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1083 a Ground-Breaking Study Published 5 Years Ago Revealed That
American Journal of Botany 100(6): 1083–1094. 2013. SPECIAL INVITED PAPER—EVOLUTION OF PLANT MATING SYSTEMS P OLLINATION AND MATING SYSTEMS OF APODANTHACEAE AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS 1 IN PARASITIC ANGIOSPERMS S IDONIE B ELLOT 2 AND S USANNE S. RENNER 2 Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzinger Str. 67 80638 Munich, Germany • Premise of the study: The most recent reviews of the reproductive biology and sexual systems of parasitic angiosperms were published 17 yr ago and reported that dioecy might be associated with parasitism. We use current knowledge on parasitic lineages and their sister groups, and data on the reproductive biology and sexual systems of Apodanthaceae, to readdress the question of possible trends in the reproductive biology of parasitic angiosperms. • Methods: Fieldwork in Zimbabwe and Iran produced data on the pollinators and sexual morph frequencies in two species of Apodanthaceae. Data on pollinators, dispersers, and sexual systems in parasites and their sister groups were compiled from the literature. • Key results: With the possible exception of some Viscaceae, most of the ca. 4500 parasitic angiosperms are animal-pollinated, and ca. 10% of parasites are dioecious, but the gain and loss of dioecy across angiosperms is too poorly known to infer a statisti- cal correlation. The studied Apodanthaceae are dioecious and pollinated by nectar- or pollen-foraging Calliphoridae and other fl ies. • Conclusions: Sister group comparisons so far do not reveal any reproductive traits that evolved (or were lost) concomitant with a parasitic life style, but the lack of wind pollination suggests that this pollen vector may be maladaptive in parasites, perhaps because of host foliage or fl owers borne close to the ground. -
Balanophora Coralliformis (Balanophoraceae), a New Species from Mt
Phytotaxa 170 (4): 291–295 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.170.4.7 Balanophora coralliformis (Balanophoraceae), a new species from Mt. Mingan, Luzon, Philippines PIETER B. PELSER1, DANILO N. TANDANG2 & JULIE F. BARCELONA1 1School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2Philippine National Herbarium (PNH), Botany Division, National Museum of the Philippines, P. Burgos St., Manila, Philippines. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Balanophora coralliformis Barcelona, Tandang & Pelser is described as a new species of Balanophoraceae. It is unique in its coral-like appearance due to the repeated branching of elongated, above-ground tubers and their coarse texture. It most closely resembles B. papuana in details of the staminate inflorescence and is sympatric with this species at its only known site in the montane forest of Mt. Mingan, bordering Aurora and Nueva Ecija provinces, Luzon, Philippines. Introduction Balanophora J.R. Forster & G. Forster (1775: 99) is a genus of root parasites in temperate and tropical Asia, the Pacific, tropical Australia, the Comores, Madagascar, and tropical Africa (Hansen 1972, 1976). On the basis of morphological differences, Hansen (1999) recognized 15 species of Balanophora, but a molecular phylogenetic study of B. japonica Makino (1902: 212) and B. yakushimensis Hatusima & Masamune (Hatusima 1971: 61) suggests that a more narrow species delimitation might need to be adopted in this genus (Su et al. 2012). -
Evolutionary History of Floral Key Innovations in Angiosperms Elisabeth Reyes
Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms Elisabeth Reyes To cite this version: Elisabeth Reyes. Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms. Botanics. Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), 2016. English. NNT : 2016SACLS489. tel-01443353 HAL Id: tel-01443353 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01443353 Submitted on 23 Jan 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. NNT : 2016SACLS489 THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE PARIS-SACLAY, préparée à l’Université Paris-Sud ÉCOLE DOCTORALE N° 567 Sciences du Végétal : du Gène à l’Ecosystème Spécialité de Doctorat : Biologie Par Mme Elisabeth Reyes Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms Thèse présentée et soutenue à Orsay, le 13 décembre 2016 : Composition du Jury : M. Ronse de Craene, Louis Directeur de recherche aux Jardins Rapporteur Botaniques Royaux d’Édimbourg M. Forest, Félix Directeur de recherche aux Jardins Rapporteur Botaniques Royaux de Kew Mme. Damerval, Catherine Directrice de recherche au Moulon Président du jury M. Lowry, Porter Curateur en chef aux Jardins Examinateur Botaniques du Missouri M. Haevermans, Thomas Maître de conférences au MNHN Examinateur Mme. Nadot, Sophie Professeur à l’Université Paris-Sud Directeur de thèse M. -
Genetic Diversity of Balanophora Fungosa and Its Conservation in Taiwan
Botanical Studies (2010) 51: 217-222. GENETIC DIVERSITY Genetic diversity of Balanophora fungosa and its conservation in Taiwan Shu-ChuanHSIAO*,Wei-TingHUANG,andMaw-SunLIN Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan (ReceivedOctober11,2007;AcceptedFebruary26,2010) ABSTRACT. Balanophora fungosa is a rare holoparasitic flowering plant in Taiwan, where it is restricted totheHengchunPeninsulainsouthernmostTaiwan,andOrchidIsland(LanyuinChinese),asmallvolcanic islandoffthesoutheasterncoastofTaiwan.Plantsfromthesetwoareasappearintwodifferentgroups basedonthecoloroftheinflorescence,i.e.,thoseofHengchunareyellow,buttheyarepinkishorangeto redonOrchidI.Thisstudyusedaninter-simplesequencerepeat(ISSR)molecularmarkerapproachandthe unweightedpairgroupmethodwitharithmeticmean(UPGMA)analysistoevaluategeneticvariationsamong populationsof B. fungosa.Theresultsshowedthatthetwogeographicalgroupsrepresentthesamespecies as indicated by a high Dice similarity value of 0.78. Populations from the two areas formed two well-defined clusters,asdidpopulationswithineacharea.Theresultsoftheanalysisofmolecularvariance(AMOVA) showedthatthecomponentsofvariationbetweengroups(31.35%),amongpopulationswithingroups (13.74%),andwithinpopulations(54.91%)weresignificant(p<0.001),indicatingthatvariationsamong individualswithinpopulationscontributedmosttothetotalgeneticvariance.Thepopulationsofthetwoareas werealsodifferentiatedwithgeneticdistancesrangingfrom0.44~0.53forpairedcomparisons.Therefore, werecommendthatprotectedareasbesetasideinbothareasfor -
First Record of Balanophora Tobiracola Makino (Balanophoraceae) from Viet Nam
Bioscience Discovery, 9(2):297-301, April - 2018 © RUT Printer and Publisher Print & Online, Open Access, Research Journal Available on http://jbsd.in ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print); ISSN: 2231-024X (Online) Research Article First record of Balanophora tobiracola Makino (Balanophoraceae) from Viet Nam Thanh-Tung Nguyen1, Viet-Than Nguyen1, Quang-Hung Nguyen2* 1Department of Pharmacognosy, Ha Noi University of Pharmacy 2Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology *E-mail: [email protected] Article Info Abstract Received: 10-01-2018, We reported the first record of a plant species, Balanophora tobiracola Makino Revised: 22-02-2018, (Balanophoraceae), from Viet Nam. This species was found in a low mountainous Accepted: 25-02-2018 area of Bac Son district, Lang Son province, northeastern Vietnam. It is distinguished from other species of Balanophora by characteristics of male flowers Keywords: inserted among female flowers on the androgynous inflorescence. Diagnoses and new record, Balanophora morphological characteristics of this species are described in details with tobiracola, illustrations in comparison with those of other species of Balanophora J.R. Forst & Balanophoraceae, Lang G. Forst from Vietnam. Son province, Viet Nam INTRODUCTION The genus Balanophora J.R. Forst & G. Balanophora J.R. Forst & G. Forst, a genus Forst includes monoecious and dioecious plants, of the family Balanophoraceae, currently comprises which are characterized by rhizome branched or 19 species, which are known from tropical regions unbranched with small scaly warts and/or stellate of Africa and Australia, temperate to tropical Asia, lenticels on rhizome surface, leaves opposite, and the Pacific Islands (Shumei H and Murata J., alternate and distichous or spiral, or whorled, 2003). -
B. Hansen Copenhagen) Herbaceous, Fleshy Parasites
BalanophoraceaeB. Hansen Copenhagen) Herbaceous, fleshy root parasites, destitute of chlorophyll and roots, with yellowish white to yellow, brown, orange to red or rose pink colours. At point of contact with host root a cylindrical or subspherical, branched or unbranched solid tuber develops. Stem appearing from the tuber endogenously or exogenously, leafless or with scaly leaves. Inflorescence spadix-like with unisexual flowers, , , in the Mal. or , spp. unbranched. Flowers pedicellate or sessile, supported by bracts or not, 2-6-merous. Tepals 2-6 in one series, free from each other. Stamens 2-4(-?), opposite the tepals, united into a synandrium. Flowers apparently not supported by bracts, with or without a minutely 2-lobed perianth adnate to the without ovary. Styles 2 or 1. Ovary with 1 embryo, apparently a cavity. Embryo embedded in less well very small, a more or developed endosperm. Distribution. About 45 in 18 in the and of the world. As our species genera tropics subtropics to present 7 South 4 African, 2 are Asian, knowledge genera are exclusively American, genera areexclusively 1 is from Madagascar, 1 from New Zealand, and 1 from New Caledonia. Two genera have remarkable distributions, viz Langsdorffiawith 3 species, 1 in South America, 1 in Madagascar and 1 in New Guinea, and Balanophora with 15 species from tropical Africa to Tahiti and Marquesas, one ofthe species covering almost the entire area (see B. abbreviata). Ecology. Mostly in mountain forests parasitizing trees, rarely herbs. No particular host-affinity could be demonstrated within Balanophora,which is known to parasitize at least 74 host species belonging to 35 families. -
Developmental Origins of the Worldts Largest Flowers, Rafflesiaceae
Developmental origins of the world’s largest flowers, Rafflesiaceae Lachezar A. Nikolova, Peter K. Endressb, M. Sugumaranc, Sawitree Sasiratd, Suyanee Vessabutrd, Elena M. Kramera, and Charles C. Davisa,1 aDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA 02138; bInstitute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland; cRimba Ilmu Botanic Garden, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; and dQueen Sirikit Botanic Garden, Maerim, Chiang Mai 50180, Thailand Edited by Peter H. Raven, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, and approved September 25, 2013 (received for review June 2, 2013) Rafflesiaceae, which produce the world’s largest flowers, have a series of attractive sterile organs, termed perianth lobes (Fig. 1 captivated the attention of biologists for nearly two centuries. and Fig. S1 A, C–E, and G–K). The central part of the chamber Despite their fame, however, the developmental nature of the accommodates the central column, which expands distally to floral organs in these giants has remained a mystery. Most mem- form a disk bearing the reproductive organs (Fig. 1 and Fig. S1). bers of the family have a large floral chamber defined by a dia- Like their closest relatives, Euphorbiaceae, the flowers of Raf- phragm. The diaphragm encloses the reproductive organs where flesiaceae are typically unisexual (9). In female flowers, a stig- pollination by carrion flies occurs. In lieu of a functional genetic matic belt forms around the underside of the reproductive disk system to investigate floral development in these highly specialized (13); in male flowers this is where the stamens are borne. -
A Review of the Biology of Rafflesia: What Do We Know and What's Next?
jurnal.krbogor.lipi.go.id Buletin Kebun Raya Vol. 19 No. 2, July 2016 [67–78] e-ISSN: 2460-1519 | p-ISSN: 0125-961X Review Article A REVIEW OF THE BIOLOGY OF RAFFLESIA: WHAT DO WE KNOW AND WHAT’S NEXT? Review Biologi Rafflesia: Apa yang sudah kita ketahui dan bagaimana selanjutnya? Siti Nur Hidayati* and Jeffrey L. Walck Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA *Email: [email protected] Diterima/Received: 29 Desember 2015; Disetujui/Accepted: 8 Juni 2016 Abstrak Telah dilakukan tinjauan literatur untuk meringkas informasi, terutama karya ilmiah yg baru diterbitkan, pada biologi Rafflesia. Sebagian besar publikasi terkini adalah pemberian nama species baru pada Rafflesia. Sejak tahun 2002, sepuluh spesies telah ditemukan di Filipina dibandingkan dengan tiga spesies di Indonesia. Karya terbaru filogenetik juga telah dieksplorasi (misalnya sejarah evolusi genus Rafflesia dan gigantisme, transfer horizontal gen dan hilangnya genom kloroplas) dan anatomi (misalnya endofit, pengembangan bunga); studi terbaru lainnya berfokus pada biokimia. Sayangnya, masih banyak informasi yang belum diketahui misalnya tentang siklus hidup, biologi dan hubungan ekologi pada Rafflesia. Kebanyakan informasi yang tersedia berasal dari hasil pengamatan. Misalnya penurunan populasi telah diketahui secara umum yang kadang kadang dikaitkan dengan kerusakan habitat atau gangguan alam tapi penyebab-penyebab yang lain tidak diketahui dengan pasti. Pertanyaan yang belum terjawab antara lain pada biologi reproduksi, struktur genetik populasi dan keragaman. Dengan adanya perubahan iklim secara global, kita amat membutuhkan studi populasi jangka panjang dalam kaitannya dengan parameter lingkungan untuk membantu konservasi Rafflesia. Keywords: Rafflesia, Indonesia, Biologi, konservation, review Abstract A literature review was conducted to summarize information, particularly recently published, on the biology of Rafflesia. -
On the Flora of Australia
L'IBRARY'OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM HARVARD UNIVERSITY. BOUGHT. THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEING AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. r^/f'ORElGN&ENGLISH' <^ . 1859. i^\BOOKSELLERS^.- PR 2G 1.912 Gray Herbarium Harvard University ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION. I I / ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEIKG AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. Reprinted from the JJotany of the Antarctic Expedition, Part III., Flora of Tasmania, Vol. I. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1859. PRINTED BY JOHN EDWARD TAYLOR, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS. CONTENTS OF THE INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. § i. Preliminary Remarks. PAGE Sources of Information, published and unpublished, materials, collections, etc i Object of arranging them to discuss the Origin, Peculiarities, and Distribution of the Vegetation of Australia, and to regard them in relation to the views of Darwin and others, on the Creation of Species .... iii^ § 2. On the General Phenomena of Variation in the Vegetable Kingdom. All plants more or less variable ; rate, extent, and nature of variability ; differences of amount and degree in different natural groups of plants v Parallelism of features of variability in different groups of individuals (varieties, species, genera, etc.), and in wild and cultivated plants vii Variation a centrifugal force ; the tendency in the progeny of varieties being to depart further from their original types, not to revert to them viii Effects of cross-impregnation and hybridization ultimately favourable to permanence of specific character x Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection ; — its effects on variable organisms under varying conditions is to give a temporary stability to races, species, genera, etc xi § 3. -
Holoparasitic Rafflesiaceae Possess the Most Reduced Endophytes And
Annals of Botany 114: 233–242, 2014 doi:10.1093/aob/mcu114, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org Holoparasitic Rafflesiaceae possess the most reduced endophytes and yet give rise to the world’s largest flowers Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aob/article-abstract/114/2/233/2769112 by Harvard University user on 28 September 2018 Lachezar A. Nikolov1, P. B. Tomlinson2, Sugumaran Manickam3, Peter K. Endress4, Elena M. Kramer1 and Charles C. Davis1,* 1Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, 2The Kampong, National Tropical Botanical Garden, 4013 Douglas Road, Miami, FL 33133, USA, 3Rimba Ilmu Botanic Garden, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and and 4Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland * For correspondence. E-mail [email protected] Received: 21 January 2014 Returned for revision: 10 March 2014 Accepted: 2 May 2014 Published electronically: 18 June 2014 † Background and Aims Species in the holoparasitic plant family Rafflesiaceae exhibit one of the most highly modi- fied vegetative bodies in flowering plants. Apart from the flower shoot and associated bracts, the parasite is a myce- lium-like endophyte living inside their grapevine hosts. This study provides a comprehensive treatment of the endophytic vegetative body for all three genera of Rafflesiaceae (Rafflesia, Rhizanthes and Sapria), and reports on the cytology and development of the endophyte, including its structural connection to the host, shedding light on the poorly understood nature of this symbiosis. † Methods Serial sectioning and staining with non-specific dyes, periodic–Schiff’s reagent and aniline blue were employed in order to characterize the structure of the endophyte across a phylogenetically diverse sampling. -
BALANOPHORACEAE 蛇菰科 She Gu Ke Huang Shumei (黄淑美 Hwang Shu-Mei)1; Jin Murata2 Herbs, Monoecious Or Dioecious, Fleshy, Parasitic on Roots Or Rhizomes of Various Hosts
Flora of China 5: 272-276. 2003. BALANOPHORACEAE 蛇菰科 she gu ke Huang Shumei (黄淑美 Hwang Shu-mei)1; Jin Murata2 Herbs, monoecious or dioecious, fleshy, parasitic on roots or rhizomes of various hosts. Rhizome usually branched, usually with scales or warts and/or lenticels. Flowering shoots endogenously arising from rhizome; scapes with or without leaves, unbranched. Leaves scaly, opposite or alternate and distichous or spiraled, sometimes whorled, rarely contorted or clustered, without stomata. Inflorescences unisexual or androgynous, terminal, spadix or spadixlike structure covered with minute branches; branches frequently subtended by variously modified bract. Flowers unisexual, pedicellate or sessile. Male flowers: larger than female flowers, 3(or 4 or more)-merous. Perianth apically lobed or dentate, sometimes absent; lobes valvate. Stamens 1 or 2 when perianth absent or usually as numerous as and opposite to perianth lobes when perianth present; filaments free or connate into a synandrium; anthers free or connate, 2–loculed or more, dehiscent by slits. Female flowers: congested on branches or basally on spadicles and/or shoot axis. Perianth absent or reduced and 2- to irregularly lobed, adnate to ovary. Ovary inferior. styles 1 or 2; stigmas slightly capitellate. Fruit a 1-seeded achene. Eighteen genera and ca. 50 species: primarily in tropical and subtropical regions; two genera and 13 species (one endemic) in China. Tam Pui-cheung. 1988. Balanophoraceae. In: Kiu Hua-shing & Ling Yeou-ruenn, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 24: 250–268. 1a. Styles 2; flowering shoot leafless or leaves scale-like and indistinct; inflorescences covered by peltate scales; rhizome containing starch ....................................................................................................................................... 1. Rhopalocnemis 1b. -
Flower and Fruit Development and Life History of Rafflesia Consueloae (Rafflesiaceae)
Philippine Journal of Science 150 (S1): 321-334, Special Issue on Biodiversity ISSN 0031 - 7683 Date Received: 28 Sep 2020 Flower and Fruit Development and Life History of Rafflesia consueloae (Rafflesiaceae) Janine R. Tolod1,2*, John Michael M. Galindon3, Russel R. Atienza1,2, Melizar V. Duya1,2, Edwino S. Fernando1,4, and Perry S. Ong1,2 1Institute of Biology, College of Science University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines 2Diliman Science Research Foundation, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines 3National Museum, Padre Burgos Drive, Ermita, Manila 1000 Philippines 4Department of Forest Biological Sciences, College of Forestry and Natural Resources University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031 Philippines Flower and fruit development of Rafflesia consueloae were studied between February 2014 and April 2016 in Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Flower development was divided into five distinct phases: (1) emergence, (2) post-emergence, (3) bract, (4) perigone, and (5) anthesis. Fruit development was monitored from flower senescence until fruiting and maturation. A total of 512 individual buds were monitored – discovered at different stages of bud development. Only nine buds were monitored from post-emergence until the perigone phase. A bloom rate of 19.73% and an overall mortality rate of 77.34% were recorded. Mortality was highest during the early phases (post-emergence and bract) and lowest at the perigone phase. R. consueloae exhibited nocturnal flowering; wherein anthesis usually begins at dusk, signaled by the detachment of the first lobe, and from there on, full bloom took 15 ± 5.85 h to complete. Flowering was at its highest during the coldest and driest months of the year – between December and April.