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Instituto Nacional de Conservación y Desarrollo Forestal, Áreas Protegidas y Vida Silvestre ICF Departamento de Áreas Protegidas (DAP) Región Forestal de Olancho Oficina Local de La Unión Plan de Manejo Refugio de Vida Silvestre La Muralla 2011 – 2015 Municipalidad de: La Unión, Jano y Esquipulas del Norte Empresa Consultora: Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Honduras (CEAH) Cooperante: The Nature Conservancy (TNC) 2010 Plan de Manejo del Refugio de Vida Silvestre La Muralla INSTITUCIONES PARTICIPANTES EN EL PLAN DE MANEJO: Fundación para la Protección del Refugio de Vida Silvestre La Muralla(PANAM) Universidad Nacional de Agricultura (UNA) Asociación de Servicios Comunitarios de La Unión (ASECUN) Municipalidad de: La Unión, Jano y Esquipulas del Norte Equipo Técnico Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Honduras (CEAH) o Consultor Principal: José Antonio Reyes Chirinos o Biólogo Especialista: Leonel Edgardo Marineros o Especialistas Socioambientales: Karina Ramirez y Bianca Padilla o Especialista en SIG: Miriam Reyes Elaborado por: Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Honduras 2 Plan de Manejo del Refugio de Vida Silvestre La Muralla TABLA DE CONTENIDO RESUMEN .......................................................................................................................... 10 INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................11 1. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL ÁREA .................................................................................... 12 1.1. Categoría, Ubicación y Límites ..................................................................... 12 1.2. Caracterización Biofísica ...............................................................................18 1.2.1. Características Biológicas ...................................................................... 18 1.2.2. Ecosistemas ...........................................................................................35 1.2.3. Características Físicas ........................................................................... 47 1.2.4. Problemática ..........................................................................................74 1.2.5. Servicios Ambientales ............................................................................ 80 1.3. Caracterización Socioeconómica .................................................................. 84 1.3.1. Población ............................................................................................... 84 1.3.2. Salud ......................................................................................................90 1.3.3. Educación ..............................................................................................94 1.3.4. Actividades Económicas ........................................................................95 1.3.5. Relaciones de las Comunidades con los Recursos Naturales .............. 97 1.3.6. Evaluación de los Servicios ................................................................. 101 1.3.7. Evaluación y Análisis de la Tenencia de la Tierra y el Ordenamiento Territorial 106 1.3.8. Análisis de la Problemática .................................................................. 110 1.4. Caracterización Legal e Institucional .......................................................... 114 1.4.1. Contexto Internacional y Nacional de los esfuerzos de Desarrollo Sostenible en el Área Protegida ...........................................................................114 1.4.2. Políticas y Estrategias de Desarrollo Sostenible Vigentes en el País . 117 1.4.3. Marco Legal y Administrativo Vigente .................................................. 119 1.4.4. Marco Institucional Existente ............................................................... 121 1.4.5. Análisis de la Problemática y Potencialidad de Orden Legal e Institucional ...........................................................................................................122 2. MISION, VISION Y OBJETIVOS ..........................................................................123 2.1. Visión ..........................................................................................................123 2.2. Misión ..........................................................................................................123 2.3. Objetivos .....................................................................................................123 Elaborado por: Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Honduras 3 Plan de Manejo del Refugio de Vida Silvestre La Muralla 3. ZONIFICACIÓN ....................................................................................................124 3.1. Zonas ..........................................................................................................124 3.1.1. Zona de Preservación o Zona Núcleo ................................................. 124 3.1.2. Zona de Amortiguamiento .................................................................... 125 3.2. Subzonas de la Zona de Amortiguamiento ................................................. 127 3.2.1. Subzona de Uso Público ...................................................................... 127 3.2.2. Subzona de Protección Hídrica ........................................................... 127 3.2.3. Subzona de Uso Extensivo .................................................................. 128 3.2.4. Subzona de Recuperación ................................................................... 128 4. PROGRAMAS DE MANEJO .................................................................................131 4.1. Manejo de Recursos Naturales ................................................................... 133 4.2. Administración .............................................................................................135 4.3. Educación Ambiental .................................................................................. 136 4.4. Desarrollo Comunitario ............................................................................... 137 4.5. Monitoreo e Investigación ........................................................................... 139 4.6. Protección ................................................................................................... 145 4.7. Programa de Uso Público ...........................................................................146 5. ESTRATEGIA DE IMPLEMENTACIÓN DEL PLAN ............................................. 148 6. CRONOGRAMA ...................................................................................................172 7. PRESUPUESTO ...................................................................................................178 8. SEGUIMIENTO Y EVALUACIÓN DEL PLAN ....................................................... 179 BIBLIOGRAFIA .................................................................................................................180 ANEXOS ........................................................................................................................... 183 Elaborado por: Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Honduras 4 Plan de Manejo del Refugio de Vida Silvestre La Muralla ÍNDICE DE CUADROS Cuadro # 1 Área del RVS La Muralla por Municipio Pag. 12 Cuadro # 2 Hitos del Polígono de la Zona Núcleo del RVS La Pag. 13 Muralla Cuadro # 3 Coordenadas de ubicación Zona de Amortiguamiento Pag. 14 RVS La Muralla Cuadro # 4 Plantas Significativas de Conservacion en la Muralla Pag. 20 Cuadro # 5 Flora de Preocupación Especial Pag. 22 Cuadro # 6 Invertebrados Significativos de Conservacion en La Pag. 31 Muralla Cuadro # 7 Anfibios Significativos de Conservacion en La Muralla Pag. 31 Cuadro # 8 Reptiles Significativos de Conservacion en La Muralla Pag. 31 Cuadro # 9 Aves Significativas de Conservacion en La Muralla Pag. 31 Cuadro # 10 Mamíferos Significativos de Conservacion en La Muralla Pag. 32 Cuadro # 11 Especies de Mamíferos de La Muralla en los Apéndices Pag. 34 de CITES Cuadro # 12 Geología del RVS La Muralla Pag. 48 Cuadro # 13 Tipos de Suelos y Extensión Pag. 51 Cuadro # 14 Microcuencas del Refugio de Vida Silvestre La Muralla Pag. 62 Cuadro # 15 Clasificación Hidrogeológico del RVS La Muralla Pag. 66 Cuadro # 16 Población por Municipio Pag. 84 Cuadro # 17 Población por Género Pag. 84 Cuadro # 18 Comunidades dentro del Área de Amortiguamiento del Pag. 85 RVS La Muralla Cuadro # 19 Principales Causas de Morbilidad en el Municipio de Pag. 91 Jano Cuadro # 20 Principales Causas de Morbilidad en el Municipio de La Pag. 91 Unión Cuadro # 21 Equipamiento del CESAMO de La Unión Pag. 93 Cuadro # 22 Centros Educativos en el Refugio de Vida Silvestre La Pag. 94 Muralla Cuadro # 23 Rutas de Transporte del Municipio de Jano Pag. 101 Cuadro # 24 Rutas de Transporte del Municipio de La Unión Pag. 101 Cuadro # 25 Microcuencas Abastecedoras de Agua potable en el Pag. 104 Municipio de Jano Cuadro # 26 Microcuencas Propuestas del Municipio de Jano Pag. 105 Cuadro # 27 Microcuencas de La Unión Pag. 105 Cuadro # 28 Justificacion de los Programas de Manejo del RVSLM Pag. 131 Cuadro # 29 Interpretación de los valores de Integridad Ecológica Pag. 144 Cuadro # 30 Personal de la Unidad Administrativa Pag. 170 INDICE DE MAPAS Mapa # 1 Localización del Refugio de Vida Silvestre Pag. 16 Mapa # 2 Ubicación del RVS La Muralla Pag. 17 Mapa # 3 Zonas de Vida del Refugio de Vida Silvestre La Muralla Pag. 38 Mapa # 4 Clasificación de Ecosistemas dentro del Refugio de Pag. 44 Vida Silvestre La Muralla
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  • Appendix: Orchid Potting Mixtures - an Abridged Historical Review 1

    Appendix: Orchid Potting Mixtures - an Abridged Historical Review 1

    Appendix: Orchid potting mixtures - An abridged historical review 1 T. J. SHEEHAN Introduction There is little doubt that potting media development over time has been the salvation of orchid growers (Bomba, 1975). When epiphytic orchids were first introduced into England and other European countries in the 18th century growers could not envision plants growing in anything but soil. '"Peat and loam' were good for everything and frequently became the mass murderers of the first generation of epiphytic orchids," Hooker is believed to have said around the end of the 19th century; England had become the graveyard of tropical orchids. Undoubtedly this was in reference to the concern individuals were having over the potting media problems. This problem also drew the attention of such noted individuals as John Lindley and Sir Joseph Paxton, as well as the Gardener's Chronicle, who noted that "The Rule of Thumb" had nothing to say about orchid growing; it was only effective in orchid killing (Bomba 1975). Fortunately, the ingenuity of growers solved the problem as innovative potting mixes evolved over the years. After visiting a number of orchid growing establishments it immediately becomes obvious to any orchid grower, professional or hobbyist, that orchids, both epiphytic and terrestrial, will grow in a wide variety of media. It has often been stated that epiphytic orchids can be grown in any medium except soil as long as watering and fertilization are adjusted to fit the mix being used. Ter­ restrial orchids seem to thrive in any medium that contains 40% or more organic matter. Reading cultural recommendations from the early days of orchid growing is most interesting and highly recommended.