decided to factor in the ADCP data (usually placed in Class 3). The sites will be sampled every three years.

Discussion with institutions and scientists in Malaysia interested in programme yielded the following suggestions:

 Additional parameters to be included at these sites to differentiate OA effects and other local impacts;  Discuss location of sampling sites with IOC/WESTPAC member states across the region to provide a better understanding of ocean acidification;  Develop a wider OA approach for the region on a wider spatial (remote areas) and temporal scale (monsoon and non-monsoon);  Provide training opportunities for the analysis of results in the region (physical, chemical and biological);  Develop a cooperative programme on enriching the molecular taxonomy database for coralline organisms of the region (eg. Gene Bank contributions);  Create and promote targeted stakeholders (policy makers/managers) and create generic awareness programmes for the region taking into consideration the differences in governance, scientific capabilities and aspirations of the nations involved link OA to a more recognisable/established issue.

Table 1. Main parameters sampled and the typical values observed at the proposed Ocean Acidification Monitoring Site.

Parameter Symbol Unit Pulau Langkawi Pulau Bidong

Temperature T °C 29.96 ± 0.13 30.05 ± 0.30

Salinity S ppt 32.02 ± 0.14 32.60 ± 0.07

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Parameter Symbol Unit Pulau Langkawi Pulau Bidong

-1 Total Alkalinity AT μmol kg 2140.77 ± 6.29 2161.78 ± 3.08

pH pHT 8.14 ± 0.02 8.01 ± 0.02

ρCO2 in seawater ρCO2 μatm 288.59 ± 13.56 420.11 ± 22.86

-1 Carbonic acid H2CO3 μmol kg 7.36 ± 0.36 10.66 ± 0.63

- -1 Bicarbonate ion HCO3 μmol kg 1523.50 ± 18.55 1654.45 ± 18.86

2- -1 Carbonate ion CO3 μmol kg 250.49 ± 6.65 206.22 ± 8.25

Hydrogen ion H+ μmol kg-1 7.32 x 10-3 ± 0.00 9.83 x 10-3 ± 0.00

Calcite saturation Ωcalc 6.25 ± 0.17 5.12 ± 0.21

Aragonite saturation Ωarag 4.16 ± 0.11 3.41 ± 0.14

Table 2. Proposed types of Ocean Acidification Monitoring for Malaysia

Pulau Langkawi Pulau Bidong (Straits of Malacca) (South China Sea)

Biological Class II Class II

Chemical Class II Class II

Physical Class II+ ADCP Class II+ ADCP

During the presentation it was suggested that ocean acidification be linked to the issue of food security, to policy maker/managers and other stakeholders. As for the uniformity of results and SOP of analysis, one way to overcome the problem of inconsistencies is to send samples to a nominated institution whose SOP and standards are monitored.

Second presentation was made by Dr Sim Kae Shin from the Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya. Dr Sim underscored the importance of the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the oceans and fundamental changes in seawater chemistry, resulting in large impacts on marine biological ecosystems. In order to have a better IOC Workshop Report No. page 10

understanding on this global issue, the Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, has prioritized research on Understanding Air-Ocean-Land Interactions for Coastal Community Security. Under this research focus, IOES aims to provide a deeper understanding of ocean and earth interactions in the management of marine natural resources as well as problems associated with global climate change. There are several interesting projects carried out by IOES to evaluate how ocean acidification impacts on marine biodiversity, functional marine microbial loop in the tropical region, effect of changes in seawater pH and pCO2 concentration on the emission of halocarbons by tropical algae and distribution of pathogens in coastal waters in Malaysia. Basic and regular monitoring of the environment and marine biodiversity of the coral reef ecosystem and the coastal waters have been carried out at Port Dickson, west coast Peninsular Malaysia since three decades ago. The coral reefs at Port Dickson represent the only surviving and healthy fringing reefs along the mainland coastline. The baseline data collections serve as important reference for long- term monitoring of the reef ecosystem and its resources, especially for detection of environmental change in a tropical region.

5.5 Philippines

Dr Maria Lourdes San Diego-McGlone reported on the current efforts on ocean acidification work in the Philippines which involve (1) obtaining baseline information on carbonate parameters, and (2) conducting experiments to characterize the physiological limits of coral species in response to stressors such as temperature, pH, and nutrients. To date, there are 10 sites around the country with information on carbonate parameters. Some sites have spatio-temporal data, while others have one-time data from at most three sampling points. The sites include open ocean areas, but most of them are coastal areas. One of the coastal sites is heavily influenced by mariculture activities. Some are pilot sites identified during the First WESTPAC Workshop on Research and Monitoring of the Ecological Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reef Ecosystems as part of the regional monitoring programme.

A strategy utilized to collect samples from around the country is to send an "OA (Ocean Acidification) Kit" to researchers who will conduct surveys or sampling in sites where data is needed. The OA Kit contains sample bottles, saturated HgCl2, waterproof notebook and pencil, gloves and parafilm, and detailed instruction on collection and preservation of samples. One OA Kit is sent to each 'site of opportunity'. The goal is to produce a pH and aragonite saturation map of the Philippines.

Experiments are on-going to monitor the physiological response of coral species to conditions of elevated temperature, low pH, and high nutrients. The aim is to screen a list of candidate coral species for use in coral restoration and rehabilitation efforts. For future initiatives, a proposal has been submitted for possible funding by the national government to look into the effects of coastal acidification on the marine environment and resources of the Philippines.

Dr Patrick Cabaitan, from the University of the Philippines, presented his past research on the influence of global climate change induced thermal stress events on the coral communities in Okinawa, Singapore and the Philippines, in which findings are relevant to the research on impacts of ocean acidification (OA). Impacts of thermal stress events vary in space and among coral taxa. In some sites, local disturbances, e.g., eutrophication, coral predator outbreak, or local factors, e.g., differences in water turbulence, had more impact on coral communities than the thermal stress events. He recommended considering the appropriate scale of observation and multi-factors in assessing the impacts of ocean acidification on reef communities.

IOC Workshop Report No. page 11

He reported the updates on the national programme for the nationwide assessment of coral reefs in the Philippines that started in 2014 and presented the future initiatives of the ocean acidification research programme in the country. Part of the OA research programme is to assess the possible influence of ocean acidification on specific reef resources, particularly those in different trophic groups such as primary producers: crustose coralline algae; herbivorous fauna: top shells and sea urchins; deposit feeders: sea cucumbers; and filter feeder: giant clams, Tridanca gigas.

5.6 Thailand

Dr Somkiat Khokiattiwong briefed on the Ocean Acidification Monitoring Project of Thailand with the objectives to understand present status of acidity and chemical parameters in seawater, develop and increase research capability on the ocean acidification and develop a long term monitoring and study on ocean acidification and its impact on coral reef ecosystem. He reported that Thailand has conducted the OA related projects for the past 10 years with a good monitoring system for the coral reefs for the last 20 years by having the mapping of coral reefs in the Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea and its status published every four years. He showed that coastal water in the West coast along the Andaman Sea has been affected significantly by the internal wave from the deep water in alternating the chemical properties of seawater especially the change in carbonate system in seawater and impacts on the coral reef. Further he reported the carried out and on-going OA related research includes effect of low pH on settlement and development of coral with Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, internal wave process, climate and ocean acidification with the First Institute of Oceanography, China and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), USA, and project on rehabilitation and monitoring of coral reef in Thai Waters.

Towards the results of the 1st Workshop on Research and Monitoring of the Ecological Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reef Ecosystems, Phuket, Thailand, 19- 21 January 2015, Dr Somkiat reported that physical and biological monitoring at one of the selected pilot sites, Samaesan Island, has been conducted every two months and laboratory measurement of pH by spectrophotometry method (following the SOP 7 method) has been set up.

5.7 Vietnam

Mr Vo Tran Tuan Linh from the Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam presented the existing monitoring systems of seawater quality, coral reef and biodiversity in Nha Trang Bay. Since 1990s the monitoring activities have been conducted twice a year on seawater and sediments at the monitoring sites observed both in situ and laboratory measurements of chemical and physical parameters.

6. Regional SOPs, work plans and next steps toward implementation of OA monitoring in the region IOC Workshop Report No. page 12

The workshop was undertaken successfully with intensive and extensive discussions on the development of SOPs. The pilot sites for the regional monitoring network were reviewed and finalized as shown in the map and table below.

IOC Workshop Report No. page 13

2016 Post-Monsoon Post-Monsoon 2016 Langkawi Pulau Malaysia 6.466666667 99.81666667 0-2.5m Aileen USM;UMT;UKM;UM NA NA 1/3yrs OR 1/yr Photoquad [proposed] 1/3yrs OR 1/yr Transect? 1/3yrs OR 1/yr Titration Manual NA NA [min] 1/3yrs OR 1/yr - Currently Electrode Spectrophotometric Investigating NA NA [min] 1/3yrs OR 1/yr Colorimetric [min] 1/3yrs OR 1/yr CTD [proposed] 1/30min Logger [min] 1/3yrs OR 1/yr CTD 10/3yrs [Proposed] CAU SOP 10/3yrs [Proposed] SOP BMU [Proposed] 6/3yrs SOPARMS [proposed] Coring EnochsCT [proposed] NA NA 2016 Post-Monsoon Post-Monsoon 2016 Bidong Pulau Malaysia 5.621766667 103.0720972 10m Aileen USM;UMT;UKM;UM NA NA 1/3yrs OR 1/yr Photoquad [proposed] 1/3yrs OR 1/yr Transect? 1/3yrs OR 1/yr Titration; Manual NA NA [min] 1/3yrs OR 1/yr - Currently Electrode Spectrophotometric Investigating NA NA [min] 1/3yrs OR 1/yr Colorimetric [min] 1/3yrs OR 1/yr CTD 1/30min Logger [min] 1/3yrs OR 1/yr CTD [Proposed] 20/3yrs SOP CAU [Proposed] 20/3yrs SOP BMU 6/3yrs[Proposed] SOPARMS [proposed] Coring Enochs[proposed] CT NA NA ov> ov> g noaa. @

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IOC Workshop Report No. page 14

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mail.com y @g hdh roved b roved g pp Belt Transect Transect Belt 1/1yrs Point transect NA NA (proposed) 2/yr Titration Manual NA NA NA (proposed) Spectrophotometric N/A N/A (proposed) 2/yr Colorimetric (proposed) 2/yr Winkler (proposed) 12/day logger (proposed) 2/yr sensor NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Institute of Oceanography Oceanography of Institute not plan new because (proposed 1/1yrs a National Consultation Consultation National Quoc Phu Viet Nam 10.375 104.08 [email protected]; lon

) mail.com overnment g @g hdh g rovincial Belt Transect Transect Belt 1/2yrs Point transect NA NA (proposed) 2/yr Manual Titration N/A N/A 2/yr Currently Electrode N/A N/A 2/yr Colorimetric 2/yr Winkler (proposed) 12/day logger 2/yr sensor, CTD NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Institute of Oceanography Oceanography of Institute by approved (plan 1/2yrs National Consultation Consultation National Nha Trang Viet Nam 12.24 109.198 [email protected]; lon p ahoo.com> @y

) Colorimetric (Strickland and (Strickland Colorimetric Parson 1/yr OR 1/3yrs [proposed] Winkler 1/yr OR 1/3yrs [proposed] Thermometer 1/yr OR 1/3yrs [min] Conductivity 1/yr OR 1/3yrs [proposed] SOP CAU 1/yr OR 1/3yrs [proposed] SOP BMU 3/3yrs[Proposed] SOPARMS NA NA NA NA Pending Funding Funding Pending St. Martin's Island Bangladesh 20.589 92.327 7-10m M. Shahadat Hossain

IOC Workshop Report No. page 15

) h g Pending Proposal Proposal Pending Mindoro Occidential Sablayan, Philippines 12.85066167 120.775375 5-10m Cabaitan and McGlone UPMSI 1/3yrs Belt transect 1/yr Photoquad 1/3yrs transect chain 1/yr Auto-titrator 1/yr [proposed] (Ship-Board analyzer pCO2 Flow-Throu 1/yr - Currently Electrode Spectrophotometric Investigating NA NA NA NA NA NA 1/yr computer dive 1/yr meter Multiparameter [Proposed] 15/3yrs SOP CAU [Proposed] 15/3yrs SOP BMU 9/3yrs[Proposed] SOPARMS Cores/3yrs 3 [proposed] Enochs CT NA NA

) h g NA NA NA 1/yr computer dive 1/yr meter Multiparameter 15/3yrs [Proposed] CAU SOP 15/3yrs [Proposed] BMU SOP [Proposed] 9/3yrs ARMS SOP Cores/3yrs 3 EnochsCT [proposed] NA NA Pending Proposal Proposal Pending Batangas Lian, Philippines 13.99622222 120.6231194 5-10m Cabaitan and McGlone DLSU UPMSI, 1/3yrs Belt transect 1/yr Photoquad 1/3yrs transect chain 1/yr Auto-titrator [proposed] 1/yr (Ship-Board analyzer pCO2 Flow-Throu 1/yr - Currently Electrode Spectrophotometric Investigating NA NA NA

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) Colorimetric (Takashi and (Takashi Colorimetric Parson 1/Month Winkler, CTD Sensor 1/30min Logger 1/Month meter Multiparameter [Proposed] 15/3yrs SOP CAU [Proposed] 15/3yrs SOP BMU 9/3yrs[Proposed] SOPARMS Cores/3yrs 3 [proposed] Enochs CT [proposed] 1/3yrs sequencing Gen Next Pending Proposal Proposal Pending Bolinao, Pangasinan Philippines 16.43788611 119.9461472 5-10m Cabaitan and McGlone UPMSI 1/3yrs Belt transect 1/yr Photoquad 1/3yrs transect chain 1/Month Auto-titrator 2/yr [proposed] (Ship-Board analyzer pCO2 Flow-Throu 1/Month - Currently Electrode Spectrophotometric Investigating NA NA 1/Month Water_Nutrients_METHOD Water_O2_FREQ Water_O2_METHOD Temperature_FREQ Temperature_METHOD Salinity_FREQ Salinity_METHOD Accretion_FREQ Net Carbonate Net Carbonate Accretion METHOD Rate_FREQ Bioerosion Rate_METHOD Bioerosion diversity_FREQ Cryptobiota diversity_METHOD Cryptobiota Rate_FREQ Growth Coral Rate_METHOD Growth Coral Microbial Composition_FREQ Microbial Composition_METHOD Start Year {Confidence] {Confidence] Year Start SiteName Country Lat Lon Depth(s) Point Of Contact Responsible Institutions Fish_FREQ Fish_METHOD Benthic_FREQ Benthic_METHOD Rugosity_FREQ Rugosity_METHOD Water_TA_FREQ Water_TA_METHOD Water_pCO2_FREQ Water_pCO2_METHOD Water_pH_FREQ Water_pH_METHOD Water_DIC_FREQ Water_DIC_METHOD Water_Nutrients_FREQ IOC Workshop Report No. page 16

) h g Photoquad 1/3yrs transect chain 1/yr Auto-titrator [proposed] 1/yr (Ship-Board analyzer pCO2 Flow-Throu 1/yr - Currently Electrode Spectrophotometric Investigating NA NA NA NA NA NA 1/yr computer dive 1/yr meter Multiparameter 15/3yrs [Proposed] CAU SOP 15/3yrs [Proposed] SOP BMU [Proposed] 9/3yrs SOPARMS 3 Cores/3yrs [proposed] Enochs CT NA NA Pending Proposal Proposal Pending Samal Is., off DavaoCity Philippines 7.163166667 125.6818556 5-10m Cabaitan and McGlone UPMSI 1/3yrs Belt transect 1/yr

) h g NA NA NA 1/yr computer dive 1/yr meter Multiparameter 15/3yrs [Proposed] CAU SOP 15/3yrs [Proposed] BMU SOP [Proposed] 9/3yrs ARMS SOP Cores/3yrs 3 EnochsCT [proposed] NA NA Pending Proposal Proposal Pending Cebu Mactan, Philippines 10.28522278 124.0012378 5-10m Cabaitan and McGlone UPMSI 1/3yrs Belt transect 1/yr Photoquad 1/3yrs transect chain 1/yr Auto-titrator [proposed] 1/yr (Ship-Board analyzer pCO2 Flow-Throu 1/yr - Currently Electrode Spectrophotometric Investigating NA NA NA

) h g NA NA NA 1/yr computer dive 1/yr meter Multiparameter 15/3yrs [Proposed] CAU SOP 15/3yrs [Proposed] SOP BMU [Proposed] 9/3yrs SOPARMS Cores/3yrs 3 EnochsCT [proposed] NA NA Pending Proposal Proposal Pending Taytay, Rizal Philippines 10.91190556 119.5310722 5-10m Cabaitan and McGlone UPMSI 1/3yrs Belt transect 1/yr Photoquad 1/3yrs transect chain 1/yr Auto-titrator [proposed] 1/yr (Ship-Board analyzer pCO2 Flow-Throu 1/yr - Currently Electrode Spectrophotometric Investigating NA NA NA Water_Nutrients_METHOD Water_O2_FREQ Water_O2_METHOD Temperature_FREQ Temperature_METHOD Salinity_FREQ Salinity_METHOD Accretion_FREQ Net Carbonate Carbonate Net Accretion METHOD Rate_FREQ Bioerosion Rate_METHOD Bioerosion diversity_FREQ Cryptobiota diversity_METHOD Cryptobiota Rate_FREQ Growth Coral Rate_METHOD Growth Coral Composition_FREQ Microbial Composition_METHOD Microbial Start Year {Confidence] Year{Confidence] Start SiteName Country Lat Lon Depth(s) Point Of Contact Institutions Responsible Fish_FREQ Fish_METHOD Benthic_FREQ Benthic_METHOD Rugosity_FREQ Rugosity_METHOD Water_TA_FREQ Water_TA_METHOD Water_pCO2_FREQ Water_pCO2_METHOD Water_pH_FREQ Water_pH_METHOD Water_DIC_FREQ Water_DIC_METHOD Water_Nutrients_FREQ

IOC Workshop Report No. page 17

2016 2016 Island Weizhou China 21.022 109.077 5-15m zhendong BHMEMC;GMRC;NMEMC 1/yr Transect Belt 1/yr Belt Transect NA NA 1/yr OR 1/3yrs [proposed] Manual Titration NA NA 1/yr OR 1/3yrs [min] - Currently Electrode Spectrophotometric Investigating NA NA 1/yr OR 1/3yrs [min] Colorimetric 1/yr OR 1/3yrs [min] CTD 1/30min [proposed] Logger 1/yr OR 1/3yrs [min] CTD NA NA NA NA 6/3yrs[Proposed] SOPARMS [proposed] Coring [proposed] Enochs CT NA NA

) h g NA NA NA NA 1/yr computer dive 1/yr meter Multiparameter [Proposed] 15/3yrs SOP CAU [Proposed] 15/3yrs SOP BMU 9/3yrs[Proposed] SOPARMS Cores/3yrs 3 Enochs[proposed] CT NA NA Pending Proposal Proposal Pending Tawi-tawi Bongao, Philippines 5.046258333 119.7393139 5-10m Cabaitan and McGlone UPMSI 1/3yrs Belt transect 1/yr Photoquad 1/3yrs chain transect 1/yr Auto-titrator 1/yr [proposed] (Ship-Board analyzer pCO2 Flow-Throu 1/yr - Currently Electrode Spectrophotometric Investigating NA NA NA

) h g NA NA NA 1/yr computer dive 1/yr meter Multiparameter [Proposed] 15/3yrs SOP CAU [Proposed] 15/3yrs SOP BMU 9/3yrs[Proposed] SOPARMS Cores/3yrs 3 CT Enochs [proposed] NA NA Pending Proposal PendingProposal Siquijor SanJuan, Philippines 9.175341667 123.4617056 5-10m Cabaitan and McGlone UPMSI 1/3yrs transect Belt 1/yr Photoquad 1/3yrs chain transect 1/yr Auto-titrator 1/yr [proposed] (Ship-Board analyzer pCO2 Flow-Throu 1/yr - Currently Electrode Spectrophotometric Investigating NA NA NA Water_Nutrients_METHOD Water_O2_FREQ Water_O2_METHOD Temperature_FREQ Temperature_METHOD Salinity_FREQ Salinity_METHOD Accretion_FREQ Net Carbonate Net Carbonate Accretion METHOD Rate_FREQ Bioerosion Rate_METHOD Bioerosion diversity_FREQ Cryptobiota diversity_METHOD Cryptobiota Rate_FREQ Growth Coral Rate_METHOD Growth Coral Microbial Composition_FREQ Composition_METHOD Microbial Start Year {Confidence] Year {Confidence] Start SiteName Country Lat Lon Depth(s) Contact Of Point Responsible Institutions Fish_FREQ Fish_METHOD Benthic_FREQ Benthic_METHOD Rugosity_FREQ Rugosity_METHOD Water_TA_FREQ Water_TA_METHOD Water_pCO2_FREQ Water_pCO2_METHOD Water_pH_FREQ Water_pH_METHOD Water_DIC_FREQ Water_DIC_METHOD Water_Nutrients_FREQ IOC Workshop Report No. page 18

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IOC Workshop Report No. page 19

c ri et m oto h op r NA NA 2/yr Colorimetric 2/yr DO meter days) (3 1/60min CTD days) (3 1/60min CTD 10/3yrs [Proposed] CAU SOP NA NA [Proposed] 6/3yrs SOPARMS NA NA NA NA 2016 (Proposed) Island Lombok Indonesia -8.333 116.322 Suratno Wahyudi; J A'an LIPI NA NA 2/yr Photoquad NA NA 2/yr Titration Manual NA NA 2/yr - Currently Electrode Investigating Spect

) osed p Pro Indonesia -5.857 106.618 Suratno Wahyudi; J A'an LIPI NA NA 2/yr Photoquad NA NA 2/yr Titration Manual NA NA 2/yr - Currently Electrode Spectrophotometric Investigating NA NA 2/yr Colorimetric 2/yr DO meter days) (3 1/60min CTD days) (3 1/60min CTD 10/3yrs [Proposed] CAU SOP NA NA [Proposed] 6/3yrs SOPARMS NA NA NA NA 2016 Pari Island (SeribuIslands) (

) hotmail.com g@ daen y luck ( Hasanuddin University University Hasanuddin 1/year Belt Trans 1/year 1/year 1/month titration Manual NA NA 1/month considered) is spectrophotometer (but Electrode NA NA 4/year Spectrophotometry 4/year meter DO hour) (@24 4/year Logger Temperature hour) (@24 4/year Logger Temperature 20/3 year CAU SOP 20/3 year BMU SOP 12/3 year ARMS SOP NA NA NA NA 2016 2016 Lompo Barrrang Indonesia 5.043094444 119.3251306 5-10m ([email protected]); Jompa Jamaluddin MuhammadLukman Start Year {Confidence] Year {Confidence] Start SiteName Country Lat Lon Depth(s) Point Of Contact Institutions Responsible Fish_FREQ Fish_METHOD Benthic_FREQ Benthic_METHOD Rugosity_FREQ Rugosity_METHOD Water_TA_FREQ Water_TA_METHOD Water_pCO2_FREQ Water_pCO2_METHOD Water_pH_FREQ Water_pH_METHOD Water_DIC_FREQ Water_DIC_METHOD Water_Nutrients_FREQ Water_Nutrients_METHOD Water_O2_FREQ Water_O2_METHOD Temperature_FREQ Temperature_METHOD Salinity_FREQ Salinity_METHOD Accretion_FREQ Net Carbonate Net Carbonate Accretion METHOD Rate_FREQ Bioerosion Rate_METHOD Bioerosion diversity_FREQ Cryptobiota diversity_METHOD Cryptobiota Rate_FREQ Growth Coral Rate_METHOD Growth Coral Composition_FREQ Microbial Composition_METHOD Microbial IOC Workshop Report No. page 20

2016 2016 Pangkajene Indonesia -4.721 119.55 A'an J Wahyudi; Suratno LIPI NA NA 2/yr Photoquad NA NA 2/yr Manual Titration NA NA 2/yr Spectrophotometric Investigating - Currently Electrode NA NA 2/yr Colorimetric 2/yr meter DO days) (2 1/60min CTD days) (2 1/60min CTD [Proposed] 10/3yrs SOP CAU NA NA 6/3yrs[Proposed] SOPARMS NA NA NA NA 2016 2016 Natuna Island (Proposed) Indonesia 3.93 108.18 Suratno Wahyudi; J A'an LIPI NA NA 2/yr Photoquad NA NA 2/yr Manual Titration NA NA 2/yr Spectrophotometric Investigating - Currently Electrode NA NA 2/yr Colorimetric 2/yr meter DO NA NA NA NA [Proposed] 10/3yrs SOP CAU NA NA 6/3yrs[Proposed] SOPARMS NA NA NA NA Start Year {Confidence] {Confidence] Year Start SiteName Country Lat Lon Depth(s) Point Of Contact Institutions Responsible Fish_FREQ Fish_METHOD Benthic_FREQ Benthic_METHOD Rugosity_FREQ Rugosity_METHOD Water_TA_FREQ Water_TA_METHOD Water_pCO2_FREQ Water_pCO2_METHOD Water_pH_FREQ Water_pH_METHOD Water_DIC_FREQ Water_DIC_METHOD Water_Nutrients_FREQ Water_Nutrients_METHOD Water_O2_FREQ Water_O2_METHOD Temperature_FREQ Temperature_METHOD Salinity_FREQ Salinity_METHOD Accretion_FREQ Net Carbonate Net Carbonate Accretion METHOD Rate_FREQ Bioerosion Rate_METHOD Bioerosion diversity_FREQ Cryptobiota diversity_METHOD Cryptobiota Rate_FREQ Growth Coral Rate_METHOD Growth Coral Composition_FREQ Microbial Composition_METHOD Microbial

IOC Workshop Report No. page 21

Following parameters were also identified with proposed sampling and analytical methods.

Sampling Analytical Parameter Name Description Method Methodology Fish Transect, Stationary NCRMP Fish Biological Monitoring: Abundance, Point Count, etc Plan; CRED size, biomass SOP Benthic Transect, Photoquad NCRMP Benthic Biological Monitoring: Includes Plan; CRED bleaching, disease, coral recruitment SOP (size class), macroinvertebrate Water_TA Stratified Random, Stratified Random Sampling Diurnal Sampling Water_pCO2 Stratified Random, Diurnal Sampling, Continuous Sensor Water_pH Stratified Random, Spectrophoto Diurnal Sampling, metric pH, Continuous Sensor Electrode Water_DIC Stratified Random, Diurnal Sampling Water_Nutrients Stratified Random, Diurnal Sampling, Continuous Sensor Water_O2 Stratified Random, Diurnal Sampling, Continuous Sensor Temperature Temp. Logger Subsurface Temperature Recorders Salinity SBE19? Carbonate Net Calcification Accretion CAU SOP Calcification Accretion Units (CAUs) to Accretion Unit measure rates of production of calcium carbonate’ Bioerosion Rate Bioerosion Monitoring BMU SOP Bioerosion Measurement Units (BMUs) Unit to measure rates of bioerosion

Cryptobiota Autonomous Reef ARMS SOP Autonomous Reef Monitoring diversity Monitoring Structure Structures (ARMS) to measure crytobiota diversity Coral Growth Massive coral coring, CT scan… Coral Cores Rate bouyant weight, bands Rugosity Chain? Rugosity Microbial Microbial community (patogenic or Composition non-patogenic?) 3

For the intersessional period, the workshop decided to establish five Working Groups, respectively on:

 Overall IOC Technical Manual Working Group

This WG is expected to develop an IOC Technical Manual on the regional SOPs by the end of 2016, based on all results generated from the following four working groups. This Working Group will be led by Mr Wenxi Zhu.

IOC Workshop Report No. page 22

 Total Alkalinity Working Group

This WG shall initiate discussions on regional TA measurement capacity and associated equipment, review existing SOPs, and come up with a revised procedure serving regional requirements by 15 December 2015. The draft procedure shall be further tested at PMBC. The WG will be led by Maria Diego- McGlone and Somkiat Khokiattiwong with Adrienne Sutton, Andrew Dickson, Muhammad Lukman, and Sayedur Rahman Chowdhury as WG members.

 Spectrophotometric pH Working Group

This WG shall review existing SOPs, and come up with a revised procedure serving regional requirements by 15 December 2015. The draft procedure shall be further tested at PMBC. The WG will be led by Somkiat Khokiattiwong and Maria Diego-McGlone with Adrienne Sutton, Andrew Dickson, Muhammad Lukman, and Sayedur Rahman Chowdhury as WG members.

 Biology Working Group

The draft procedure for biology shall be reviewed and revised to reach common understanding for monitoring biological parameters as soon as possible. This Working Group will be led by Suchana Apple Chavanich and Aileen Tan Shau Hwai with Shahadat Hossain, Patrick Cabaitan and Vo Si Tuan as WG members.

 Carbonate Collection and Handling SOP Working Group

This Working Group will be led by Maria Lourdes San Diego-McGlone with Somkiat Khokiattiwong, Chip Young, and Andrew Dickson as WG members. Upon request, Dr Somkiat Khokiattiwong confirmed to provide clarifications on the existing procedure by 15 December 2015.

The next workshop was scheduled for late 2016 with main purpose to review all SOPs. Financial support has been secured from the National Commission of Thailand to UNESCO.

IOC Workshop Report No. Annex I - page 1

ANNEX I

PROGRAMME

OBJECTIVES OF THE WORKSHOP

As a follow up to the First WESTPAC Workshop on Research and Monitoring of the Ecological Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reef Ecosystems, Phuket, Thailand, 19- 21 January 2015, this Second Workshop aims to assist the identified pilot sites to develop a “Standard Operating Procedure” for ocean acidification monitoring, building upon their existing reef monitoring systems/capacity.

Tuesday 25 August 2015 Arrival of participants and check in at the Kantary Bay Hotel, Phuket

Wednesday 26 August 2015

08:30 Gathering at the lobby of the Kantary Bay Hotel, Phuket, and departure for the Phuket Marine Biological Center (PMBC)

08:45 – 09:00 Registration

Venue: Meeting Room, on the second floor of the Phuket Aquarium, Phuket Marine Biological Center (PMBC)

09:00 – 09:20 Opening and self introduction

 Welcome Remarks by Dr Somkiat Khokiattiwong, Acting Director of the Phuket Marine Biological Center (PMBC) and Chair of the IOC Sub-C ommission for the Western Pacific (WESTPAC)  Welcome Remarks by Ms. Duriya Amatavivat, Deputy Secretary-Gene ral, The Thai National Commission for UNESCO  Participants’ brief self-introduction

09:20 – 09:35 Brief on the main results of the First OA Workshop Mr Wenxi Zhu

09:35 – 09:50 Conduct of the workshop Dr Somkiat Khokiattiwong, Dr Rusty Brainard

09:50 – 17:30 Lecture Session

09:50 – 10:45 Introduction to CO2 Chemistry in seawater Dr Andrew Gilmore Dickson

10:45 – 11:00 Group Photo and Coffee Break

IOC Workshop Report No. Annex I – page 2

11:00 – 12:00 Measuring Carbon Dioxide Parameters for Ocean Acidification Observing Systems: How Good is Good Enough?

Dr Andrew Gilmore Dickson

12:00 – 13:00 Lunch

13:00 – 13:30 Introduction on how to use CO2calc: A User-Friendly Seawater Carbon Calculator for Windows, Mac OS X, and iOS (iPhone) Dr Andrew Gilmore Dickson

13:30 – 14:15 Introduction to monitoring of biological parameters Dr Rusty Brainard

14:15 – 15:00 Bioerosion Monitoring Approach Dr Ian C. Enochs

15:00 – 15:15 Coffee Break

15:15 – 16:00 Accretion and Monitoring Calcification Protocols Dr Thomas A. Oliver

16:00 – 16:45 Monitoring Biodiversity Using Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structure (ARMS) Dr Rusty Brainard

16:45 – 17:30 Globally coordinated ocean acidification observation and IOC- UNESCO's role in GOA-ON Dr Kirsten Isensee

18:00 Welcome Reception hosted by the Phuket Marine Biological Center (PMBC)

Thursday 27 August 2015

08:30 Gathering at the lobby of the Kantary Bay Hotel, Phuket, and departure for the Phuket Marine Biological Center (PMBC)

Venue: Meeting Room, on the second floor of the Phuket Aquarium, Phuket Marine Biological Center (PMBC)

09:00 – 12:00 Presentations of existing OA monitoring by participants

12:00 – 13:00 Lunch

13:00 – 18:00 Brainstorming session

IOC Workshop Report No. Annex I – page 3

Moderator: Dr Rusty Brainard, Dr Suchana Chavanich, Dr Andrew Gilmore Dickson, Dr Somkiat Khokiattiwong

Discuss and prepare realistic and achievable Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for monitoring carbonate chemistry and biological parameters for each pilot site for each country/institution

Friday 28 August 2015

08:30 Gathering at the lobby of the Kantary Bay Hotel, Phuket, and departure for the Phuket Marine Biological Center (PMBC)

Venue: Meeting Room, on the second floor of the Phuket Aquarium, Phuket Marine Biological Center (PMBC)

09:00 - 10:30 Regional development and consultation on SOPs for implementation of OA monitoring for pilot sites.

10:30 – 10:45 Coffee Break

10:45 – 12:00 Summarize regional SOPs and work plans

12:00 – 13:00 Lunch

13:00 – 17:30 Discussion on next steps toward implementation of OA monitoring in the region

18:00 Farewell dinner hosted by the IOC Sub-Commission for the Western Pacific (WESTPAC)

IOC Workshop Report No. Annex II - page 1

ANNEX II

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Bangladesh 92 Chang Qing Dong Lu, Beihai Guangxi, China Professor M. Shahadat Hossain Tel: +86 779 2055294 Director Fax: +86 779 2055294 Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries Email: [email protected] University of Chittagong Chittagong-4391, Bangladesh Dr Zhendong Zhang Tel: +88 0 1711 720950 Associate Researcher Fax: +88 0 31 726310 National Marine Environmental Monitoring Email: [email protected] Center Linghe Street No. 42, Shahekou District Mr Sayedur Rahman Chowdhury Dalian, Liaoning Province, China Professor Tel: +86 411 84782609 Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries Fax: +86 411 84782532 University of Chittagong Email: [email protected] Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh Tel: +88 0 1768 222912 Indonesia Fax: +88 0 31 2606145 Email: [email protected]; Dr A'an Johan Wahyudi [email protected] Researcher Research Center for Oceanography, Cambodia Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Jln. Pasir, Putih I, Ancol, Timur, Jakarta Mr Meas Rithy 14430, Indonesia Deputy Director of Division Tel: +62 821 10369717 Department of Marine and Coastal Zone Email: [email protected] Conservation, Ministry of Environment 61Eo, Street 402, Sangkat Tomnobtek Mr Suratno Khan Chamkarmon, Phnom Penh Junior Researcher Cambodia Ecotoxicology Lab Tel: +85 512 444497 Research Center for Oceanography Fax: +85 523 216510 Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Email: [email protected] Jln. Pasir putih I Ancol Timur Jakarta 14430, Indonesia China Tel: +62 21 64713850 Fax: +62 21 64711948 Dr Qinsheng Wei Email: [email protected]; Assistant Researcher [email protected] Research Center for Marine Ecology First Institute of Oceanography Dr Muhammad Lukman State Oceanic Administration of China Lecturer and Research Staff Qingdao 266061, China Research and Development Centre for Tel: +86 532 88967316/+86 135 Marine, Coastal and Small Islands 89324046 Marine Science Department Fax: +86 532 88962016 Faculty of Marine Science and Fishery Email: [email protected] Hasanuddin University Jl. P. Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Mr Haolang Zhou Makassar 90245 Associate Research Professor Indonesia Guangxi Mangrove Research Center Tel: +62 411 586997

IOC Workshop Report No. Annex II – page 4

Fax: +62 411 586997 Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Email: [email protected] Philippines Tel: +63 0 922 3944 Malaysia Fax: +63 2 922 3944 Email: [email protected]; Dr Zulfigar Yasin [email protected] Director, Institute of Oceanography and Environment (INOS) Dr Patrick Cabaitan School of Marine and Environmental Assistant Professor Sciences University of the Philippines – Marine Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21300 Science Institute (UPMSI) Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia Velasquez St. University of the Philippines Tel: +60 9 6683130 Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Fax: +60 9 6683193 Philippines Email: [email protected] Tel: +63 2 922 3959/922 3921 Fax: +63 2 924 7678 Dr Aileen Tan Shau Hwai Email: [email protected] Associate Professor School of Biological Sciences Vietnam Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang Malaysia Mr Vo Tran Tuan Linh Tel: +60 4 6533508 Researcher Fax: +60 4 6533500 Institute of Oceanography Email: [email protected] 01 Cau Da Street, Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa Vietnam Dr Yeong Hui Yin Tel: +84 583 590203 Research Officer Fax: +84 908 411914 Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences Email: [email protected] (IOES) C308, Institute of Graduate Studies Mr Mai Xuan Dat Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Researcher Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Institute of Oceanography Tel: +60 3 7967 4640 01 Cau Da Street, Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa Fax: +60 3 7967 6994 Vietnam Email: [email protected] Tel: +84 985 691085 Fax: +84 58 3590034 Dr Sim Kae Shin Email: maixuandat [email protected] Lecturer Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences Thailand (IOES) Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Ms. Duriya Amatavivat Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Deputy Secretary-General Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia The Thai National Commission for Tel: +60 3 79676752 UNESCO Fax: +60 3 79674178 Director, Bureau of International Email: [email protected]; cooperation, Ministry of Education, [email protected] Thailand Tel: +66 2 6285646 ext. 114 Philippines Fax: +66 2 2810953

Dr Maria Lourdes San Diego-McGlone Ms Ratchanin Pongudom Professor Foreign Relations Officer The Marine Science Institute Programme Officer University of the Philippines Bureau of International Cooperation

IOC Workshop Report No. Annex II – page 3

The Thai National Commission for The Central Gulf of Thailand UNESCO Department of Marine and Coastal Ministry of Education, Thailand Resources Tel: +66 2 6285646 ext. 114 The Government Complex, 5th floor Fax: +66 2 2810953 Building B Email: [email protected] Tel: +66 2 1411333 Fax: +66 2 1411333 Dr Somkiat Khokiattiwong Email: [email protected] Chair, IOC Sub-Commission for the Western Pacific (WESTPAC) Mr Praderm Uttayarnmanee Head of Oceanography and Marine Marine Biologist Environment Marine and Coastal Resources Research Phuket Marine Biological Center Center 51 Sakdhidej Rd. Muang District The Central Gulf of Thailand Phuket 83000 9 Moo 7, Na Thung District Thailand Chumporn Province 86000 Tel: +66 76 391128 Thailand Fax: +66 76 391127 Tel: +66 77 505141-2 Email: [email protected] Fax: +66 77 505143 Email: [email protected]; Dr Suchana Chavanich [email protected] Associate Professor Department of Marine Science Ms Chiraratn Riamcharoen Faculty of Science Marine Biologist Chulalongkorn University Marine and Coastal Research and Bangkok 10330, Thailand Development Center Tel: +66 2 218 5394 Lower Gulf of Thailand/Department of Fax: +66 2 255 0780 marine and Coastal Resources Email: [email protected] 158 Moo 8, Tambon Pawong, Amphoe Mueang, Songkhla 90100 Ms Varintha Vasinamekhin Thailand Marine Biologist Tel: +66 74 312557 Phuket Marine Biological Center Fax: +66 74 312557 51 Sakdhidej Rd. Muang District Email: [email protected] Phuket 83000, Thailand Tel: +66 76 391128, 391438 Ms Suthida Kan-atireklarp Fax: +66 76 391127 Senior Researcher Email: [email protected] Marine and Coastal Resources Research Center (The Eastern Gulf of Thailand) Ms Kingkanjana Sangtunchai Department of Marine and Coastal Secretary of Thailand-China Joint Resources Laboratory for Climate and Marine Tel: +66 86 1513809 Ecosystem Fax: +66 38 661693 Phuket Marine Biological Center Email: [email protected] 51 Sakdhidej Rd. Muang District Phuket 83000, Thailand Mr Adirek Meesup Tel: +66 76 39 1507 Fisheries Biologist Fax: +66 76 39 1507 Marine and Coastal Resources Research Email: [email protected] and Development Center, 309 Moo 1 Paknamprasae, Klang District, Rayong Ms Orn-Anong Bundit 21170, Thailand Marine Biologist Tel: +66 91 4084088 Marine and Coastal Research and Fax: +66 38 661693 Development Center (Chumphon) Email: [email protected] IOC Workshop Report No. Annex II – page 4

Ms Siriporn Pangsorn Mr Chawanon Kalaya Fishing Ground Information Scientist Marine Biologist Capture Fisheries Technology Division Marine and Coastal Resources Research Training Department and Development Center, the Lower Gulf Southeast Asian Fisheries Development of Thailand/DMCR, 158 Moo8, Tambon Center Pawong, Amphoe Mueang Songkhla P.O. Box 97, Prasamut Chedi Songkhla 90100, Thailand Samut Prakarn, 10290, Thailand Tel: +66 74 312557 Tel: +66-2-4256100 ext. 144 Fax: +66 74 312557 Fax: +66-2-4256110 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Mr Prathompong Padsorn USA Marine Biologist Eastern Marine and Coastal Resources Dr Russell 'Rusty' E. Brainard Research and Development Center, Chief, Coral Reef Ecosystem Division DMCR 309 Moo 1, Paknam Prasae, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center Klaeng Rayong 21170, Thailand National Oceanic and Atmospheric Tel: +66 38661 693 Administration Fax: +66 38661 693 NOAA Technical Lead for an Ecosystem Email: [email protected] Approach to Fisheries Management U.S. Coral Triangle Initiative Ms Sirinart Chaisee 1845 Wasp Boulevard, Building 176, Mail Fisheries Biologist Room 2247 Marine and Coastal Resources Research Honolulu, Hawaii 96818, USA and Development Center, 309 Moo 1 Tel: +1 808 725 5419/+1 808 348 3760 Paknamprasae, Klang District, Rayong Fax: +1 808 725 5429 21170, Thailand Email: [email protected] Tel: +66 86 0155532 Fax: +66 38 661 693 Dr Andrew Gilmore Dickson Email: [email protected] Professor, Marine Chemistry in the Marine Physical Laboratory division at the Scripps Ms Sopa Somboon Institution of Oceanography, University of Marine Biologist California, San Diego (UCSD) Marine and Coastal Resources Research MPL 9500 Gilman Drive # 0244 and Development Center/Upper Gulf of La Jolla CA, 92093-0244 Thailand, DMCR, 120/1 Moo 6 Tel: +1 858 822 2990 Bangyaprak, Mueang, Samut Sakhon Fax: +1 858 822 2919 74000, Thailand Email: [email protected] Tel: +66 34 497074 Fax: +66 34 497074 Dr Thomas A. Oliver Email: [email protected] Ocean and Climate Change Team Lead Coral Reef Ecosystems Division Ms Wansiri Chuenniyom Joint Institute for Marine and Marine Biologist AtmosphericResearch Marine and Coastal Resources Research NOAA - Pacific Islands Fisheries Science and Development Center/Upper Gulf of Center, USA Thailand, DMCR, 120/1 Moo 6 Tel: +1 808 725 5444 Bangyaprak, Mueang, Samut Sakhon Email: [email protected] 74000, Thailand Tel: +66 34 497073-4 Dr Ian C. Enochs Fax: +66 34 497073-4 Assistant Scientist Email: [email protected] UM/CIMAS, NOAA/AOML IOC Workshop Report No. Annex II – page 5

4301 Rickenbacker Cswy Miami, FL 33149, USA Tel: +1 305 361 4399 Email: [email protected]

IOC Paris, France

Dr Kirsten Isensee Consultant Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO 7, place de Fontenoy 75007 Paris, France Tel: +33 0 14568 4008 Email: [email protected]

UNESCO/IOC Regional Office for the Western Pacific (WESTPAC)

Mr Wenxi Zhu Head of IOC Regional Office for the Western Pacific (WESTPAC) Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO c/o Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, 9th Fl. Governmental Complex B 120 Chaengwattana Bangkok 10210, Thailand Tel: +66 2 141 1287 Fax: +66 2 143 9245 Email: [email protected]

Ms Nachapa Saransuth Programme Assistant IOC Regional Office for the Western Pacific (WESTPAC) Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO c/o Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, 9th Fl. Governmental Complex B 120 Chaengwattana Bangkok 10210, Thailand Tel: +66 2 141 1288 Fax: +66 2 143 9245 Email: [email protected] IOC Workshop Report No. Annex III

ANNEX III

RELATED “STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOPS)” FOR OCEAN ACIDIFICATION MONITORING

(click the title to go to the document file)

Guide to Best Practices for Ocean CO2 Measurements (standard methods for OA water sampling and analysis)

The Guide (Full text)

SOP 3b - Total alkalinity (open cell): Determination of total alkalinity in sea water using an open-cell titration

SOP 6b - Spectrophotometric pH: Determination of the pH of sea water using the indicator dye m-cresol purple

Instructions for DIC/pH/ALK Sampling Program(s) Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), pH or Alkalinity (ALK)

A seawater filtration method suitable for total dissolved inorganic carbon and pH analyses Emily E. Bockmon and Andrew G. Dickson Limnol. Oceanogr.: Methods 12, 2014, 191–195

Carbonate Sampling

DIC_TA_Sample Collection_CRED SOP_2015: Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) and Total Alkalinity (TA) Sampling Planning and Sample Collection

Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS)

CRED ARMS webpage: http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cred/survey_methods/arms/overview.php

1. Assembly

2. Deployment

3. Recovery

4. Processing

Calcification Accretion Unit (CAU)

1. CAU1_Assembly_Deployment_Recovery_CRED SOP_2015

2. CAU2_Sample Processing_CRED SOP 2015

3. CAU2a_Template_DataSummary_CRED SOP 2015 IOC Workshop Report No. Annex III – page 2

4. CAU2b_Template_LabDataSpreadsheet_CRED SOP 2015

5. CAU2c_Template_PhotoIDTag__CRED SOP 2015

Bioerosion Monitoring Unit (BMU) Standard Operating Procedure

1. NCRMP Bioerosion Monitoring Unit (BMU) Standard Operating Procedure

15 m Depth Coral Reef Monitoring Survey Site: Overview of Methodologies

1. NCRMP Overview_Instrumentation and Water Sampling_CRED SOP_2015