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Integrating Building Information Modeling and Virtual Reality Natephra et al. Visualization in Engineering (2017) 5:19 DOI 10.1186/s40327-017-0058-x RESEARCH Open Access Integrating building information modeling and virtual reality development engines for building indoor lighting design Worawan Natephra* , Ali Motamedi, Tomohiro Fukuda and Nobuyoshi Yabuki Abstract Background: Lighting simulation tools are extending the functionality of Building Information Modeling (BIM) authoring software applications to support the lighting design analysis of buildings. Although such tools enable quantitative and qualitative analysis and visualization of indoor lighting, they do not provide an interactive environment between users and the design context. Moreover, their visualization environments do not allow users to experience visual phenomena such as glare. In addition, lighting energy consumption generated from traditional tools is often separated from the 3D virtual context of the building. Therefore, an incorrect interpretation by designers regarding the relationship between their desirable lighting design and energy feedback may occur. Methods: This research proposes a method and develops a BIM-based lighting design feedback (BLDF) prototype system for realistic visualization of lighting condition and the calculation of energy consumption. Results: The results of a case study revealed that BLDF supports design stakeholders to better perceive and optimize lighting conditions in order to achieve a higher degree of satisfaction in terms of lighting design and energy savings for future occupants. Conclusions: The developed system utilizes an interactive and immersive virtual reality (VR) environment to simulate daylighting and the illumination of artificial lights in buildings and visualizes realistic VR scenes using head mounted displays (HMD). BLDF allows users to interact with design objects, to change them, and to compare multiple design scenarios, and provides real-time lighting quality and energy consumption feedback. Keywords: Building Information Modeling (BIM), Serious game simulation, Indoor lighting design, Design feedback, Virtual reality (VR), Lighting design optimization, Energy feedback Background the total global energy consumption. A major proportion Lighting design relies on a combination of scientific, aes- of the total energy demand for buildings is electricity for thetic, and human factors (Benya et al., 2001). The follow- lighting. For example, lighting consumes approximately ing determinants are amongst the factors that need to be 16.7% of commercial building energy in the U.S. (Book, considered in lighting design: daylight availability, aesthet- 2016), 20 to 40% in large office buildings in China (Zhou ics, lighting quality, and efficiency of lighting. Benya et al. et al., 2015), and 40% in commercial buildings in Japan (Benya et al., 2001) stated that lighting design primarily (The Energy Conservation Center Japan, 2010). A reduction affects energy efficiency and lighting quality. The World in lighting energy consumption can make a substantial con- Energy Council (World Energy Resources 2013 Survey, tribution toward lowering the energy demand for buildings. 2016) estimated that buildings account for nearly 40% of The use of Building Information Modeling (BIM)-based computer simulation tools is growing rapidly, and such tools assist designers in making better decisions to reduce * Correspondence: [email protected] energy consumption and to create better lighting condi- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Design and Information Technology Laboratory, Graduate tions for occupants. Several existing commercial simula- School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka tion tools that are compatible with BIM have been widely 565-0871, Japan © The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Natephra et al. Visualization in Engineering (2017) 5:19 Page 2 of 21 used in visualizing, identifying, and examining indoor a game engine to support lighting designers for identify- lighting performance as well as simulating lighting energy ing optimal design parameters; (3) to investigate the ap- consumption. Conventional simulated outputs often com- plicability of the system for assessing lighting design prise quantitative and qualitative data, and the factors, such as visual comfort, energy consumption, and visualization features are based primarily on static two- lighting performance; and (4) to validate the proposed dimensional (2D) images. Energy consumption outputs method and assess the performance of the developed are usually generated as numerical data and presented as tool using a real-world case study. complex graphs, documents, and/or tables (Sarhan & This paper presents a prototype system called BIM- Rutherford, 2009; Hailemariam et al., 2010), which are based lighting design feedback (BLDF), for realistic separate from the visual context of the building visualization of lighting conditions and calculation of (Hailemariam et al., 2010). Such numerical data are used lighting energy consumption with a user-friendly inter- by experts who are experienced in interpreting such data. face using an interactive and immersive VR environ- However, this creates a barrier for collaboration between ment. BLDF provides qualitative and quantitative design teams and clients who are not familiar with inter- outputs related to lighting design. The BIM database preting numerical results, and this prevents the parties and scripting features of the game engine are used to from understanding the energy requirements of different create a robust prototype system that performs fast cal- design options. culation and image rendering. VR technology enables Some BIM-based lighting analysis tools, such as Elum- designers to perceive realistic lighting scenes in their de- tools (What Is ElumTools™?, 2016) and Dialux (Lighting signs. Tools such as Autodesk Revit, Unreal Engine, and Design Software DIALux, 2016), provide three- its scripting environment are used in our system to cre- dimensional (3D) visualizations and walkthrough feature. ate an interactive environment that allows changing and However, such tools can only provide static outputs with visualizing lighting scenes and to facilitate comparison no interaction between the users and the environment of different design scenarios in our experiments. e.g., (Bille et al., 2014; Kumar et al., 2014), and are inad- The main contributions of the present research are: equate for dynamically updating or changing design pa- (1) the proposal of a novel method and a tool for sup- rameters (Kensek & Noble, 2013) and providing porting lighting design to assess the required amount of simultaneous energy feedback when comparing multiple light, the lighting aesthetic, and the total energy con- design scenarios. Moreover, when using traditional tools, sumption using an interactive and immersive VR envir- designers are unable to directly experience some lighting onment; (2) the proposal of an alternative approach to phenomena that may affect the visual perception of the use a virtual environment to facilitate collaborative and occupants, e.g., brightness, darkness, glare, or insufficient participatory design between designers and clients that illumination. In addition, when using conventional BIM provides an efficient decision support system for indoor authoring software applications and their plugins, tasks lighting design; (3) the development of a system that re- related to preparing lighting simulation and sharing infor- duces the time required for calculating the illuminance mation between different tools are very time-consuming level and achieving a more realistic lighting scene, as (Huang et al., 2008). Furthermore, the rendering step for compared to conventional lighting simulation software; achieving a photo-realistic output is very time consuming. and (4) the investigation of a method by which to trans- On the other hand, virtual reality (VR) provides new fer lighting design properties from the VR environment perspectives for designers to visualize their design to the BIM database. through an immersive experience (Weidlich et al., 2007). Game engines are designed for creating dynamic activ- Literature review ities, interacting with objects (Edwards et al., 2015), and Lighting design review in the architecture, engineering, providing accurate and timely feedback when users and construction (AEC) industry interact with building elements in a virtual environment. Using BIM-based simulations are increasingly being used To this end, coupling BIM and game engines can extend to assess the success or failure of indoor lighting design. the capabilities of BIM and makes BIM a more powerful Lighting simulation plugins for BIM applications help tool for addressing the aforementioned issues. users to analyze design options in order to provide suffi- Therefore, this paper proposes a framework for inte- cient lighting for occupants and improve building energy grating BIM and a game engine for lighting design efficiency and overall building performance (Aksamija & visualization and analysis. The objectives of this research Zaki,
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