DOCSLIB.ORG

Iraq's Minorities: Participation in Public Life

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Iraq's Minorities: Participation in Public Life report Iraq’s Minorities: Participation in Public Life By Preti Taneja Sabean-Mandaean teenage girls during a baptism ceremony in Basra, southern Iraq. Samer Muscati. Acknowledgements Minority Rights Group International The primary research used in this Minority Rights Group International (MRG) is a report was conducted by Iraqi nongovernmental organization (NGO) working to secure the Minorities Council (IMC). Minority Rights rights of ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities and Group International (MRG) would like to indigenous peoples worldwide, and to promote cooperation thank Louis Climis, IMC project and understanding between communities. Our activities are manager, and his team. MRG would like to thank Inas focused on international advocacy, training, publishing and Zeineddine and recognize the key contribution made by outreach. We are guided by the needs expressed by our individuals from minority communities. MRG would also like worldwide partner network of organizations, which represent to thank Hunain al Qaddo and William Spence. minority and indigenous peoples. MRG gratefully acknowledges the European Union (EU) for MRG works with over 150 organizations in nearly 50 their financial contribution towards the realization of this countries. Our governing Council, which meets twice a year, report through the European Instrument for Democracy and has members from 10 different countries. MRG has Human Rights. The contents of this document are the sole consultative status with the United Nations Economic and responsibility of MRG and can under no circumstances be Social Council (ECOSOC), and observer status with the regarded as reflecting the position of the EU. African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR). MRG is registered as a charity and a company Programme Coordinators: Chris Chapman and Marusca limited by guarantee under English law. Registered charity Perazzi. Commissioning editor: Beth Walker. Production no. 282305, limited company no. 1544957. coordinator: Jasmin Qureshi. Copy editor: Sophie Richmond. The Author Preti Taneja is author of several MRG reports on Iraq’s minority communities and was twice the editor of State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples, as well as numerous other MRG publications. She currently works as a journalist, editor and filmmaker specializing in human rights and development issues for ERA Films. © Minority Rights Group International 2011 All rights reserved Material from this publication may be reproduced for teaching or for other non-commercial purposes. No part of it may be reproduced in any form for commercial purposes without the prior express permission of the copyright holders. For further information please contact MRG. A CIP catalogue record of this publication is available from the British Library. ISBN 978 1 907919 11 4. Published November 2011. Printed in the UK on recycled paper. Iraq’s Minorities: Participation in Public Life is published by MRG as a contribution to public understanding of the issue which forms its subject. The text and views of the author do not necessarily represent in every detail and all its aspects, the collective view of MRG. Iraq’s Minorities: Participation in Public Life By Preti Taneja Contents Abbreviations 2 Executive summary 3 Map 4 Minorities in Iraq in 2011 – an overview 5 Research methodology 7 Freedom of religion and belief 11 Political participation 13 Discrimination and difficulty accessing public services 15 Minority women 23 Ways forward 29 Recommendations 31 Appendix 1: Locations of interviews 33 Notes 35 Abbreviations CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms IMC Iraqi Minorities Council of Discrimination against Women IOM International Organization for Migration CRRPD Commission for Resolution of Real IPCC Iraq Property Claims Commission Property Disputes IRFA US International Religious Freedom Act EU European Union IRIN Integrated Regional Information Networks HRW Human Rights Watch IWPR Institute for War and Peace Reporting ICG International Crisis Group KRG Kurdistan Regional Government ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross SRSG Special Representative of the UN IDMC Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre Secretary-General for Iraq IDPs internally displaced persons UNAMI UN Assistance Mission for Iraq IHEC Independent High Electoral Commission UNHCR UN High Commissioner for Refugees ILHR Institute for International Law and Human Rights 2 IRAQ’S MINORITIES: PARTICIPATION IN PUBLIC LIFE Executive summary This report focuses on the right of all members of The research highlighted a number of concerns. It minority communities to participate in public life in Iraq. emerged that members of minorities are unable to access Taking part in everyday life - practising religion, accessing public services or employment because of ethnic or jobs and public services, taking part in politics, and religious prejudice, or because they do not belong to the travelling freely - is a challenge for many people in Iraq, right political party. Women members of minorities are but members of ethnic and religious minorities face particularly vulnerable to abuse and often hide their particular obstacles. While the overall security situation in minority identity when leaving the house. Members of Iraq has improved, minorities suffer targeted threats and the Roma minority (known as Kawliyah in Iraq) violence, the destruction of their places of worship, the emphasized the prejudice that they suffer from, stating loss of homes and property and lack of government that they were ‘harassed by society’ and were fearful of protection of their rights.1 venturing to public offices to request services, ‘for fear To gain this insight into this area, MRG’s partner that they will know of our affiliation’. Many respondents organization the Iraqi Minorities Council (IMC) stated that they avoid dressing in a way that identifies interviewed 331 members of 11 minority communities in their minority belonging in public, or speaking their 2010. The emphasis is on ordinary members of language, particularly when dealing with government communities rather than their political leaders. The officials. research focuses on the Kurdistan Region; Diyala, Kirkuk In looking for solutions, this report highlights the and Nineveh in the north; Baghdad, Babil and Basra, need for a comprehensive anti-discrimination law and given the concentration of minorities in these areas. The amendments to various laws and policies that report highlights that tensions between Kurds and Arabs discriminate against minorities, and minority women in over disputed territories in Kirkuk and Nineveh mean particular. Other key recommendations include: that they have become the most dangerous areas in the country in terms of security and freedom to access rights • The Iraqi government should include protections for and services, particularly for minorities. women from minority communities in the draft The report examines the right to access public services Domestic Violence Bill; and involve the Iraq such as education and health; access to employment; the parliament’s minority caucus in consultations on right to practise culture and religion; and the right to developing this law. participate in politics (and how membership of political • The Iraqi government and Kurdistan Regional parties can impact on access to services and jobs). There is Government (KRG) should provide bilingual a specific focus on minority women, looking at barriers education for minorities in areas where they form a that they face in participating in public life: for example, significant proportion of the population. whether they feel free to show their minority identity in • The Iraqi government, KRG and donors should public, violence and harassment they may suffer both institute development programmes to address the within and outside the home, and their access to services, disproportionate levels of poverty and poor levels of such as maternal health services. education in some minority communities. IRAQ’S MINORITIES: PARTICIPATION IN PUBLIC LIFE 3 Iraq TURKEY Zakho DAHUK Aqrah Rayat Tall Huqnah ARBÍL Mosul Irbil NINAWÁ As Sulaymaniyah Kirkuk AS SULAYMANÍYAH SYRIA Halabjah Bayji IRAN Tikrit SALAHAD DIN Samarra Khanaqin Hadithah DIYALA Akashat Mandali BAGHDAD AL ANBAR Al Fallujah Baghdad Ar Rutbah IRAQ WASIT BABIL Al Kut Karbala Al Hindiyah KARBALA T ig Al Hayy ris An Nukhayb An Najaf Ad Dıwanıyah Al Amarah AL QADISÌYAH E MAYSAN up hr at es DHIQAR AN NAJAF As Samawah An Nasirıyah Al Basrah As Salman AL MUTHANNA AL BASRAH Al Busayyah SAUDI ARABIA KUWAIT 0 100 200 km 4 IRAQ’S MINORITIES: PARTICIPATION IN PUBLIC LIFE Minorities in Iraq in 2011 – an overview While the overall security situation in Iraq has improved The UNHCR and other organizations have in comparison to previous years,2 levels of attacks on and highlighted that many IDPs live in deplorable conditions, intimidation of minorities remain high. Most dramatically, with extremely limited access to essential services and in a devastating attack on 31 October 2010 on Our Lady limited opportunities to participate in political and social of Salvation, a Syriac Catholic church in Baghdad, 56 life.10 In terms of property restitution, or internal Christians and 12 others were killed. Thus 2010 was resettlement in new areas, the situation for minorities is marked as ‘the worst of years’ for Iraq’s Christians.3 even more precarious.11 Meanwhile, Iraq’s minority The attack caused further waves of displacement and diaspora community continues to grow as
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Turkey and Iraq: the Perils (And Prospects) of Proximity
    UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE www.usip.org SPECIAL REPORT 1200 17th Street NW • Washington, DC 20036 • 202.457.1700 • fax 202.429.6063 ABOUT THE REPORT I RAQ AND I TS N EIGHBORS Iraq’s neighbors are playing a major role—both positive and negative—in the stabilization and reconstruction of “the new Iraq.” As part of the Institute’s “Iraq and Henri J. Barkey Its Neighbors” project, a group of leading specialists on the geopolitics of the region and on the domestic politics of the individual countries is assessing the interests and influence of the countries surrounding Iraq. In addition, these specialists are examining how Turkey and Iraq the situation in Iraq is impacting U.S. bilateral relations with these countries. Henri Barkey’s report on Turkey is the first in a series of USIP special reports on “Iraq The Perils (and Prospects) of Proximity and Its Neighbors” to be published over the next few months. Next in the series will be a study on Iran by Geoffrey Kemp of the Nixon Center. The “Iraq and Its Neighbors” project is directed by Scott Lasensky of the Institute’s Research and Studies Program. For an overview of the topic, see Phebe Marr and Scott Lasensky, “An Opening at Sharm el-Sheikh,” Beirut Daily Star, November 20, 2004. Henri J. Barkey is the Bernard L. and Bertha F. Cohen Professor of international relations at Lehigh University. He served as a member of the U.S. State Department Policy Planning Staff (1998–2000), working primarily on issues related to the Middle East, the eastern Mediterranean, and intelligence matters.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkmen of Iraq
    Turkmen of Iraq By Mofak Salman Kerkuklu 1 Mofak Salman Kerkuklu Turkmen of Iraq Dublin –Ireland- 2007 2 The Author Mofak Salman Kerkuklu graduated in England with a BSc Honours in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Oxford Brookes University and completed MSc’s in both Medical Electronic and Physics at London University and a MSc in Computing Science and Information Technology at South Bank University. He is also a qualified Charter Engineer from the Institution of Engineers of Ireland. Mr. Mofak Salman is an author of a book “ Brief History of Iraqi Turkmen”. He is the Turkmeneli Party representative for both Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom. He has written a large number of articles that were published in various newspapers. 3 Purpose and Scope This book was written with two clear objectives. Firstly, to make an assessment of the current position of Turkmen in Iraq, and secondly, to draw the world’s attention to the situation of the Turkmen. This book would not have been written without the support of Turkmen all over the world. I wish to reveal to the world the political situation and suffering of the Iraqi Turkmen under the Iraqi regime, and to expose Iraqi Kurdish bandits and reveal their premeditated plan to change the demography of the Turkmen-populated area. I would like to dedicate this book to every Turkmen who has been detained in Iraqi prisons; to Turkmen who died under torture in Iraqi prisons; to all Turkmen whose sons and daughters were executed by the Iraqi regime; to all Turkmen who fought and died without seeing a free Turkmen homeland; and to the Turkmen City of Kerkuk, which is a bastion of cultural and political life for the Turkmen resisting the Kurdish occupation.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Dialogue: Shaping the Iraqi-U.S. Relationship
    Cordesman: Shaping a Strategy for Iraq June 29, 2020 1 Strategic Dialogue: Shaping the Iraqi-U.S. Relationship By Anthony H. Cordesman With the assistance of Grace Hwang June 29, 2020 Please provide comments to [email protected] Photo: AHMAD AL-RUBAYE/AFP/Getty Images Cordesman: Shaping a Strategy for Iraq June 29, 2020 2 Strategic Dialogue: Shaping the Iraqi-U.S. Relationship Anthony H. Cordesman The Burke Chair at CSIS is issuing a new version of a previous Burke Chair analysis of the political/governance, economic, and security challenges that Iraq faces in creating a lasting strategic relationship with the United States. This new analysis has been developed to explore the full range of issues that affect Iraqi security and stability, and it emphasizes the need to shape a new strategic relationship between Iraq and the U.S. raised by Secretary Pompeo’s announcement on April 7, 2020, that the United States would hold a strategic dialogue with the Iraqi government in mid-June 2020. Secretary Pompeo’s announcement stated that, “With the global COVID-19 pandemic raging and plummeting oil revenues threatening an Iraqi economic collapse, it's important that our two governments work together to stop any reversal of the gains we've made in our efforts to defeat ISIS and stabilize the country. All strategic issues between our two countries will be on the agenda, including the future presence of the United States forces in that country and how best to support an independent and sovereign Iraq.” “Secretary Pompeo made it clear that the United States would have to reassess its strategy in Iraq in terms of the growing Iranian and Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) pressure on the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Kurdistan Rising? Considerations for Kurds, Their Neighbors, and the Region
    KURDISTAN RISING? CONSIDERATIONS FOR KURDS, THEIR NEIGHBORS, AND THE REGION Michael Rubin AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE Kurdistan Rising? Considerations for Kurds, Their Neighbors, and the Region Michael Rubin June 2016 American Enterprise Institute © 2016 by the American Enterprise Institute. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used or reproduced in any man- ner whatsoever without permission in writing from the American Enterprise Institute except in the case of brief quotations embodied in news articles, critical articles, or reviews. The views expressed in the publications of the American Enterprise Institute are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the staff, advisory panels, officers, or trustees of AEI. American Enterprise Institute 1150 17th St. NW Washington, DC 20036 www.aei.org. Cover image: Grand Millennium Sualimani Hotel in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan, by Diyar Muhammed, Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons. Contents Executive Summary 1 1. Who Are the Kurds? 5 2. Is This Kurdistan’s Moment? 19 3. What Do the Kurds Want? 27 4. What Form of Government Will Kurdistan Embrace? 56 5. Would Kurdistan Have a Viable Economy? 64 6. Would Kurdistan Be a State of Law? 91 7. What Services Would Kurdistan Provide Its Citizens? 101 8. Could Kurdistan Defend Itself Militarily and Diplomatically? 107 9. Does the United States Have a Coherent Kurdistan Policy? 119 Notes 125 Acknowledgments 137 About the Author 139 iii Executive Summary wo decades ago, most US officials would have been hard-pressed Tto place Kurdistan on a map, let alone consider Kurds as allies. Today, Kurds have largely won over Washington.
    [Show full text]
  • ATINER's Conference Paper Proceedings Series PLA2018-0108
    ATINER CONFERENCE PRESENTATION SERIES No: PLA2018-0108 ATINER’s Conference Paper Proceedings Series PLA2018-0108 Athens, 2 October 2018 Trans-placed Communities: The Impact of the Iraqi Community on the Spatial and Socio- cultural Urban Structure of Amman Raed Al Tal and Iba‟a Al-Zubaydi Athens Institute for Education and Research 8 Valaoritou Street, Kolonaki, 10683 Athens, Greece ATINER‟s conference paper proceedings series are circulated to promote dialogue among academic scholars. All papers of this series have been blind reviewed and accepted for presentation at one of ATINER‟s annual conferences according to its acceptance policies (http://www.atiner.gr/acceptance). © All rights reserved by authors. 1 ATINER CONFERENCE PRESENTATION SERIES No: PLA2018-0108 ATINER’s Conference Paper Proceedings Series PLA2018-0108 Athens, 2 October 2018 ISSN: 2529-167X Raed Al Tal, Assistant Professor, German Jordanian University, Jordan Iba‟a Al-Zubaydi, Master Student, German Jordanian University, Jordan Trans-placed Communities: The Impact of the Iraqi Community on the Spatial and Socio- cultural Urban Structure of Amman ABSTRACT The influx of Iraqis to Jordan came in two major waves. The first wave had taken place in 1991 when Iraq was subjected to a devastating war following its invasion of Kuwait, while the second wave resulted from the US-led war against Iraq in 2003. In both waves, the Iraqi immigrants can be grouped into three categories. The first relates to those Iraqis who came seeking temporary safety from the spread of violence back home, but for whom the idea of returning to Iraq remained in mind. The second category is of those Iraqis who came to stay for family any pressing reasons and the third group is of those who viewed Amman as a transit station towards other destinations.
    [Show full text]
  • Minority Rights in Iraq and Prospects for the Iraqi Turkmen Within Iraq Stefan Wolff [email protected] | | @Stefwolff
    Minority rights in Iraq and prospects for the Iraqi Turkmen within Iraq Stefan Wolff [email protected] | www.stefanwolff.com | @stefwolff Introduction Turkmen are the third-largest population group in Iraq with between 600,000 and 2 million members who have a strong sense of their distinct identity and have preserved their native language. They live concentrated in the north of Iraq in the Kurdistan Region and in the so-called disputed territories. The largest concentration of Turkmen live in the city and province of Kirkuk. Approximately 60% of Iraqi Turkmen are Sunni Muslims. Turkmens’ suffering under Saddam Hussein has been officially recognised in the Preamble of the Iraqi Constitution of 2005. Yet even in the new Iraq, Turkmen continue to be affected by ethnic and sectarian violence and discrimination. The legal framework of minority rights in Iraq The relevant legal framework for the rights of Turkmen (and other communities) in Iraq consists of applicable international standards, the Iraqi Constitution of 2005, and the Kurdistan Regional Constitution of 2009. So far, no comprehensive minority rights or anti-discrimination law has been passed, and provisions in existing legislation (such as the Criminal Code or the labour Code) allow for potential discrimination. Applicable international legal standards Iraq is a signatory to various relevant international documents, including (in chronological order): the ILO Convention 111 concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation (1958), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), the International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights (1966), and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965).
    [Show full text]
  • A/HRC/25/60/Add.2 General Assembly
    United Nations A/HRC/25/60/Add.2 General Assembly Distr.: General 11 March 2013 English/French/Spanish only Human Rights Council Twenty-fifth session Agenda item 3 Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Juan E. Méndez Addendum Observations on communications transmitted to Governments and replies received* * The present document is being circulated in the languages of submission only. GE.14-11956 *1411956* A/HRC/25/60/Add.2 Contents Paragraphs Page Abbreviations................................................................................................................... 4 I. Introduction............................................................................................................. 1–5 5 II. Observations by the Special Rapporteur ................................................................. 6–187 5 Afghanistan ................................................................................................................. 6 5 Algeria ............................................................................................................................ 7 6 Angola ............................................................................................................................ 8 7 Argentina ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Iraqis; Food Distribution OK; Infrastructure Improving Very Slowly; Reconstruction and Humanitarian Operations Slow—Security, Supply, and Bureaucratic Impediments;
    November 19, 2004 Note: This report has been compiled from publicly available information. Although information has been gathered from reliable sources the currency and completeness of the information reported herein is subject to change and cannot be guaranteed. Inquiries, updates and comments are welcome and should be directed to PDMIN team at [email protected]. 1 Note: New content has been inserted in red, italicized, bold font. Overview Humanitarian Situation: Continued concern about security, attacks on civilians, hostage taking, crime, and lethal exchanges between multinational force and Iraqis; Food distribution OK; Infrastructure improving very slowly; Reconstruction and humanitarian operations slow—security, supply, and bureaucratic impediments; Political: In Great Britain, French President Jacques Chirac and British Prime Minister Tony Blair move to put Iraq differences behind them—Chirac warns US against imposing its values on Iraq, against “Westernization”, and against “logic of power”—advocates multilateral UN problem solving; NATO details promised security training center in Iraq—will send up to 300 instructors plus support personnel to train 1,000 Iraqis a year—hope to start this year—France, Germany, and Belgium w ill not train in Iraq, but consider providing training elsewhere; UN: US Assistant Treasury Secretary Juan Carlos Zarate says Russia is protecting several involved in UN oil-for-food program corruption; The Secretary General’s Special Representative, Ashraf Qazi, discusses humanitarian situation in Fallujah
    [Show full text]
  • Living Among the Hashd: Relations Between Communities and Pmfs
    IRIS REPORT Living Among the Hashd: Relations Between Citizens and Security Actors in Five Iraqi Provinces Mac Skelton July 2021 Zmkan Ali Saleem ABOUT IRIS The Institute of Regional and International Studies (IRIS) is an Iraq-based research center committed to producing independent and empirically rigorous political analysis of Iraq and the broader Middle East region. Housed at the American University of Iraq, Sulaimani (AUIS), the Institute partners with academic institutions and funding agencies from across the world that share IRIS' mission of grounding the policy conversation on Iraq in rigorous research and local expertise. IRIS convenes events throughout the year, including the annual Sulaimani Forum, in order to disseminate research findings and to promote dialogue among a broad range of stakeholders on the most complex policy challenges facing Iraq and the region. Finally, IRIS builds the skills and capacity of young researchers, policymakers, and leaders towards the aim of leveraging policy research into political and social change. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Dr. Mac Skelton is Executive Director of the Institute of Regional and International Studies (IRIS) at the American University of Iraq, Sulaimani (AUIS), and a Visiting Fellow at the London School of Economics (LSE) Middle East Centre. He tweets @Mac_Skelton Dr. Zmkan Ali Saleem is Program Director for Research at the Institute of Regional and International Studies (IRIS) at the American University of Iraq, Sulaimani (AUIS). He teaches in the College of Political Science at the University of Sulaimani. The views expressed in the article are those of the authors alone, and do not reflect the views of the Institute of Regional and International Studies (IRIS).
    [Show full text]
  • High Casualty Terrorist Bombings (HCTB) Page 1 March 11, 1998 - March 10, 2020
    High Casualty Terrorist Bombings (HCTB) Page 1 March 11, 1998 - March 10, 2020 LOC DEATH NINCD MONTH DAY YEAR LOCATION COL 25 3 5 13 1990 Cali, Niza, Quirigua USR 20 1 8 10 1990 Gyandzha, Azerbaijan COL 22 1 2 16 1991 Medellin TUR 36 1 4 9 1991 Istanbul IND 41 2 10 18 1991 Rudrapur ARG 28 1 3 17 1992 Buenos Aires PER 20 1 7 16 1992 Lima PAK 20 1 1 11 1993 Kotri PAK 23 2 1 24 1993 Hyderabad COL 20 1 1 30 1993 Bogota IND 317 13 3 12 1993 Bombay (Mumbai) IND 86 1 3 16 1993 Calcutta COL 15 1 4 15 1993 Bogota IRN 25 1 6 20 1994 Meshed ARG 96 1 7 18 1994 Buenos Aires PAN 21 1 7 19 1994 Colon ISR 23 1 10 19 1994 Tel Aviv ISR 22 2 1 22 1995 Netanya ALG 42 1 1 30 1995 Algiers IRQ 54 1 2 27 1995 Zakho USA 168 1 4 19 1995 Oklahoma City COL 29 1 6 11 1995 Medellin IND 17 1 7 20 1995 Jammu IND 16 1 8 31 1995 Chandigarh SRI 15 2 11 11 1995 Colombo PAK 17 1 11 19 1995 Islamabad IRQ 33 1 11 31 1995 Salahuddin PAK 45 1 12 21 1995 Peshawar SRI 96 1 1 31 1996 Colombo ISR 23 1 2 25 1996 Jerusalem ISR 19 1 3 3 1996 Jerusalem ISR 15 1 3 4 1996 Tel Aviv IND 25 1 3 21 1996 Delhi PAK 60 1 4 28 1996 Bhai Pheri SAU 19 1 6 25 1996 Dhahran SRI 64 1 7 24 1996 Dehiwala TUR 17 1 11 17 1996 Istanbul PER 17 1 12 17 1996 Lima IND 33 1 12 30 1996 Brahmaputra Mail (Assam) CAM 19 4 3 30 1997 Phnom Penh ALG 22 1 4 25 1997 Train near Algiers ALG 15 1 5 3 1997 Sidi Bouhanifa IND 33 1 7 8 1997 Bhatinda ISR 16 2 7 30 1997 Jerusalem SRI 18 1 10 15 1997 Colombo EGY 70 1 11 17 1997 Luxor ALG 103 1 1 11 1998 Sidi Hamed CHN 50 1 2 14 1998 Wuhan IND 46 13 2 14 1998 Coimbatore ALG 18
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Protection of Civilians in the Non International Armed Conflict in Iraq: 5 June – 5 July 2014
    HUMAN RIGHTS UNITED NATIONS Assistance Office of the High Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) Commissioner for Human Human Rights Office Rights 8) We assume )? Report on the Protection of Civilians in the Non International Armed Conflict in Iraq: 5 June – 5 July 2014 Ma Table of Contents Summary .................................................................................................................................... i! Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1! Background ........................................................................................................................... 2! Legal framework on the Protection of Civilians in Non-International Armed Conflict ...... 4! Impact of the conflict on civilians ........................................................................................ 7! Violations committed by ISIL and associated armed groups ............................................... 9! Violations committed by the Government of Iraq security forces & affiliated forces ....... 14! Violations and abuses committed by unknown perpetrators .............................................. 16! Effect of conflict on vulnerable groups .............................................................................. 18! Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................................... 21 Summary The non-international armed conflict that commenced in Iraq in Anbar governorate
    [Show full text]
  • The Iraqi Turkmen (1921-2005)
    THE IRAQI TURKMEN (1921-2005) The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by A. Gökhan KAYILI In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA August 2005 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. Asst. Prof. Nur Bilge Criss Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. Asst. Prof. Türel Yılmaz Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. Asst. Prof. Hasan Ünal Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT THE IRAQI TURKMEN (1921-2005) Kayılı, A.Gökhan M.I.R, Department of International Relations Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Nur Bilge Criss August 2005 This thesis evaluates the situation of the Iraqi Turkmen between 1921-2005 in terms of the important developments in Iraq. The Iraqi Turkmen could not organize politically due to the oppressive Iraqi regimes in the period between 1921-1991. They started to carry out political activities openly after the Gulf War II in Northern Iraq. The Turkmen who are the third largest ethnic population in Iraq, pursue the policy of keeping the integrity of Iraqi territory, enjoying the same equal rights as the other ethnic groups and being a founding member in the constitution.
    [Show full text]