Urban Form and Insecurity: a Case Study of Three Districts in Baghdad
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Urban Form and Insecurity: A Case Study of Three Districts in Baghdad Author Albayati, Dhyaa Molan Published 2016 Thesis Type Thesis (PhD Doctorate) School Griffith School of Environment DOI https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/450 Copyright Statement The author owns the copyright in this thesis, unless stated otherwise. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366101 Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au Urban form and insecurity: A case study of three districts in Baghdad Dhyaa Molan Albayati B.Sc. (2000), M.Sc. (2003) School of Environment Griffith Sciences Griffith University Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2015 Abstract The research examines three districts in Baghdad, Iraq and poses three hypotheses: 1) urban form and structure impacts on the ability of residents to defend themselves; 2) adopted social behaviour of residents during times of terrorism affects social activity and hence urban structure; and 3) counter-terrorism measures used during times of terrorism affects urban form. The research used a combination of fieldwork, surveys and interviews to confirm that the daily life and behaviour of residents of the three case study areas were significantly influenced by terrorist acts and counter-terrorism measures. However these influences varied by district and the results confirm that these differences were related to urban form. The results also show that the impacts of counter-terrorism measures are diverse and their impact is also dependent on urban form. The research shows that despite the magnitude and scale of terrorist attacks within the case study areas, Rusafa (traditional form) and Falestin (mixed traditional/modern form) were more secure than Haifa (modern form). The research is significant in two ways. First, at the local level it provides the evidence to inform individuals about the appropriate building materials, housing style and neighbourhood form and structure that will minimise the impacts of terrorism. Second, it provides research on previously unknown challenges and responses within diverse urban districts. This can bridge the knowledge gap regarding what happens within different urban forms during periods of insecurity and terrorism. i Statement of Originality “This work has not previously been submitted for a degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the thesis itself.” Signature …………………… Dhyaa M Albayati ………………… Publications One journal article and one conference paper have been published from this thesis Journal articles: Albayati, D.M., Sipe, N.G., Tomerini, D, and Alizadeh, T. (2015) “The impact of urban form on travel behaviour in three Baghdad neighbourhoods affected by terrorism” Urban, Planning and Transport Research , 3( 1)pp.32-45 Conferences: Albayat, D.M. “The impacts of terrorism and security concerns on an urban form and residents’ behaviour”, Presented to Conflict, Revolt and Democracy in the Neoliberal World: CAPPE 8th Annual international interdisciplinary Conference, Brighton, September 11-13, 2013. ii Acknowledgements I would like to express my appreciation and sincere gratitude to my supervisor Professor Neil Sipe, for his unfailing supervision and mentorship of my PhD research. He has contributed significantly by motivating me, supporting me, and developing my research; his brilliant comments and constant guidance has greatly assisted me during the writing of this thesis. Special thanks must go to my associate supervisors, Dr. Tooran Alizadeh and Dr. Deanna Tomerini for their insightful advice and comments, which helped to grow and enrich my research. I would also like to thank my sponsor, the Higher Education Ministry of Iraq – I am extremely grateful for the opportunity they have given me to study in Australia. Thanks also to the Amanat Baghdad and Municipality Ministry, which provided all the documents and information that assisted in this research. For their help I am deeply grateful. My appreciation goes to all of my friends who have supported and assisted me during my research journey, however special thanks must go to my family. Words cannot express how grateful I am to my father, God bless his soul in heaven, and to my mother for all the sacrifices she has made on my behalf, her prayers were what has sustained me thus far. Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my beloved wife who spent many sleepless nights, cared for our three daughters and was always my strongest support in the most difficult times of this research journey. My love for my wife and our beautiful daughters is boundless, and without them, I could not have undertaken this study. iii Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................................. i Statement of Originality .................................................................................................................... ii Publications ....................................................................................................................................... ii Journal articles: ......................................................................................................................... ii Conferences: ............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures .................................................................................................................................. vii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................... x 1- Conceptual Framework and introduction ...................................................................................... 1 1-1 Preface ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1-2 Problem Statement ..................................................................................................................... 3 1-3 Conceptual Framework of Thesis ................................................................................................ 4 1-4 Research Hypotheses .................................................................................................................. 5 1-5 Research Aims ............................................................................................................................. 6 1-6 Research Significance .................................................................................................................. 6 1-7 Overview of Thesis ...................................................................................................................... 7 2- Literature Review .......................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Urban Form and its Effect on Human Behaviour ......................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Physical Elements ........................................................................................................... 10 2.1.2 Social Elements .............................................................................................................. 16 2-1-3 Security Elements .......................................................................................................... 17 2-2 The Impact of Terrorism/Security Measures on Urban Form and Human Behaviour ................ 24 2-2-1 Planning Responses to Terrorism .................................................................................. 26 2-3 Impacts of Urban Governance and Non-Governmental Organisations on Urban form, Terrorism and Counter Terrorism and Daily life during Insecure Circumstances ............................. 48 2-3-1 Urban Governance ......................................................................................................... 48 2-3-2 Non-Governmental Responses (NGOs) ......................................................................... 52 2-4 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 54 3- Description of the Case Study Areas ............................................................................................ 57 3-1 Baghdad .................................................................................................................................... 57 3-1-1 Historical Background .................................................................................................... 57 3-1-2 Urban Governance in Baghdad ...................................................................................... 58 3-1-3 Urban Transformation and Suggested Master Plans for Baghdad City ......................... 59 iv 3-1-3-1 Urban Transformation ............................................................................................ 59 3-1-3-2