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On Dengue Cases in Peninsular Malaysia

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On Dengue Cases in Peninsular Malaysia One Health 12 (2021) 100222 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect One Health journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/onehlt The impact of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pandemic movement control order (MCO) on dengue cases in Peninsular Malaysia Mohd Hafiz Rahim a, Nazri Che Dom a,b,c,*, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail d, Zamzaliza Abd Mulud e, Samsuri Abdullah f, Biswajeet Pradhan g,h,i a Centre of Environmental Health & Safety, Faculty of Health Sciences, UITM Cawangan Selangor, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia b Integrated Mosquito Research Group (I-MeRGe), UITM Cawangan Selangor, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia c Institute for Biodiversity and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia d Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia e Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Nursing Studies, UITM Cawangan Selangor, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia f Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia g The Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information System (CAMGIS), Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, NSW, Australia h Department of Energy and Mineral Sources Engineering, Sejong University, Choongmu-gwan, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea i Center of Excellence for Climate Change Research, King Abdul Aziz University, P.O.Box 80234, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: This study has highlighted the trend of recently-reported dengue cases after the implementation of the Movement MCO Control Orders (MCOs) caused due to COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. The researchers used the dengue sur­ Dengue cases veillance data published by the Malaysian Ministry of Health during the 3 phases of MCO (which ranged between COVID-19 17th March 2020 and 28th April 2020) was used for determining the cumulative number of dengue patients. GIS Thereafter, the dengue cases were mapped using the Geographical Information System (GIS). The results indi­ Malaysia cated that during the 42 days of MCO in Peninsular Malaysia, 11,242 total cases of dengue were reported. The daily trend of the dengue cases showed a decrease from 7268 cases that occurred before the MCOs to 4662 dengue cases that occurred during the initial 14 days of the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e., MCO I), to 3075 cases occurring during the MCO II and 3505 dengue cases noted during MCO III. The central peninsular region showed a maximal decrease in new dengue cases (52.62%), followed by the northern peninsular region (1.89%); eastern coastal region (1.25%) and the southern peninsular region (1.14%) during the initial MCO implementation. However, an increase in the new dengue cases was noted during the MCO III period, wherein all states showed an increase in the new dengue cases as compared during MCO II. The decrease in the pattern was not solely based on the MCO, hence, further investigation is necessary after considering different influencing factors. These results have important implication for future large-scale risk assessment, planning and hazard mitigation on dengue management. 1. Introduction eventually renamed SARS-CoV-2 [16]. The SARS-CoV-2 epidemic flared up in Wuhan, in the Hubei Province of the People’s Republic of China, The coronavirus disease, 2019 (COVID-19) originates from a novel towards the close of 2019 [13]. In response to the global threat posed by CoV, which has a 79% genome sequence similarity, with the coronavirus this outbreak, the World Health Organization (WHO) proclaimed that triggers the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV). COVID-19 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) Initially known as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) [12], it was [26]. From the People’s Republic of China, the tentacles of COVID-19 * Corresponding author at: Centre of Environmental Health & Safety, Faculty of Health Sciences, UITM Cawangan Selangor, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (N.C. Dom), [email protected] (S.N.S. Ismail), [email protected] (Z.A. Mulud), [email protected] (S. Abdullah), [email protected] (B. Pradhan). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100222 Received 11 October 2020; Received in revised form 16 January 2021; Accepted 25 January 2021 Available online 29 January 2021 2352-7714/© 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). M.H. Rahim et al. One Health 12 (2021) 100222 Fig. 1. The visualization of the 91 districts in Peninsular Malaysia. For reporting purposes, this map was divided into fivemain regions namely (i) Northern Region (Perlis, Kedah, Penang, Perak), (ii) East Coast Region (Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang), (iii) Central Region (Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya) (iv) West region (Negeri Sembilan & Malacca) and (v) Southern Region (i.e. Johor). soon made their way to other Asian countries (including Japan, (ii) Make it mandatory to examine the health status of every individual Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia), Australia, Europe and North arriving in the country; (iii) Restrict the operating hours of essential America [23]. Initially detected on the 25th of January, 2020 [20], the services; and (iv) Stipulate penalties for the non-compliance of these number of COVID-19 infections in Malaysia began to rise relentlessly, PCID regulations. This Malaysian MCO was based on a similar initiative particularly during the month of March, 2020. This alarming disclosure implemented by other countries like China, UK, India, Italy, Spain, led to the Malaysian government’s introduction of several counter­ France, etc., which restricted the movement of people. Following the measures. These included the installing of an inspection system to implementation of the MCO included a few vital courses of action; 1) a quickly diagnose infected individuals, the carrying out of instantaneous full movement prohibition and broad national meetings, 2) Full re­ case isolation and thorough tracking, and the quarantining of those striction of all Malaysian travel abroad; 14 days quarantine is required verified to have been in close contact with individuals diagnosed posi­ for returnees abroad, 3) Full limitation of the entry to the country for tive. Also, in order to isolate the sources of COVID-19 infections, the both visitors and foreigners. 4) Children’s, kindergartens, public and movement control order (MCO) was implemented nationwide. Accord­ private school closures. 5) Closure of all institutions of higher education ing to available data, at the close of Phase I of the MCO (31st March, and training centres. 6) The closure, except for those offering critical 2020), 2766 COVID-19 positive cases were recorded, while at the services, of all government and private buildings including health [9]. conclusion of Phase II (14th April, 2020), 4987 positive cases were The police, armed forces, civil defense force and the paramilitary civil recorded [20]. While essential services were given the green light to volunteer corps were deployed as front liners to enforce the MCO, and to operate during the MCO, many other activities, including business op­ assist with the supply logistics of medicines and personal protective erations, were put on hold [18]. equipment. This MCO was based on the Police Act 1967 and the Prevention and Vector control and management, community participation, and Control of Infectious Disease Act (PCID Act 1988) [20]. The MCO I was enforcement are the main components, of the three-pronged dengue implemented in the country between 18th and 30th March 2020. This control strategy employed by the Malaysian government. Vector control MCO was primarily implemented for controlling and decreasing the mostly entails the extensive use of insecticides, to diminish the mosquito spread of COVID-19 in Malaysia, since a sudden spike was noted in the population, in areas where positive cases have been detected. The space reported cases due to several Islamic religious gatherings, consisting of spray application of insecticides (particularly pyrethroids) is executed in 12,000 people, which took place in Sri Petaling, Kuala Lumpur, between the cold or thermal fogging mode (ref.). Surveillance mostly involves 28th February and 2nd March 2020. The Malaysian Prime Minister house-to-house inspections to detect mosquito larvae infestations, with declared the MCO I on 16th March 2020. This was gazetted in the [30] the results applied for the formulation of indicators that include the (PCID Order) on 17th March 2020, and all the 14 Malaysian states were house index and the Breteau index. declared to be locally-infected regions. For guiding this implemented Currently, with the focus of government officialsmainly on curbing order and managing the MCO, the government also issued a regulation the spread of the COVID-19 virus, the regular operations of the dengue according to the [30] (PCID Regulations), which highlighted the need to control system have been significantlycurtailed. This situation has led to - (i) Control the movement and gathering of people in the infected areas; a worrying climb in the number of dengue
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