Ziziphus Lotus (L) L M ( "# $ % ( ¯ Contribution in S Tudy About Ziziphus Lotus (L )

ال .Ziziphus lotus (L) L m ( "# $ % ( ¯ Contribution in S tudy about Ziziphus lotus (L ). L m. plant in Hama badiha (its: auto -ecology, propagation methods) as multipurpose species and its importance for sustainable development

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Declaration

I hereby certify that this work " Contribution in Study about Ziziphus lotus (L) Lm. plant in Hama badiha (its: auto -ecology, propagation methods) as multipurpose species and its importance for sustainable development " has not been accepted for any degree or it is not submitted to any other degree.

Candidate Osama swedan

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Certificate

It is herby certified that the described work in this thesis is the result of scientific search conducted by the candidate Osama swedan under the supervision of Dr. Ghusoon Samman assistant professor at the Department of Renewable Natural Resources and Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, and Dr. Mouneer Louhichi expert and researcher in the Natural Pastures Management and Ecology, ICARDA. And any other references mentioned in this work are documented in the text of this thesis.

Supervisor

Dr. Ghusoon Samman Dr. Mouneer Louhichi

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12 Ziziphus mauritiana Lam . :E -- (a

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13 Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. .a

14 Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. .b

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XII

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Abstract

Through the study and locating natural spread of Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. Sites in Salamyieh, indicate that extends within altitudes between (300-400 m) above sea level, this corresponds to the real vegetation Mediterranean floor, which resides on flat land or with a few and medium inclination degrees. It was observed that the highest densities exist in the southern and eastern opposition more than it is in the northern and western fairs, which indicates that the species of loving light and heat. And spreads within all types of land, whether cultivated crops or fruit trees, was observed to spread at high densities within the abandoned land. The bioclimatic study has been shown that wild jujube live within the upper dry cold medium environmental climatic floor, indicating its flexibility in terms of the high environmental afford to drought and harsh climatic conditions. It was found through the monitoring of wild jujube sites spread natural and monitor phonology growth and development show that the vegetative growth of the species begins in March, and then begins to form flowers in mid- May, and begin buds fruiting take shape , starting in mid-June, where begins maturity from mid- July. During monitoring and surveillance of species observed that plant pastoral par excellence where sheep and goats feed on fruits and leaves, Especially at the beginning of the emergence of new shoots. wild jujube is characterized by large ability to regenerate and continue in the event of exposure to cutting or burning or plowing or extraction or filling or overgrazing. Seeds of wild jujube suffer of stillness external (physical) because it is surrounded wooden tough cover (Endosperm) and the adenoids cover, and thus was subject to several transactions to speed up the germination of seeds, as well as planted in several ages to determine age most suitable for cultivation both in protected agriculture and under natural conditions. Affected in various transactions seeds of wild jujube in the percentage of germination considerable influence where the results showed significant differences between the various transactions where outperformed the treatment of the fetus (T 7), and then treated cracking partial (T 6) and then treated scratching (T 3) on the rest of the transaction, including witness in protected agriculture. As well as in planting in the nursery were treated embryo (T 7) is the best, followed by my treatment of partial cracking and scratching (T 6) and (T 3), respectively, compared to the rest of the transactions and the witness. It also influenced the treatment of seeds before planting the seeds for germination, whether in agriculture or protected and in the nursery. It was the treatment of the fetus (T 7) shorter in duration germination among other transactions in ages (D 1, D3, D 4) (month, eight months, years), except Age II (age 4 months) (D 2) were all transactions going parallel at the time of germination, where it took a period of time ranging from convergent (24week) to (27 weeks), and it was very slow germination did not begin before (13 weeks) and continued until the end after (27 weeks) which is equivalent to (189 days). The results also show significant XVI differences between treatments for the impact of the age of the seeds in the percentage of seed germination treatment where he scored the third age (8 months) (D 3) higher germination percentage, followed by Age I (one month) (D 1) in both agriculture in the nursery or protected. The statistical analysis showed the presence of joint effect between transactions and the age of the seeds in the percentage of germination of the seeds of wild jujube and significant differences and record the results of a joint between the protected cultivation and in the nursery where she was the highest germination percentage of overlap between the treatment of the fetus and the Third Age (T 7D3) compared to overlap the other and the treatment of the witness. The experience of vegetative propagation by wooden cuttings, after treatment them with rooting hormone Andole Biotrek acid (IBA) by 8% in form of powder, in two cultivation dates: spring and autumn. did not give positive results in rooting the cuttings of wild jujube Also found during the probe's knowledge of the local population within the area of Salamyieh wild jujube that a large proportion of them know very little about it and its environmental and medical benefits, and most of the farmers consider it as a weed must get rid of it.

XVII

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9 * A+ 5+ ( / @ + A 8' . 3 .": 7 B+ ? C 23 1 > C/ 0)+ D + ¯( >8 ; ( ?(& : 5 *3 2/* . ' 5 + ( (8 > " * ? + # E 3 . + 9 ." ." > 5

G ( 7# 0 + ' * * (>' + 1 ( & 3 2/* 0 + ' 23 -3 4# ; + 9 + ¯( *5 B & + H/ B . 5 * 0)8 1 ; " > . . )/8 I = * . - "+ ). / D

. )+ J * * 0)+ 5 #& G - 1 A + 3 )/* + * . ¯ ( * A + 9 + ( * "+' . Atriplex sp. + * . A H )+ C 8 0 )8 K *. J G- 1 + + 5)' ; K / J ? 3 ¯ ( * 4# > 0)+ / % )+ + 1 + : * . / D D +1 4# "D 7# J < 8 4# . 0 + % - D +1 / ( + 9 + ¯( .% J( L @ 5 + + 5 @ ( A E M ( "# . () @ % ' ; ( . . #& E 5 23 -3 ; + 9 + ¯( / # &

(Hammer and Khoshbakht 2005; . ( 7000 ) A NN+ NN N* 2/* . ' #& 1 '3 ; Raman 2006) ( ( 25 –18 ) K * + A@ 2/* . (Altieri 1999; Borlaug 2002) > / /J 1 / "# 1 ; (FAO, 1999) ? #& 8 7 01 1 / = 2/* ? ' 1 '3 ; = 2/* ' /J * . ?.+ + + "# ; (Hammer et al ., 2001) ( 2/* )/ + A D > ;? #& : A / @ 5 1 . (Grivetti and Ogle, 2000) 7 )8 + 8 A ; (Schreckenberg et al ., 2006) 5D -3 > 1 ? #& "# D / / C- A ' A@ ; #& D D 2/* 1 ; <( 1 / ? #@ 1 ;8/ * H ' ;5 . A + / . (Gebauer et al ., 2007a) / >J' 0 / : 8' @ 5 + 1 + 1 + R >8 G # ; (El-Siddig et al ., 1999) / .5 . / 5 0)+ :D 0 A 1 +

<+ ;+ 9 + ¯( 5+ 4 G * > + 8 * *' #8 5- B ; + A S A . . ; / + / 0 ; @ 5 1 " + / # A./ 4# . + S 5 . ¯( 1 <+ # . ( 5 0 9+ 3 = ;(

Zohary and Feinbrun, 1966 – 1986 ) D / 5* 23 5 %8 ( / ( /" J ) " 9 1 + ( Mouterde, 1966 – 1985; Rhamnus palestina (/) 9 /( A( @ ; Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. - 4# Rhamnus punctata ( 2 A 2 % & "# ;"%*1 # ¯ + ( >1 H ; / 0 - .5D G + / /J 1 '3

0 "# / 1 * H ' ; 0+ U # ( 5 ¯ 9 # J @ 5 1 2/* ;G * (> + .( /

5+ ¯ 9 ; 8 (7 < ) - % A A( H " ¯ 23 ) ¯ B _ + Pistacia atlantica /( ) Trifolium spp. A 1 Poa bulbosa / > : microcarpo s (. (. 1980 ; 7 ;) Avena barbata 7/ Medicago spp.

: : 2 1 9 + ¯( A 23 =1 0 / & 3 + ; */2 &)? ٕ + - " ) + 5 . .

ٕ */ < % ) ' +3* 23 & 5 5 . 5 ) ( 6 D 0)+ 5 . 23 1 ( >1 8 D1 5) K ٕ . 9 /* ( 7 D '&% () @ ; /) ¯ + * ; * (>' 1 ( ? & * . - R / 23 =1 # ; 5+ ( "# ( 23 -3 . . 8 ¯( >8 ; ?(& &

U D: /+ 7# ; & + A8 2/* B / ( 3 * p + * . > 5 + 1 (8 + ((8 "# . ; ( "# * (>' S /* ((8 + @ 5 ; ( 0 0)+/ / + 1 + 3 2/* S ¯ %8 + BJ "# 1 2/* / 4# J 6) . . 3 / # ; Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. (7 < ) - 8 ?+ ( "# 2/* G ( 7# ; @ ; 5+ - > - < 1 2/* 5 &> + G 23 * (>' + S A* % : "* 7#

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: : Ziziphus $ # $ % 1 2 t v t t t t : . t r J : s) s s1 J ; ?s ; r 5s s ¯ u r+s s ( 6 E ) ?+ / t t t t . r - s ' { '3 9 4s w s ' s 7{tw r s:u . z -s 9 7ytw*r 9 w t sws "-s rw x t v :u | # r J . G '%w r 5w x z 5susr z - s t*s z sJ s tw/x . 4w s #r r - { s1 t t t s '-s G {tw*r tw x <s r-r ... ( s s su+s s #s3 r w s(sJ t t t t t t 2sw r 5s s wr s+s s ¯r s - u ¯r s : J t t t t tt t v t | . r(w K) s 9s%r <r sD 9/p Ars Kr r) s 9r (s1s G 5%s As/w r ¯ s s s1 . s(/w/| .¯ # ( D :( Lotus ) / 2 1 @ .4 . -8 t t t t z z w + 5sw ¯ + rw x :(< ) / 2 ?+ t G %J 9 J ( 6 >s # « » 9J ) z r zs .( .( A- A * Zizouf / Ziziphus 6 +/ / A' 1 ( 2009 ) # - 6 + .G 6 + # 8 AD ; Ziziphus lotus / ; Rhamaceae ( ) / >) B ; < 5D 5 + ;E 0)+ ) 1 + ;- 1 7 < Z. lotus :9* 1 6 @ ( 5+ (A ;J ;0/* ;D) @ 5 C 4 1 Ziziphus spina-christi < + < 2 ; < + D + ;(/ A' +) (* ; D ;< 8 ;0/* ;D) @ 5 + ;A s ¯ s ¯t s D ;( "D . < Z. jujuba 1 +1 ( . . (B 71 Z. vulgaris 9 0 A' ) . /> 9 (

1 D A )/8 & % ¯( 8 ? 23 1( ) + (. (. Azam-Ali, et al ., 2006 ) Ziziphus 6 +

*+ % ,$- ". / ¯1 2 Ziziphus )! * ' :( 1) ! Region Country Name (language in parentheses) Afghanistan Berra (Pashto) Bangladesh Bozoi, Kool, Kul Cambodia Putrea Hong tsao, Lang tsao, Ta tsao, Tsao tseBogori (Assamese); China Kul (Bengali); Ber, Bor, Bordi, Boyed (Gujarati); Ber, Beri (Hindi); Badari, Baer, Bogari, Bore, Egasi, Elasi, Ilanji, Ilisi, Jelachi, Karkhandhu, Yolachi (Kannada); Ber, Bhor, Baher, Bor, Bardi, Bora (Marathi); Badaram, Badari, Kolam, Lantu, Elanda, Perintutati (Malayadam); Ber, Beri, Unals (Punjabi); Ajapriya, Badari, Balastha, Dridhabija, Dviparni, Ghonta, Gudaphala, Kantaki, Karkaramadhu, Koli, Kuvali, Madhuraphala, India Madadebara, Nakhi, Nripabadari, Nripeshta, Prithukoli, Phalashayashira, Rajabadari, Rajakoli, Rajavallabha, Sukshmaphala, Sukshmapatrika, Srigalakoli, Svachha, Sukorapriya, Suphala, Tanubija, Ubhayakantaka (Sanskrit); Ber, Jangri (Sindhi); Adidarum, Attiram, Ilandai, Iradi, Koli, Kandai, Asia Kullari, Kulvali, Padari, Sivagam, Vadari, Vettiram, Veyam, Elanda (Tamil); Badaramu, Badari, Gangaregu, Gangarenu, Karkhanduvu, Regu, Renu (Telugu); Ber (Urdu); Barholi, Bodokoli, Bodori, Koli (Uriya) Indonesia Widara, Dara, Bidaru Iran Kanar, Kunar, Nabik Iraq Aunnaberhindi, Nabig, Sidr Japan Sanebuto-Natsume Laos Than Malaysia Bidaru, Epal siam, jujube Myanmar Zi, Zee-pen, Zizidaw, Ziben Nepal Baer Pakistan Ber (Urdu); Ber, Berwarter, Kunar (Baluchi) Philippines Manzanites, Manzanas Sri Lanka Ilanda, Mahadebara, Masaka (Sinhalese) Thailand Phutsa, Putsa, Man tan Vietnam Tao, Tao-nhuc Ethiopia Abateri, Gaba-artgie, Gewa-ortigi (Tigre) Kenya Mkunazi (Swahili); Kwkurrah (Borao); Ekalati Malawi (Turhana); Olongo (Luo); Tolumuro (Pokot) 8

Somalia Masawo (Chewa); Msondoka (Yao) Sudan Sidr nabk, Nabbag elfil,

Africa Tanzania Mkunazi (Swalihi) Uganda Esilang (Karamajong) Zaire Kankole Zambia Masau (Nyanja); Musawce (Tonga); Akasongole (Bemba) Zimbabwe Masua, Yanja, Musawu (Central Shona, Tangu); Domo, Ntomono, Surgo ntomono, Tomboro, Tomonou (Bambara); Batenluongu, Bu sakonhionabu Inakpayuani, Nan janlwane (Gourmanche); Magaria West Africa (Haussa); Magunuga, Mugulga, Mugulanga, and Sahel Muegunga, Mugunuga, Mug-niga (More); Djabe, Djabi, Tabi, N’giobi (Peulh); Ngit (Sere); Ajzen (Tamachek); Dem, Dim, Sedem (Wolof). Language Name Jujube; Indian jujube, Indian plum, Indian cherry, English Indian date; Chinese jujube; Chinese date; Chinese fig; Cottony jujube. French Jujubier; (Le jujube d’ Afrique tropicale); Datte chinoise. Others Greek Tzintzola Italian Guiggiolo Portuguese Jujubeira, Maceira Spanish Azufaifo, Yuyuba (Azam-Ali, et al ., 2006 ) *

: Ziziphus )! * $ 2 2

1 > + 1 * 5* Ziziphus 6 + 1 M ;(Azam-Ali, et al ., 2006 ) < ¯ * #+ 5* + ; / 9 1 / + 1 5 23 5 &> + 1 J ; + ( J . G G 1 G J @ : / 2/* 8_ 9) + G 1 ¯ . + 1 + 1 3 3-5 ; @ 1 /+ ( ; 5 @ 3 J 5*J ;5* ¯* ¯ .5 1 G% /J 5

#1 G@ G@ */2 ا (1 ): زع ا وراق ا ع . 1( ) 4 ..

5 ? .+1 8 23 . 1 G 1 7 3 . 2D 8 2/*1 1 (3 ( 3 – 2) . ( *) . J * 1 ¯ 2 ( 5 9 D/D #1 9 5 . 6: % 0 6: . A( 2) .</ (8 < 8 23 </ A( A( 2) ( G - 1 + ¯ *J <8 23 5 ) B 1+. ? ا (2 ): ا زھر وأ ¯ < & . ( ( 8 1 - + ¯ . A( 1.5 ) 2(. ) 8_ +

/8 ( ( 8 + ¯ * J B G .+ + J 2/* 8 * @ /) 1 7/* . + ¯ 5* 2 (8 5 . J J ; </ (8 5 . 6: ;5 . 6: B S 9 ¯>/ 6 ( ( 4 - 2) 0L . 9 G ; #1 10 1 5 9 5 . (' 5 1 - * 5. ( 2 G @) ( 1 ( 4 - 2 ) N %8 ; D 5* %8 * . ? . . 5# S ( 5 M

; = # G@ 1 - D # ( 4 – 1) %8 ( 4 –1) 0: / ( . 5 5# 7 G @ G 1 >* G @ 5 ( @. J ) D . G + B B + # 7 . ' J 1 G G ا (3 ): ا ر 3(. 3(. ) @ 1 5D ?

%./* > -B 6 < , , =1 A 1 $ 8 95 :; 6¯ * 2 7$ $ :( 4)45 (Azam-Ali, et al ., 2006 ) $ 8 95@ $ C 6¯ 7$ $ :;

B 1 E1 E+B 6B !5 D, A : B C < :; 6 A :( 5) 45 . . ,$ K 6 , J 6F E < I 6 < H 6B A G 6B C D 6 . B F+C 6 . (Azam-Ali, et al ., 2006 )

: : I Ziziphus )! * 2 .! H *A$ 3 2 2/* A J ;A ¯( 5* Ziziphus 6 + 1 . : : (Azam-Ali, et al ., 2006 ) :I A H * 1 3 2 . . > ++ 7 ++ : J 23 J J

: : Ziziphus mauritiana Lam . : K : !! (a

5 &> ( + 23 + ; )/8 5 * 1 7 # A( A( 4 - 3 ) )' K 1 . ) 1 > 9 1 > J A+ ? 1 . .5 A( 20 ) ( + ;D1 1 A( 16 - 10 ) 2 "+ * . %8 . p < + ' ' 3 ' B . > > %8 GJ . * J < + * # 3 A/J: . G '1 . 9 1 H ; < + ; ' U B 0 . + B1 5+ + . . 5 ) < ;G * 1 -)8 (1 B

: Ziziphus jujuba Mill . : !! (b

1 /> 5 >@: A( 10 – )8 2 *) > 5 &> + 1 1 + * 5* A( . A( 4.5 –3.5 ) &> E 4/ 9+ + . G@ /> . . D & > 2/* G * / ( 1 5 >J #+ & D 5+ ¯( > >8 ; p ( > ++ ¯ ? 1 ; ( G@ . 2( p + ; Z. mauritiana D 23 ¯ "+ G*. ; p <@ < + 2 H + / + _ / G ( # . . p <@ < + 2( p > G@ . . * . + ¯( -) . ¯( ' ¯( B > ++ 0 5 + 9 . 5 ? D1 5 -) > %8 G + .(A ˚10 ) + 2 G 2 1 B ( 7 ++ / )81

:I A * 2 3 2

: G * ¯ - ¯( 2/* *. ' . ' Ziziphus 6 + * 4 : : Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf . a.

5 &> 5+ ;1 G @ : 5 + ¯ ¯ 0/ . A( 15 –10 ) ( > < 7 23 ; 5D D @. ?- ) #+ E 5+ 9+ 5-8 E .1 G @ 4 G + ¯ * @ ) 1 G ا (6 ): ا ا%م # ة Z. spina-christi (. (. 6 ) @

( + / / 3 - 1 9 - ¯ 5 0 A 3 –2 8 –2 @.s +) /D G 5* * .S- * ?/ C> * ¯ J (. (. 7 ) A 15 –10 ( %

. - */ 2 . 5 &> (3 A A ا (7 ): ا وراق وا زھر ! Z. spina-christi –1 ( ; 5 . 15 –10 . ; ; D * A 6 –3 . * A 3 G D ; 2/* > % 1 5 ? )> ?/ 23 A( 2) ( 5* ; 5 ;( ;( 8 ) R - / 5 . A( 1) 9 ; K ? H 5-8 A J) ¯ (< + 0 * ا (8 ): ا ر ! Z. spina-christi . . G )+ D1 0 إن ا#"!ع ( Z. spina-christi ) ¯ ) * @> 3 8<

<&/ G 4# 3 >8 ( ¯ 7 { ; + ' ¯(

< 5+ * 3 23 81 9 1 "D ; 7 D . 0 . ¯ ( * ( ( 2/* . . + . => <& > 1 D1

. C / E B > A8 7# Z. spina-christi Mill. 1 Paliurus spina-christi Mill. (syn. P. aculeatus Lam.) G 1 6 # . ( Azam-Ali, et al ., 2006 ) ' # KJ J G- 1

:Ziziphus lotus (L.)* Lam.** .b 2/* > < + =&> p Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. < + . G- 1 ; 1 J 23 > ( (. 9) ( ( 3 ) 6 / ; 1 & 3 5 ¯( : 5 1 # Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. . / (( ¯ ) J ' ¯( =81 1

Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. * *A$ =L$ 1 - :( 9) 45 I

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck : Lam ** Carl Linnaeus :( L *)

: 2 Ziziphus )! * 5$ E< 4 2

)/8 &+ BJ 6 + 1 1 1 ( 2012 ) 8p 0 # : : ¯ . 1 7

6 J . . < 2 :Ziziphus jujuba • D 5 + 1 s - 1 + H C( * ( A 194 ) B) ) ( < + . A( 10 ) 23 - ) > 3 < A* ( 250 ) C( * A( 66 ) ) 2/* > J ) < + >8 J *. *. <> E J 9* . /+ ( A 770 ) 7 7( ( + 9 + (/+ ( ) / J (A%3 E ( ) 0 & A < / D B+ . 5 ( ( @ 2/* > ( s - 1 9 * . + 1 + . J#% * . .( 0 )

BJ ( /+ 1 7 < 2 :Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. • . BJ A- H ; C( * ( A 450 ) ) 2/* 7 + 7# 7 2 1 /+ < *. A( 7 . ¯ ( 0 2/* ¯) 0 2/* 4# >J * BJ / 23 /> ¯ ( 2/* " ; A( 2 )= ' ) J) /@ + - ¯ ( ¯ 9 + D H BJ >8 G J 9 D . + + H <@ 9 D . (( " + ) # BJ C- .> @ 2 <& "+ D . 9 5 A.( A.( 525 274.3 ) K 7 7( ( + 9 1 G . J#% J) + 1 9 + :Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd. • 5 . B >8 5 + )8 D: 5-8 A ) > ( >8 . C( * )' J 4# > J >8 . : Ziziphus Mauritiana Lam. •

J < 2/* A (s J#% ) ( ) J < + >8 15

E . 8 H G * + 3 # .+ ' 5 %8 G D 81 (. 2011 ; 0) 5 .( 9 + 7+

: : Ziziphus )! "O $ H2 5 2 "# .D 2/* . A ' 1 A@ @ 5 Ziziphus 1 D 4 (. Agroforesty ) + * . 8 . ' . (Arndt and Kayser, 2001) * . "# 5)' 3 + ( J 4/ )/8 ? .+ 1 A@ 9 1 (Pareek, 2001) . . G 6 G% /J 8 1 '3 5 ) > : : Ziziphus sp. * H " O $O 1 5 2

¯( < + <@ ¯( ? #& Ziziphus 6 + D ( # L . / ¯ )( ? J D B+ H ; > @ =81 ? 8 # 8 J # ; / / -3 8 > . . (Gebauer et al ., 2007b) ? #&

0)+ H ; A* ( E 3 +.( 1 ))+ ? ¯ # 5/ D )/@1 A8 4# / "# ; 8 2/* 2( 5 &> J ( B- ( AD 2/* A ? B 0)+ )/@ ( (/8 . ?* #8: ( .8 1 1 G A8 1 ( < D )/@1 . 5 &> . . (Miller and Morris, 1988 ) A 8% Verinumbe, 1993 A # ; ( ) K) * 0 #&/ A J{ 0/* ¯ L .* +/ 0/ 5 &> ) . G * H 0+ >) ? D1 >8 (. (. Bunderson et al ., 1990 ; Miehe, 1986 ) 0+ >)

¯( / D D Ziziphus sp. 1 + 1 . 3 <@ ¯( "# . . + #+ ' ¯ #+ < 5 0 + ' + "# * . 8 . 5 ) ? -8 .1 K > = / K )) 5 . : 8 > 0 B + (. (. Verinumbe, 1993 )

2/@1 : 5* . ¯ # # Ziziphus 6 + 1 .1 S 3 (. (. Sudhersan and Hussain, 2003 ) =81 .1 + 1 16

: : Ziziphus )! * 1 H 2 5 2

: %1 2 5 71 "O $ + (a

)8 A 3 : 5 D ( > 8 Ziziphus 6 + 1 3 J ; A R - ; : B ; - ; + < - ; A (&- Ziziphus 1 D L ( . (Said et al ., 2006) * / 7 ; / (A ) +8 ¯ 1 . S / - % - . (El-Kamali and El-Khalifa, 1999) < * @ ; A. E%

#+ A8 ; A E% ¯ ( 5 - { A8 E% ?/ /8 A8 7 % . (El Ghazali et al ., 1997) ( (El Ghazali et al ., 1994) #+ A 8 +{ / ¯( . + ¯ /& A8 * @ E% #+ 4 8 . >/ E% A' A8 D < B > > - ( K+ E% < ' - ) ¯ A8 (/ (. Sirag Saied et al ., 2008 ) A'p + G- 1 A8 ; # > @ %8 4# . . (Ali-Shtayeh et al ., 1998) . - 5

A8 ? ¯ 2/& 5 1 9/+ 1 9+ 2/* B- / B E. 1 ; @ E% 8 B < 8 (/8 . G /1 1 G * . >/ E% D > 7 A8 ; * > A'p E% /8

( D ; 5( 8 # D ; *r 9 1 ٕ 5 . < - A A* 7 +A . 5( > 8 G 5 %8 1 5' ? / 2( ¯ ¯ /& 1 . . (Miller and Morris, 1988 ) / 5-

: H ",-$ (b Naili Mahboba, et al ., 2010 : B 5 J ( ) A{ Artemisia campestris Ziziphus lotus : ( * (. (. 2) +

+ 3 A D + 1 - ( % ¯ 1 A8 D >/8 .A & / R - ( 0 - ( ; A &

2 B ; / " 1 ' * # >/8 1 250 ) A & + R ) A/( /A @ 25 – 12.5 ) 5- . . . A & / R A/( /A @ 1000 –

- 1 ; - JD ( > ( * 1 S (. (. Naili Mahboba, et al ., 2010 ) ) : / > : : $ % +- ",-$ , +! P - $4 L 2 :( 2) ! ( ( Ziziphus lotus ) ( Artemisia campestris ) DIZ, Diameter of inhibition zone (NB. Paper disc diameter = 5mm), NT: Not tested

Tetracycline Ceftazidime A. campestris Z. lotus Test Organism 30 µg/disc 30 µg/disc DIZ (mm) DIZ (mm) DIZ(mm) DIZ(mm) Bacillus subtilis 32 29 25 27 Staphylococcus aureus 27 18 26 26 Escherichia coli 10 7 11 10 Pseudomonas Aeruginosa 9 8 NT NT Salmonella typhi 8 7 10 12

: : Ziziphus sp. * H 3 5 2 5 . N 5 NN 0)+/ N NNNN / NNN 9* 1 : Ziziphus 6 + 0 7( # 5> ¯( - L . (Paroda and Mal, 1989) . . (Jawanda and Bal, 1978) G + )8 ( Z. mauritiana Lam.) 2/* +1 6 + # 1 #+ 1 23 1 #+ ¯* >8 + ; G + * "#+ 1 + ( ( Z. mauritiana ) ; (Wealth of India, 2004) ( Z. nummularia Burm. F. :) * . . (Depommier, 1988)

= 5*3 3 A #+ A8- .8 3 1 >3 71 2/* 6 + # 1 0 ; Ziziphus 6 + . . (Grice, 1996) ¯ 4# -

7( # + ¯( ; ) 5 + "# 1 B H + G @ (Maydell, 1986) A( 300 – 50 ) K 7 -) ; < E# B ¯( 2/* + "# . -1 " . . (Vogt, 1995) ) )8 / <

# ; G G D * 4 # ; # ( G @ D Ziziphus 6 + 1 3 8 0 B A/J: * %8 6 + # ) J D . . (Sudhersan and Hussain, 2003) 5 &

:Ziziphus )! * 4 T 7 !$ RH$ 6 2

:K C 4T 1 6 2

( .8 0 ; D B+ J 2 + D: 5# 3 3 .# 5#) % * . *

=81 ¯( + Ziziphus lotus 7 < # / D: GA 3 + A 8 1 S 1 .( 2011 ; 8p 0) J G ( 22 ) 23 # 3 ? .% . 5) )8 23 =1 ( 200 – 400 ppm ) ( 52.66 ) 23 E A ( 25.6 ) %8 # (% 50 ) . / G ( 38 ) (% 13.83 ) .+ A (% 43.03 ) 23 9 ) . / G

* ¯) (% 95.83) 23 /> ; / ¯) A /5# ( 1.13 ) A /5# ( 1.98 ) 23 6 + B) .(% 69.41 ) . 5#/A ( 2.06 ) 5#/A ( 1.24 ) * >1 G- 1 * L D: (+8 ; ;) ? B % ( A .

1 ' H ' ) Ziziphus sp. 1 # * 2 1 . ( 0 G + # . 0 ¯/8 D1 8: # / ¯( ¯( ;9 A 8 : ( * . J # / ¯( E . 2 1 . @ ¯(

: : C , 44 U - , .A

/8 5D 0%& .+ .3 1 ¯ C Ziziphus sp. 1 # 8 - .3 A* . 3 2/*1 ?(* 5?) D 5 / "# 1 . D Ziziphus sp. 1 # ( %10 ) J1 9 M /8 0%& %8 ( %100 ) 3 ( 1 (< ) /8 0%& C 3 . (Grice, 1996) ( ( A 12 ) %8 ( %90 – 85 ) 3 /+ . (Billand and Diallo, 1991) *1 ¯ / (*1 . (Ouedraogo and Nikiema, 1997 ) 8 / (*1 (/ @) / # 1 (; %44.58 ) 3 /> # /8 5D 0%& 8 ( ' . (Murthy et al ., 1989 ) *+, (%17.5 ) ( >) 3 *ٕ ( G - 1 . 1 3 #

: C, 44 8 "/ .B * 1 . D )/8 1 ? # B - # 8 ' % 5 ( ABA-) 4 1 + . . 4 / > ++ # B 2(*1 ; (Pareek, 2001)

( 5 ppm ) . # B N / 1 . G -)8 G 3 ( 500 ppm ) . . G 1 .) A 4

7-* < ) CS (NH 2) 2 D / D ( ppm 500 ) ) # 6& * # ; AD * B ( + ' 2/* 7 9 ( . ( A 28 – 21 ) 5 @ #

> 3 # 7 J ( # 5 1 + 4# 3 / - .+ %8 # 1 H ; (%88 ) 2 .(Grice, 1996) G 12 J 2/* A- - .+ 2 1 # 5 + D * 23 # - @ =81 % 4 1 1 # 8 1 ;* (1 1 ( %91 – 90 ) 1 ( ºA 40 ; ºA 35 ; ºA 30 ; ºA 25 ) A% )/8 A A ; ºA( 25 ) ºA( 30 ) 5 + ( % 87 – 85 ) ºA(; 35 ) 5 + 2/* A 1 < 1 A@ . (Danthu et al . 1992) ºA( 40 ) 5 + * 3 71 % )/8 * 1 '3 A 1 ºA( 35 ºA; 30 ; ºA 25 ) + * 2 /> ºA( 25 ) + * ( %10 ) . ++ # 2/* =81 /+ . ºA( 35 ) ºA( 30 ) + * D1 1 ( %80 ) . . (Pareek, 2001) D ( ºA 25 ) 5 + 1 > : : K L- 4T 2 6 2

( . ( 2011 ;8p 0) )/8 A 8 Z. jujuba D3 ( 3 . / * >8 ; > < 8 0> D K+ + J =8 . 2/* G J) ( IBA ) / ( 4000 ) 1 ; =8 B A 8 D / ¯( C+ A .( 2006 ; )

D > ++ #+ * #8L 1 9 1 ; > ++ + D ¯( 0/8 . ( Z. spina-christi D3 * K+ . G -8 #81 ( J 8 0 0%8 & 1 '3 ;-)8 K+ + M 7-8 (. (. Azam-Ali, et al ., 2006 ) /

¯ 1

: : ( , 1 ) 1 1 3

A ( A 33 ) ; A ¯ ( * <& 23 5 J # ; >

. . + ) <- H ¯ 23 + <& ( - G +

. . -* 6/ + /+ % G J 1

G J + "# ? 2 " G G ( G .+ % + G ' . . 6/ + 5 )

/ ( # > 7 * />) G %> - ) G @ 1 ( 1 - "# (A 490 380 ) C( * B) / - . . ¯ "+ G *) . H <& . ( ( ) A / 2/* /( 5. - - "# ( 23 1 ; 23 < + / ) ) 1 / - H 6/ + 4/ 4# ; >J ( ) ¯ / ; / – D3 ( (أ123، 1983) . .

: 2 3 A - / + ) + >8 # ( ' ¯ :/ 2/* *'

. . ( 1 '+ - . . GPS &+ BJ .+ - . / ? / + - . ? .+ B+ J 6 1 - . * B+ % 6 1 - .)/ / 1 - .( + ) J -

:/ 7-8 7# D # ) *+ 8

GD + Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. - # 8 : 5 - ( - )/8 BJ *. # 1 ( 2009 ) A

; - >1 ; D ¯(1 ; // + 6L ; ++. (8 ¯ : 8 1 - .. ; # 8 E+. ¯

B+ J 6 1 ; # * . D / D3 6 1 : / 1 - . % ; % J( ;(6 ; ;< ) (/8 . % ( 6 5 . ; / ? J + ; / ;%

5 A > J 9' 9 1 / = : : 2/* K) 1 % L V 5$ E< 2 Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. L , H B $ O ...... : ...... : A ...... :~ ...... : . A

5 5 + / ( / ? ) A' 1(

- / / %8 4( D1 # + 2(

+ 9 7# * . ( 3(

( 5 + "# ?)8 <1 4(

( ( / 4 1 5(

# /* > 1 ) 6(

=81 ( D ¯ ¯

/ ¯ 9 5 + ?.+ 71 4 + 1 1 1 B+ 7( # ? .+ 71 ; A < + #3

/ #& ) * 0 # 8(

/ ( ) * 0 # 9( 10( G 5* # = 1 . > - 1 o .+ *. - o .( 5> - ; - ) 5D @ - o ."%*1 5# - B + o

J 4 1 4/ # *. 11(

5 + "# . 2 12(

B+/ 5. + 1 "D S- 2 13(

3 3 ط ق ا()':

! !2 H- $C H 1 5$O 1 3 3 : 1 2 Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. L ,

BJ / ( ' 1 ( / '+ A A i. . . GPS .+ ( (

8 G G / / A ; 1 BJ ( 8) * * #81 A ii. (. (. Ryan et al , 1996 ) ( < * . / H . / " * .

: 8 BJ / +1 :H 4 ,$

. + %8 pH - + A : pH $ L ! -

Electrical :EC) /J * / : $ , - ( (? 9D1 5 : ) 1:5( ) - /8 ( Coductivity (. (. EC meter ).+

- 5 ¯ ( * - 5/ r :( OM ) L B .(

( CaCO3) A +r1 :( CaCO3) ,4 +4 " 4 - .A 7 ( / - (= ) #& > {r : N.P.K C. %) ¯ ( * ;)) . ( Scalar ) ' .+ %8 .A /

. A J ( / ? +3 A :44 ,$

5)/ / >1 ( ( >8 8 / 2/* > A iii. (. (. 2011 ) A 2 ( 1980 ) A 5 iv. 5* 23 + 7 ; (D ; .1 ;¯ 1 ;1) / ? .+ * + r (Mouterde, 1966 – 1985; Zohary and Feinbrun, 1966 – 1986 ) / Ziziphus lotus - ( + 1 : .L.) Lam) و 8< < 9 + . . v. *. + * A H ; ( " BJ - > r J + "# 1 5. 3 B- ; ( )/8 1 . . . * + ) (

: : Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. L , K L- K C 4T 2 3 3

0 ) / J * ( 2010-2009 ) * %8 H #) >1 - 4# ( * .) 3 . % ;( ( .( .( 10 )

" 4` % 4 2 C A :( 10 ) 45

K : C 4T 1 2 3 3 5 8 ( ) ; % ( ) BJ ;/ *( A > A 8 <+ # )t r +3 4# ; # 6 . 6 1 ( 10 ) 2/* 7 H ;/ .( .( 11) C- ;( #5 100 ) /

,$5 %$ A /4 2 "/ )4 EA$ 1 :( 11 ) 45

: 2/* * . J # /

* 0> 5 (% 98 ) ( H2SO 4) . # B : 2 / : T1 - (. 12 ;) ( H2SO 4 & rinsing with normal water ) 7 ? /@

* 0> 5 (% 98 ) ( H2SO 4) . # B : D / : T2 - ( H2SO 4 & soaking in normal water 24h ) * ( 24 ) 5 7 ? AD (. 12 ;) (Billand and Diallo, 1991 ) ( Ouedraogo and Nikiema, 1997 )

( < ) < 8 /8 0%& 4 A : ( Scarification ) ( 8 ) DD / : T3 - (. (. 13 ;) E+. ¯

# J B- ( - : (Stratification ) ( - ) / : T4 - 5 + 2/* - ? ( A AD ; =81 ( (& A (. 14 ) ˚ (A 4)

Soaking in boil water ) * ( 24 ) 5 /& ? # B : 8 / : T5 - (. 15 ) (; 24h

J( < ¯ s ( A : (Gentle cracking ) ( .+ ¯ ) / : T6 - (. (. 16 ) ; < .3 9 ( ¯ H 4# 0 (

- : T7 / : + A H :( Embryo ) ٕ < 8 E + ; 9 ; 9 (. 17 )

. / # * . H : ( Control ) : D / : T8 -

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1 1 2 L$ , :( 14 ) 45 P!A ¯ 1 U - , :( 13 ) 45

75-$ /., HA! ¯ 5$ , :( 16 ) 45 ,. ' E , :( 15 ) 45 (+ T)

%! , :( 17 ) 45

* . AD ;* . ºA( 4) 5 + 2/* ) +- # B+ A * . * ;)/8 %/ *-83 ; # * < . B1 2/* (% 70 ) ( ºA( 25 ) 5 + H ( * . ) % :

. # *. : 2009 /9/5 * : D1 -

. 1 1 # *. : 2009 /12 /15 D * : D2 -

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(References ) ! E!

1. Ali-Shtayeh MS, Yaghmour MR, Faidi YR, Salem K, Al-Nuri MA., 1998 - Antimicrobial activity of 20 plants used in folkloric medicine in the Palestinian area. J Ethnopharmacol 60:265–271. 2. Altieri MA., 1999 - The ecological role of biodiversity inagroecosystems . Agric Ecosyst Environ 74:19–31. 3. Amina Sirag Saied, Jens Gebauer, Karl Hammer , Andreas Buerkert., 2008 - Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd.: a multipurpose fruit tree. Accepted: 26 November 2007 / Published online: 25 December 2007@ Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007. 4. Arndt S. K, Kayser O., 2001 - Ziziphus - a medicinal plant genus with tradition and future potential [in German]. In Zeitschrift fur Phytotherapie , 22:91. 5. Azam-Ali, Bonkoungou, Bowe, deKock, Godara, Williams., 2006 - Ber. International Centre for Underutilised Crops, Southampton, UK. 6. Billand A, Diallo B.O., 1991 - Amélioration des ligneux soudanosahéliens. Activités 1990-1991 - Stratégies et perspectives. Ministère des Enseignements Secondaire, Supérieur et Technique et de la Recherche, Burkina Faso, 200 p. 7. Borlaug NE., 2002 - Feeding a world of 10 billion people: the miracle ahead . In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 38:221–228. 8. Bunderson TW.; El Wakeel A.; Saad ZA.; Hashim I., 1990 - Agroforestry practices and potentials in Western Sudan . In: Budd WW, Duchhart I, Hardesty LH, Steiner F (eds) Planning for agroforestry. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, pp 227–246. 9. Danthu P.; Gaye A.; Roussel J.; Sarr, A., 1992 - Quelques aspects de la germination des semences de Ziziphus mauritiana . Paper presented at the IUFRO symposium on tree seeds, 23-27 November 1992, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. 10. Depommier D., 1988 - Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Bois Forets Trop 218:57–62. 11. El Ghazali GEB, El Tohami MS, El Egami AAB, Abdalla WS, Mohammed MG., 1997 - Medicinal plants of the Sudan: medicinal plants of northern Kordofan. Omdurman Islamic University Printing and Publishing House, Omdurman.

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