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Double Taxation of Corporate Income in the United States and the OECD
Double Taxation of Corporate Income in the United States and the OECD FISCAL Taylor LaJoie Elke Asen FACT Policy Analyst Policy Analyst No. 740 Jan. 2021 Key Findings • The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act lowered the top integrated tax rate on corporate income distributed as dividends from 56.33 percent in 2017 to 47.47 percent in 2020; the OECD average is 41.6 percent. • Joe Biden’s proposal to increase the corporate income tax rate and to tax long-term capital gains and qualified dividends at ordinary income rates would increase the top integrated tax rate on distributed dividends to 62.73 percent, highest in the OECD. • Income earned in the U.S. through a pass-through business is taxed at an average top combined statutory rate of 45.9 percent. • On average, OECD countries tax corporate income distributed as dividends at 41.6 percent and capital gains derived from corporate income1 at 37.9 percent. • Double taxation of corporate income can lead to such economic distortions as reduced savings and investment, a bias towards certain business forms, and debt financing over equity financing. • Several OECD countries have integrated corporate and individual tax codes to eliminate or reduce the negative effects of double taxation on corporate The Tax Foundation is the nation’s income. leading independent tax policy research organization. Since 1937, our research, analysis, and experts have informed smarter tax policy at the federal, state, and global levels. We are a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. ©2021 Tax Foundation Distributed under Creative Commons CC-BY-NC 4.0 Editor, Rachel Shuster Designer, Dan Carvajal Tax Foundation 1325 G Street, NW, Suite 950 Washington, DC 20005 202.464.6200 1 In some countries, the capital gains tax rate varies by type of asset sold. -
Tax Strategies for Selling Your Company by David Boatwright and Agnes Gesiko Latham & Watkins LLP
Tax Strategies For Selling Your Company By David Boatwright and Agnes Gesiko Latham & Watkins LLP The tax consequences of an asset sale by an entity can be very different than the consequences of a sale of the outstanding equity interests in the entity, and the use of buyer equity interests as acquisition currency may produce very different tax consequences than the use of cash or other property. This article explores certain of those differences and sets forth related strategies for maximizing the seller’s after-tax cash flow from a sale transaction. Taxes on the Sale of a Business The tax law presumes that gain or loss results upon the sale or exchange of property. This gain or loss must be reported on a tax return, unless a specific exception set forth in the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”) or the Treasury Department’s income tax regulations provide otherwise. When a transaction is taxable under applicable principles of income tax law, the seller’s taxable gain is determined by the following formula: the “amount realized” over the “adjusted tax basis” of the assets sold equals “taxable gain.” If the adjusted tax basis exceeds the amount realized, the seller has a “tax loss.” The amount realized is the amount paid by the buyer, including any debt assumed by the buyer. The adjusted tax basis of each asset sold is generally the amount originally paid for the asset, plus amounts expended to improve the asset (which were not deducted when paid), less depreciation or amortization deductions (if any) previously allowable with respect to the asset. -
October 2015 INDICTMENT and INFORMATION FORMS
INDICTMENT AND INFORMATION FORMS (REVISED) 26 U.S.C. § 7201 ............................................................................................................................ 1 Individual Taxes – Evasion (Assessment) – False Return as Only Affirmative Act .................. 1 Joint Taxes – Evasion (Assessment) – False Return as Only Affirmative Act .......................... 2 Individual Taxes – Evasion (Assessment) – False Return and Other Affirmative Acts ............. 3 Joint Taxes – Evasion (Assessment) – False Return and Other Affirmative Acts ..................... 4 Individual Taxes – Evasion (Assessment) – Spies Evasion........................................................ 5 Individual Taxes – Evasion (Payment) ....................................................................................... 7 Corporation Taxes – Evasion (Assessment) – False Return as Only Affirmative Act ............... 8 Corporation Taxes – Evasion (Assessment) – False Return and Other Affirmative Acts .......... 9 Corporation Taxes – Evasion (Assessment) – Spies Evasion ................................................... 10 Corporation Taxes – Evasion (Payment) .................................................................................. 12 Last Updated: October 2015 26 U.S.C. § 7201 Form 1 Individual Taxes – Evasion (Assessment) – False Return as Only Affirmative Act THE [GRAND JURY/UNITED STATES ATTORNEY] CHARGES: From in or about [Month Year] through in or about [Month Year], in the [_____________] District of [_____________] and elsewhere, -
Overview of the Tax Treatment of Corporate Debt and Equity
OVERVIEW OF THE TAX TREATMENT OF CORPORATE DEBT AND EQUITY Scheduled for a Public Hearing Before the SENATE COMMITTEE ON FINANCE on May 24, 2016 Prepared by the Staff of the JOINT COMMITTEE ON TAXATION May 20, 2016 JCX-45-16 CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY ........................................................................................... 1 I. PRESENT LAW ....................................................................................................................... 4 A. General Rules ...................................................................................................................... 4 1. Issuer treatment of debt and equity ............................................................................... 4 2. Holder treatment of debt and equity ............................................................................. 7 3. Acquisitions and dispositions ..................................................................................... 12 B. Distinguishing Between Debt and Equity ......................................................................... 13 1. In general .................................................................................................................... 13 2. Regulatory authority pursuant to section 385 ............................................................. 15 C. Rules to Address Stripping of U.S. Corporate Tax Base in the Case of Nontaxed Holders ............................................................................................................................. -
Journal of Accountancy Business Tax Quick Guide — Tax Year 2018
Journal of Accountancy Business tax quick guide — tax year 2018 Tear out this quick guide for use during tax season, and look for our quick guide for individual taxpayers in the January 2019 issue. C CORPORATION INCOME TAX ■■■ Credit: Maximum amount of 5.4% for contributions paid to ■■■ Taxable income of a C corporation: Taxed at a flat rate of state unemployment insurance funds. 21%. ESTIMATED TAX QUALIFIED PERSONAL SERVICE CORPORATION TAX ■■■ Corporations owing $500 or more in income tax for the ■■■ Taxable income of a qualified personal service corporation tax year must make estimated tax payments equaling the is no longer subject to tax at a flat rate of 35%, but is taxed lesser of 100% of the prior-year or current-year tax liability. at the regular corporate tax rate of 21%. Large corporations must base the last three payments on the current-year tax liability. ACCUMULATED EARNINGS TAX ■■■ Due on the 15th day of the fourth, sixth, ninth, and 12th ■■■ 20% of accumulated taxable income (in addition to regular months of the corporation’s tax year (April 15, June 15, corporate income tax). Sept. 15, and Dec. 15 for calendar-year corporations). PERSONAL HOLDING COMPANY TAX CORPORATE ALTERNATIVE MINIMUM TAX (AMT) ■■■ ■■■ 20% penalty on undistributed personal holding company Starting in 2018, the AMT no longer applies to corporations. income. ■■■ No foreign tax credit allowed against personal holding company tax. NONRESIDENT AND FOREIGN CORPORATIONS ■■■ Taxed on U.S.-source investment income at 30% (or lower under treaty). SELF-EMPLOYMENT TAX ■■■ Net income effectively connected with a U.S. -
State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Rhode Island Department of Revenue Division of Taxation
State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Rhode Island Department of Revenue Division of Taxation Public Notice of Proposed Rule-Making Pursuant to the provisions of Rhode Island General Laws (RIGL) § 42-35-3, which sets forth procedures for the adoption of rules, and in accordance with the Rhode Island Administrative Procedures Act, codified at RIGL § 42-35-1 et seq., the Rhode Island Division of Taxation hereby gives notice of its intent to promulgate a regulation regarding mandatory unitary combined reporting for purposes of the business corporation tax. The purpose of this rule making is to implement RIGL § 44-11-4.1, which involves combined reporting. The proposed regulation and concise summary of non-technical requirements and proposed new rules are available for public inspection at www.tax.ri.gov. They are also available in person at the Rhode Island Division of Taxation, or may be requested from Michael F. Canole by email at: [email protected], or by phone at: (401) 574- 8729. In the development of the proposed regulation, consideration was given to: (1) alternative approaches; (2) overlap or duplication with other statutory and regulatory provisions; and (3) whether the regulation, in and of itself, would have significant economic impact on small business. No alternative approach, duplication, or overlap was identified based upon available information. All interested parties are invited to submit written or oral comments concerning the proposed regulation by December 14, 2015 to Michael F. Canole, Rhode Island Division of Taxation, One Capitol Hill, Providence, R.I. 02908 - telephone number (401) 574- 8729 or via e-mail: [email protected]. -
Non-GMO Project Verified Products
Non-GMO Project Verified Products Schaumburg Store, Midwest Region Whole Foods Market, as a part of its mission to offer food in its most natural state, has created a Non-GMO Project Verified Product shopping list. Developed in partnership with the Non-GMO Project, a non-profit organization dedicated to allowing consumers to make informed choices and to ensuring sustained availability of non-GMO options, this shopping list highlights products that have been reviewed and verified by an independent third party to ensure that food production follows rigorous best practices for GMO avoidance. We hope that this proves to be a valuable shopping tool for you! Products that have been verified have the easy -to-recognize seal featured at the top of this shopping list. Unfortunately, due to cross-contamination and pollen drift, very few products in the U.S. are completely free of GMOs. The Non-GMO Project standard is a process-based standard that avoids the intentional use of GMO ingredients by providing suppliers with procedures and best practices for minimizing the presence of GMO ingredients. Thank you for shopping Whole Foods Market and your support of the Non-GMO Project! Baby & Child Products Earth's Best (Cont'd) Multi-Grain Cereal Oats, Spelt And Barley Blend Dr. Bronner's Mild Liquid Baby Soap Prunes First Stage Mild Liquid Baby Soap - 32 oz. Apple Cinnamon Oatmeal Third Stage Mild Liquid Baby Soap Organic Peach Mango Baby Food Puree Mild Baby Bar Soap Organic Peach Banana Blueberry Puree Dr. Bronner's Magic HAPPYBABY Pouches Baby Unscented -
Coca-Cola's Future Growth Strategy
University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Theses/Capstones/Creative Projects University Honors Program 12-2018 COCA-COLA’S FUTURE GROWTH STRATEGY: DIVERSIFICATION? Arshia Alahi [email protected] Erin Bass Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/ university_honors_program Part of the Business Administration, Management, and Operations Commons Recommended Citation Alahi, Arshia and Bass, Erin, "COCA-COLA’S FUTURE GROWTH STRATEGY: DIVERSIFICATION?" (2018). Theses/Capstones/ Creative Projects. 33. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/university_honors_program/33 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the University Honors Program at DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses/Capstones/Creative Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Case study on Coca-Cola Diversification Strategy, 2018 COCA-COLA’S FUTURE GROWTH STRATEGY: DIVERSIFICATION? Arshia Alahi, Erin Bass (Advisor) University of Nebraska Omaha, Fall 2018 COCA-COLA’S FUTURE GROWTH STRATEGY: DIVERSIFICATION? The year 1886 was the birth year of the world renowned, mega-cap company Coca-Cola Co. it all began when a pharmacist named John Pemberton was experimenting with carbonated beverages and created a medicinal drink to sell to drug storesi. The first ever Coca Cola was made with cocaine and wine, but later the cocaine was substituted out with the Kola nut to bypass the alcohol restriction in 1885. Due to the use of the Kola Nut in the syrup mixture, Frank M Robinson, the first Marketer of Coca Cola coined the name Coca Colaii, which quickly started to gain popularity. In fact the word Coca-Cola is the second most used and understood word after the word “Okay” worldwideiii. -
Untaxingly Yours Take Me out of the Ballgame
Untaxingly Yours Take Me Out of the Ballgame By Brian T. Whitlock Strategies for Removing Appreciated Assets from Corporate Solution Removing appreciated assets (e.g., real estate) from corporations and personal holding companies can create three potential levels of tax: corporate (entity level) income tax, individual income tax, and transfer tax (i.e., gift/estate) tax. This column will explore some tools and techniques for removing appreciated assets from corporate solution. The tools are aimed at reducing and/or eliminating one or more of the potential taxes. Like many tax practitioners, I subscribe to multiple professional Listservs and internet discussion groups. One of the most common questions that I see involves the tax dilemmas that surround the holding of appreciated real estate inside of a subchapter C corporation. As I remind my graduate school students, there is one basic tax rule that they should always follow: Never, ever, ever put real estate inside of any corporation. When real estate is held inside of the corporation, it is exposed to trade creditors, and the operating risks that are inherent within the corporation. It happens rather innocently, a closely-held manufacturing business, operating as a corporation, seeks a loan in order to finance the acquisition of real estate for the business. The lender has an established lending relationship with the business, so the parties take the easy lending path, the loan is made directly to the business and the corporation purchases the real estate. The transaction seems harmless, but over the years, the fair market value of the real estate increases through expan- sion and appreciation. -
Negative Effects of Artificial Sweeteners
Negative Effects of Artificial Sweeteners Jan 10, 2011 Marie Cauley Fake sweeteners are bad for your health! - Dr. Mercola Artificial sweeteners like Aspartame, Saccharin & Splenda take a toll on the human body. Learn what to watch out for & why you should stop using them. Many people who are diabetic or trying to lose weight turn to artificial sweeteners to save calories and regulate their sugar levels. They believe that these alternatives to regular sugar are better for them, and sometimes consume quite a bit of them in order to satisfy their hunger and taste buds. What many people do not know is that there are many harmful effects from these substances. Just look at the name - artificial sweeteners. Since they are not natural, several of the chemicals that are used to make these fake sugars can do real damage to your body. There are no nutrients in these chemicals either, so you are not benefiting your health by ingesting them. Let's take a look at some of these dangerous sweeteners. Aspartame Aspartame, also known as Nutrasweet or Equal, was approved by the FDA in 1988, but it was originally discovered as a drug to treat ulcers. According to Dr. Janet Hull at SweetPoison.com, ingesting large doses of aspartame can be likened to taking extreme doses of medication. Several large studies have been done with rodents, plus several smaller group studies with humans. Aspartame has been found to trigger several types of headaches, along with mood swings, depression, panic attacks, nausea, dizziness, and temper problems. Ingesting this sweetener has also produced several types of leukemia, tumors, and chronic respiratory disease. -
Colorado Enacts Several Law Changes Impacting Income and Indirect Taxes
Deloitte Tax LLP | June 29, 2021 MULTISTATE TAX Colorado enacts several law changes impacting income and indirect taxes Tax Alert Overview On June 23, 2021, Colorado Governor Jared Polis signed into law Colorado House Bills 21-1311 and 21-1312 (HB 1311 and HB 1312), which provide for several changes to Colorado’s corporate and individual income taxes as well as indirect taxes. This Tax Alert provides a summary of some of the more significant provisions in the bills. Summary of corporate income tax changes • HB 1311 modifies Colorado’s computation of the receipts factor for apportionment of combined corporations to require that all corporations in the combined group with any Colorado receipts must utilize the “Finnigan method” to determine the Colorado receipts in the numerator for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2022. Colorado currently uses the “Joyce method.” • HB 1311 modifies the definition of an “affiliated group” to “includable C corporations connected directly or indirectly through stock ownership.” The requirement that the common parent be an includable C corporation remains in place. • For tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2022, HB 1311 requires that the Colorado combined group include C corporations “incorporated in a foreign jurisdiction for the purpose of tax avoidance.” The legislation includes a rebuttable presumption that a corporation is created for tax avoidance purposes if it is incorporated in one of 44 listed jurisdictions and includes information on how to calculate the taxable income of a foreign corporation that is to be included in the Colorado combined group. • HB 1311 disallows the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) section 78 dividend subtraction from any foreign corporations created for tax avoidance purposes that are included in a Colorado combined return. -
C Vs. S Corporation
C VS. S CORPORATION WHITE PAPER John Spann IV, CExP CFP® CLU® Spann Financial Group, LLC 9019 Overlook Blvd, Suite D1 Brentwood, TN 37027 Phone: (615)690-7222 www.spannfinancial.com Introduction wrong entity when you start your business can result in the payment of additional taxes during the company’s operational years, thereby “I expect to exit my business down the road, restricting the capital available for expansion. but is there anything I need to do now?” Having the wrong entity in place as you prepare Business owners often ask this question the business for sale can more than double the because they suspect that they should be doing tax bill upon that sale. something about exiting their businesses right The best entity for tax purposes during a now. These owners are on to something. business’ startup and operational years is often Someday, every owner will exit his or her a C corporation. However, the C corporation business, either by choice or against his or her is the worst entity (i.e., it causes the most tax will (e.g., death, incapacitation). Far too many problems) when it comes time to sell the owners take a reactive approach to Exit business. Conversely, the best tax entity at the Planning, beginning the process only after time of a sale—an S corporation—is often a poor something has forced them to consider their choice for tax purposes during the company’s exits. Additionally, since busy business owners operational and growth years. tend to forego the planning necessary to exit The specific planning issue that we will their businesses on their terms, only the most discuss is the careful consideration of how you motivated owners spend time or money want your business income to be taxed.