Revista Inclusiones Issn 0719-4706 Volumen 8 – Número Especial – Abril/Junio 2021

CUERPO DIRECTIVO Mg. Keri González Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, México Director Dr. Juan Guillermo Mansilla Sepúlveda Dr. Pablo Guadarrama González Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile Universidad Central de Las Villas, Cuba

Editor Mg. Amelia Herrera Lavanchy Dr. Alex Véliz Burgos Universidad de La Serena, Chile Obu-Chile, Chile Mg. Cecilia Jofré Muñoz Editores Científicos Universidad San Sebastián, Chile Dr. Luiz Alberto David Araujo Pontificia Universidade Católica de Sao Paulo, Brasil Mg. Mario Lagomarsino Montoya Drdo. Mario Lagomarsino Montoya Universidad Adventista de Chile, Chile Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile Universidad Adventista de Chile, Chile Dr. Claudio Llanos Reyes Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile Editor Europa del Este Dr. Aleksandar Ivanov Katrandzhiev Dr. Werner Mackenbach Universidad Suroeste "Neofit Rilski", Bulgaria Universidad de Potsdam, Alemania Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica Soporte Técnico Lic. Rodrigo Arenas López Mg. Rocío del Pilar Martínez Marín Obu-Chulr, Chile Universidad de Santander, Colombia

Cuerpo Asistente Ph. D. Natalia Milanesio Universidad de Houston, Estados Unidos Traductora: Inglés Lic. Pauline Corthorn Escudero Dra. Patricia Virginia Moggia Münchmeyer Editorial Cuadernos de Sofía, Chile Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile

Portada Ph. D. Maritza Montero Lic. Graciela Pantigoso de Los Santos Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela Editorial Cuadernos de Sofía, Chile Dra. Eleonora Pencheva COMITÉ EDITORIAL Universidad Suroeste Neofit Rilski, Bulgaria

Dra. Carolina Aroca Toloza Dra. Rosa María Regueiro Ferreira Universidad de Chile, Chile Universidad de La Coruña, España

Dr. Jaime Bassa Mercado Mg. David Ruete Zúñiga Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello, Chile

Dra. Heloísa Bellotto Dr. Andrés Saavedra Barahona Universidad de Sao Paulo, Brasil Universidad San Clemente de Ojrid de Sofía, Bulgaria

Dra. Nidia Burgos Dr. Efraín Sánchez Cabra Universidad Nacional del Sur, Argentina Academia Colombiana de Historia, Colombia

Mg. María Eugenia Campos Dra. Mirka Seitz Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México Universidad del Salvador, Argentina

Dr. Francisco José Francisco Carrera Ph. D. Stefan Todorov Kapralov Universidad de Valladolid, España South West University, Bulgaria

COMITÉ CIENTÍFICO INTERNACIONAL Dra. Manuela Garau Centro Studi Sea, Italia Comité Científico Internacional de Honor Dr. Carlo Ginzburg Ginzburg Dr. Adolfo A. Abadía Scuola Normale Superiore de Pisa, Italia Universidad ICESI, Colombia Universidad de California Los Ángeles, Estados Unidos

Dr. Carlos Antonio Aguirre Rojas Dr. Francisco Luis Girardo Gutiérrez Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Colombia

Dr. Martino Contu José Manuel González Freire Universidad de Sassari, Italia Universidad de Colima, México

Dr. Luiz Alberto David Araujo Dra. Antonia Heredia Herrera Pontificia Universidad Católica de Sao Paulo, Brasil Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, España

Dra. Patricia Brogna Dr. Eduardo Gomes Onofre Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Brasil

Dr. Horacio Capel Sáez + Dr. Miguel León-Portilla Universidad de Barcelona, España Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México

Dr. Javier Carreón Guillén Dr. Miguel Ángel Mateo Saura Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México Instituto de Estudios Albacetenses “Don Juan Manuel”, España Dr. Lancelot Cowie Universidad West Indies, Trinidad y Tobago Dr. Carlos Tulio da Silva Medeiros Diálogos em MERCOSUR, Brasil Dra. Isabel Cruz Ovalle de Amenabar Universidad de Los Andes, Chile + Dr. Álvaro Márquez-Fernández Universidad del Zulia, Venezuela Dr. Rodolfo Cruz Vadillo Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Dr. Oscar Ortega Arango México Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, México

Dr. Adolfo Omar Cueto Dr. Antonio-Carlos Pereira Menaut Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Argentina Universidad Santiago de Compostela, España

Dr. Miguel Ángel de Marco Dr. José Sergio Puig Espinosa Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Dilemas Contemporáneos, México

Dra. Emma de Ramón Acevedo Dra. Francesca Randazzo Universidad de Chile, Chile Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Honduras Dr. Gerardo Echeita Sarrionandia Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, España Dra. Yolando Ricardo Universidad de La Habana, Cuba Dr. Antonio Hermosa Andújar Universidad de Sevilla, España Dr. Manuel Alves da Rocha Universidade Católica de Angola Angola Dra. Patricia Galeana Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México Mg. Arnaldo Rodríguez Espinoza Universidad Estatal a Distancia, Costa Rica

Dr. Miguel Rojas Mix Dra. Noemí Brenta Coordinador la Cumbre de Rectores Universidades Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Estatales América Latina y el Caribe Ph. D. Juan R. Coca Dr. Luis Alberto Romero Universidad de Valladolid, España CONICET / Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Dr. Antonio Colomer Vialdel Dra. Maura de la Caridad Salabarría Roig Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, España Dilemas Contemporáneos, México Dr. Christian Daniel Cwik Dr. Adalberto Santana Hernández Universidad de Colonia, Alemania Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México Dr. Eric de Léséulec Dr. Juan Antonio Seda INS HEA, Francia Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Dr. Andrés Di Masso Tarditti Dr. Saulo Cesar Paulino e Silva Universidad de Barcelona, España Universidad de Sao Paulo, Brasil Ph. D. Mauricio Dimant Dr. Miguel Ángel Verdugo Alonso Universidad Hebrea de Jerusalén, Israel Universidad de Salamanca, España Dr. Jorge Enrique Elías Caro Dr. Josep Vives Rego Universidad de Magdalena, Colombia Universidad de Barcelona, España Dra. Claudia Lorena Fonseca Dr. Eugenio Raúl Zaffaroni Universidad Federal de Pelotas, Brasil Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Dra. Ada Gallegos Ruiz Conejo Dra. Blanca Estela Zardel Jacobo Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Perú Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México Dra. Carmen González y González de Mesa Comité Científico Internacional Universidad de Oviedo, España

Mg. Paola Aceituno Ph. D. Valentin Kitanov Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Chile Universidad Suroeste Neofit Rilski, Bulgaria

Ph. D. María José Aguilar Idañez Mg. Luis Oporto Ordóñez Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, España Universidad Mayor San Andrés, Bolivia

Dra. Elian Araujo Dr. Patricio Quiroga Universidad de Mackenzie, Brasil Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile

Mg. Rumyana Atanasova Popova Dr. Gino Ríos Patio Universidad Suroeste Neofit Rilski, Bulgaria Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Perú

Dra. Ana Bénard da Costa Dr. Carlos Manuel Rodríguez Arrechavaleta Instituto Universitario de Lisboa, Portugal Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, México Centro de Estudios Africanos, Portugal Dra. Vivian Romeu Dra. Alina Bestard Revilla Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, México Universidad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física y el Deporte, Cuba Dra. María Laura Salinas Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Argentina

Dr. Stefano Santasilia Dr. Evandro Viera Ouriques Universidad della Calabria, Italia Universidad Federal de Río de Janeiro, Brasil

Mg. Silvia Laura Vargas López Dra. María Luisa Zagalaz Sánchez Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, México Universidad de Jaén, España

Dra. Jaqueline Vassallo Dra. Maja Zawierzeniec Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina Universidad Wszechnica Polska, Polonia

REVISTA INCLUSIONES ISSN 0719-4706 VOLUMEN 8 – NÚMERO ESPECIAL – ABRIL/JUNIO 2021

Indización, Repositorios Académicos/Universitarios y Bases de Datos Académicas

Revista Inclusiones, se encuentra indizada en:

CATÁLOGO

PH. D. OLEKSANDRA ISLAMOVA / PH. D. VALENTYNA HRISHKO-DUNAIEVSKA / PH. D. OLEKSANDR BIBLIOVSKYI PH. D. OLEKSANDR KULAGIN / PH. D. OLEKSANDR HNYDIUK / DR. VALENTYNA MIROSHNICHENKO REVISTA INCLUSIONES ISSN 0719-4706 VOLUMEN 8 – NÚMERO ESPECIAL – ABRIL/JUNIO 2021

BIBLIOTECA UNIVERSIDAD DE CONCEPCIÓN

ISSN 0719-4706 - Volumen 8 / Número Especial / Abril – Junio 2021 pp. 556-570

OPTIMIZATION OF TRAINING PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT FOR REMOTELY PILOTED AIRCRAFT OPERATORS IN THE SPHERE OF BORDER SURVEILLANCE

Ph. D. Oleksandra Islamova Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine ORCID ID: 0000-0002-2102-7363 [email protected] Ph. D. Valentyna Hrishko-Dunaievska Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine ORCID ID: 0000-0001-5365-0355 [email protected] Ph. D. Oleksandr Biliovskyi Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine ORCID ID: 0000-0002-5768-1568 [email protected] Ph. D. Oleksandr Kulagin Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine ORCID ID: 0000-0001-6613-6064 [email protected] Ph. D. Oleksandr Hnydiuk Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine ORCID ID: 0000-0003-3154-1697 [email protected] Dr. Valentyna Miroshnichenko Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine ORCID ID: 0000-0002-3931-0888 [email protected]

Fecha de Recepción: 05 de enero de 2021 – Fecha Revisión: 15 de enero de 2021 Fecha de Aceptación: 02 de marzo de 2021 – Fecha de Publicación: 01 de abril de 2021

Abstract

The study reveals the theoretical and practical approaches of developing training programs for Remotely Piloted Aircraft operators in the sphere of border surveillance of the state border protection agencies of the European Union and Ukraine using multicriteria optimization to find required rational parameters. According to the developed methodology, using the multicriteria optimization method provides an opportunity to choose a program for training such specialists, which will best meet the objectives and peculiar needs of the state border protection agencies of the European Union and Ukraine. The results of the study within the educational grant of Frontex Agency conducted by the team of experts from the Border Guard Services of Ukraine and EU countries were used to enhance the training program of air reconnaissance units of border protection bodies at the Main Training Centre of the Border Guard Service of Ukraine based on the best EU practices, in order to ensure obtaining of knowledge and practical skills by personnel of the border guard Remotely Piloted Aircraft PH. D. OLEKSANDRA ISLAMOVA / PH. D. VALENTYNA HRISHKO-DUNAIEVSKA / PH. D. OLEKSANDR BIBLIOVSKYI PH. D. OLEKSANDR KULAGIN / PH. D. OLEKSANDR HNYDIUK / DR. VALENTYNA MIROSHNICHENKO REVISTA INCLUSIONES ISSN 0719-4706 VOLUMEN 8 – NÚMERO ESPECIAL – ABRIL/JUNIO 2021

Optimization of training program development for Remotely Piloted Aircraft operators in the sphere of border surveillance pág. 557 external crews, which will increase the level of interoperability and professional competence of border guards while conducting border surveillance tasks.

Keywords

Remotely piloted aircraft systems – Border guards – Training program

Para Citar este Artículo:

Islamova, Oleksandra; Hrishko-Dunaievska, Valentyna; Biliovskyi, Oleksandr; Kulagin, Oleksandr; Hnydiuk, Oleksandr y Miroshnichenko, Valentyna. Optimization of training program development for Remotely Piloted Aircraft operators in the sphere of border surveillance. Revista Inclusiones Vol: 8 num Especial (2021): 556-570.

Licencia Creative Commons Atributtion Nom-Comercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) Licencia Internacional

Optimization of training program development for Remotely Piloted Aircraft operators in the sphere of border surveillance pág. 558

Introduction

The use of RPAS in border control and protection is constantly expanding. Firstly, it is a costeffective solution, and secondly – the most effective in comparison to the use of other means of patrolling, for example, manned aircraft, which is often cost-ineffective because of the small areas of the controlled territory. Modern RPAS have adequate tactical and technical characteristics to provide surveillance of even the most remote and inaccessible border areas.

Speaking about terminology we can differentiate between “drones”, which are typically aircraft. They are also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs), or, in conjunction with their groundbased control stations, unmanned aerial systems (UAS) or remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS). Flight may be controlled by a person stationed elsewhere or by an on-board computer, which is driving the development of increasingly autonomous drones. RPAS nowadays come in all shapes and sizes. At least 16 of the 27 EU member states already own them for military (combat and reconnaissance) or non-military (surveillance and detection) purposes. The design, development and production of more than 400 different RPAS is now reportedly spread across at least 21 EU countries1.

The European Commission has long subsidized research, development and international cooperation among drone manufacturers. The European Defence Agency is sponsoring pan-European research and development for both military and civilian drones. The European Space Agency is funding and undertaking research into the satellites and communications infrastructure used to fly drones. Frontex, the EU’s border guard agency, is keen to deploy surveillance drones along and beyond the EU’s borders to “hunt” for migrants and refugees2. In 2012 the EU Commission announced that it would coordinate the introduction of drones into civilian airspace in Europe for full integration of drones into commercial airspace3. A “roadmap” including a target date of 2028 for the EU is basing its own timeframe on that of the International Civil Aviation Organisation, with which it will also work to develop global standards for RPAS flight.Speaking about the surveillance of different border sectors, the Frontex Agency4 and European border guard organizations in order to implement the EU Integrated Border Management Concept5, realized the operational and economic value of deploying small-sized RPAS to be used within the distance of one border guard station (about 10 – 20km). Due to the improved maximum payload weight, RPAS operators in real-time can receive accurate, high-quality imagery of patrolled areas, detect and recognize potential border violators. RPAS can provide continuous gathering and

1 P. Blyenburgh, “UAS Industry & Market Issues”, presentation to European Commission UAS Panel, 1st Workshop, Brussels 12 July 2011, http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/docs/uas/00_UVS_International.pdf 2 B. Hayes; Ch. Jones y E. Toepfer, “Eurodrones”, Transnational Institute and Statewatch under Amsterdam, 2014. 3 European RPAS Steering Group, “Roadmap for the integration of civil Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Systems into the European Aviation System”, June 2013, http://www.statewatch.org/observatories_files/drones/eu/com-2013-06-roadmap.pdf 4 Regulation (EU) 2019/1896 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 November 2019 on the European Border and Coast Guard. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal- content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32019R1896&from=EN 5 J. Monar, “The European Union’s «Integrated Management» of External Borders”, in J. DeBardeleben (ed.). Soft or Hard Borders? Managing the Divide in an Enlarged Europe (Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2005). PH. D. OLEKSANDRA ISLAMOVA / PH. D. VALENTYNA HRISHKO-DUNAIEVSKA / PH. D. OLEKSANDR BIBLIOVSKYI PH. D. OLEKSANDR KULAGIN / PH. D. OLEKSANDR HNYDIUK / DR. VALENTYNA MIROSHNICHENKO REVISTA INCLUSIONES ISSN 0719-4706 VOLUMEN 8 – NÚMERO ESPECIAL – ABRIL/JUNIO 2021

Optimization of training program development for Remotely Piloted Aircraft operators in the sphere of border surveillance pág. 559 transmission of the information at the border in both automatic and semi-automatic modes. Due to the system of active tracking – the RPAS, having detected a potentially hostile object, fixes its location, reports the coordinates to the ground control station, automatically tracks and transmits information about its actions. Such patrolling is possible across any terrain, even the most remote and sparsely populated border areas. In the context of protecting the EU borders, Frontex is testing RPAS that can carry surveillance equipment, including thermal cameras and radars.

The testing in Greece and Italy was performed in 2019. In Portugal, the agency is using a smaller unmanned aircraft to monitor the North Atlantic Ocean and share this information in real time. This capability allows Frontex and national authorities to react more quickly to cross-border crime, especially drug smuggling. In Portugal, Frontex is working together with the European Maritime Safety Authority, which provides the RPAS to Frontex there. The agency is also cooperating with the Portuguese Guarda Nacional Republicana, Navy and Air Force. The operation is remotely coordinated from the Frontex Situational Centre in Poland by both Frontex experts and Portuguese authorities6.

Thus, under such circumstances, Frontex Agency decided to offer support to the Member States in designing courses and curricula for RPAS operators training. In order to harmonize such training in all EU countries, all training products today have to be aligned to the Sectoral Qualification Framework for border guarding in EU (SQF)7. For this purpose, approximately 200 curriculum designers and teachers from the EU Member States border guard training institutions have been trained in “Course design in line with Bologna and Copenhagen principles using the SQF” so far and an increasing number of courses are reported to be designed or reviewed in the EU border guard educational institutions.

Furthermore, to facilitate the harmonization and integration processes, Frontex most recently offered grants to the EU border guard agencies to design SQF aligned curricula that may be delivered as national courses or as exchange-mobility programmes involving a number of European training institutions and academies8. In 2018, a team of experts from the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine together with representatives of the State Border Guard Service of Lithuania won such educational grant and successfully completed the development of innovative training products in the field of border protection with the use of RPAS.

Approbation of training programs and RPAS tests took place on the basis of the School of the State Border Guard Service of Lithuania, Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine and the Main Training Centre for Personnel of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine named after Major General Ihor Momot.

6 Frontex begins testing unmanned aircraft for border surveillance 2018-09-27 https://frontex.europa.eu/media-centre/news-release/frontex-begins-testing-unmanned-aircraft-for- border-surveillance-zSQ26A 7 FRONTEX, Sectoral Qualifications Framework for Border Guarding (volume 2) (Warsaw, Poland: Rondo ONZ 1, 2013). 8 A. Peres y J. Norris, Sectoral Qualifications Framework for Border Guarding — the way towards harmonization of border guard qualifications across EU? European Law Enforcement Research Bulletin, num 3 (2017): 145-158. https://bulletin.cepol.europa.eu/index.php/bulletin/article/view/289 PH. D. OLEKSANDRA ISLAMOVA / PH. D. VALENTYNA HRISHKO-DUNAIEVSKA / PH. D. OLEKSANDR BIBLIOVSKYI PH. D. OLEKSANDR KULAGIN / PH. D. OLEKSANDR HNYDIUK / DR. VALENTYNA MIROSHNICHENKO REVISTA INCLUSIONES ISSN 0719-4706 VOLUMEN 8 – NÚMERO ESPECIAL – ABRIL/JUNIO 2021

Optimization of training program development for Remotely Piloted Aircraft operators in the sphere of border surveillance pág. 560

Literature review

Recently, researchers from the European Union, the USA and Ukraine have started to consider the problem of using small-sized RPAS for border control, and also the issue of training specialists for this specific mission have been put forward. The studies investigate the operational readiness of small RPAS training programs and it was in particular found that the majority of small RPAS operators were not meeting flight requirements and it would be more effective if small RPAS had its own occupational specialty and was managed by certain branch. So, the researchers insist on the necessity of elaborating occupational requirements for small UAS operators9. The scientists also envisaged the requirements for the selection of unmanned aerial vehicles to perform reconnaissance, surveillance tasks and training of RPAS operators at a specially created training facility10. It is proposed to develop educational and methodological complexes for the training of specialists at the level of "junior bachelor" and "bachelor" on the following issues: RPAS flight control; tactics for performing typical surveillance and intelligence tasks; decryption of intelligence and observation data in real time and image movement mode; information support of data processing and decryption; combat training; maintenance; field repairs; storage and transportation, etc. We also agree with Udartseva (2016) regarding determining peculiarities of the RPAS crews work and expediency of professional selection of operators and technology of psychophysiological selection of RPAS operators. The proposed structural scheme of the process and algorithm takes into account the level of development of fine motor skills of the hand, technical and spatial thinking, as well as the results of psychological testing of such selection11. The studies of human influence in various areas related to the current and future use of RPAS, highlight that the operator must have specific training, which is not necessarily the same as that of the aviators12. The experience of the Armed Forces, especially NATO, proves that military regulations – NATO STANAG agreements and The Joint Minimum Training Standards of the Joint Staff define guidelines for the training systems, and help develop the syllabus in general. What is important, the basic norms are defined for the minimum levels of the skills of the operators, and, there are no formal upper limits for the syllabi of the training systems. In-spite of the existing guidelines, many countries made their reservations allowing taking into consideration experiences gained from operating RPAS in national airspaces under supervision of the national authorities13.

9 E. Roberts y A. Beck, Management and Training Programs of Military Drone Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, (2017). 61. 1131-1135. DOI: 10.1177/1541931213601767 10 S. Mosov y V. Kolesnikov, “Requirements for the selection of unmanned aerial vehicles to perform reconnaissance and surveillance tasks”, Collection of scientific works of the Center for Military and Strategic Studies of the Ivan Chernyakhovsky National University of Defense of Ukraine, Kyiv, num 1 (56) (2016): 24-28. 11 T. Udartseva, “Expediency of professional selection of drone control operators”, Weapons systems and military equipment, num 1(45) (2016): 186-189. 12 J. McCarley y C. Wickens, “Human Factors Implications of UAVs in the National Airspace”. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228358350_Human_factors_implications of_UAVs_in_the_national_ airspace. 13 R. Szabolcsi, “Beyond Training Minimums – A New Concept of the UAV Operator Training Program”, International conference Knowledge-Based Organization num 22 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2016-0096 y O. Soroka; S. Kalaur y A. Balendr, “Diagnostics of leadership qualities of specialists of "man– man" type of professions in military and civil higher education institutions: Psychological and pedagogical approach”, Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, num 11(4S1) (2019): 264-277. https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/189 PH. D. OLEKSANDRA ISLAMOVA / PH. D. VALENTYNA HRISHKO-DUNAIEVSKA / PH. D. OLEKSANDR BIBLIOVSKYI PH. D. OLEKSANDR KULAGIN / PH. D. OLEKSANDR HNYDIUK / DR. VALENTYNA MIROSHNICHENKO REVISTA INCLUSIONES ISSN 0719-4706 VOLUMEN 8 – NÚMERO ESPECIAL – ABRIL/JUNIO 2021

Optimization of training program development for Remotely Piloted Aircraft operators in the sphere of border surveillance pág. 561

Thus, based on the above, and in view of the multitude of criteria for training RPAS operators in order to solve the problem of selecting RPAS operators training programs for the state border surveillance, it is proposed to use multifactor analysis methods with the following criteria: coefficient of knowledge and skills, time spent on theoretical training and practical training.

The aim of this research is to use the method of multicriteria optimization to find rational parameters for the development of training program for RPAS operators in the sphere of border surveillance of the state border protection agencies of the European Union and Ukraine. With the beginning of the Antiterrorist Operation (ATO) and later – Joint Forces Operation (JFO) in the East of Ukraine, the need for training of RPAS specialists became evident, which led to development of the RPAS operator training program at the Main Training Centre for Personnel of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine (Combat Coordination Program of Air Reconnaissance Units of Border Protection Bodies (RPAS quadcopter type); Combat Coordination Program of Air Reconnaissance Units of Border Protection Bodies (aircraft type). A comparison of the state border protection tasks involving RPAS in the EU countries and Ukraine is given in Table 1

EU countries Ukraine Multicopter Aircraft Patrolling Patrolling + + Target detection and tracking (Tracking, Control and intelligence + + Escort) activities Search (Search) Search + Water surface monitoring (Water Water surface control + Monitoring) F + + o Support for operational and + + r service activity c Combat actions + + e Table 1 m Comparison of border protection tasks involving RPAS in the EU countries and Ukraine a j So, in Ukraine the program of combat coordination of air reconnaissance units of the e u border protection bodies determines the content and sequence of theoretical, practical, r control and verification exercises with the personnel of the external crews of RPAS, to e improve their performing of border protection missions. t The analysis of the effectiveness of RPAS external crews training was carried out a with the use of the training programs of RPAS operators (“airplane” and “copter” types) of s the Main Training Centre for Personnel of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine named k after Major General Ihor Momot and the training programs for operators and managers of s border guard agencies developed under auspices of the Frontex Agency for two types of / specialists – operators of RPAS external crews and managers of border guard units, which s i provide border surveillance of the state border sectors with the use of RPAS. t u a t i o n s (Force majeure)PH. D. OLEKSANDRA ISLAMOVA / PH. D. VALENTYNA HRISHKO-DUNAIEVSKA / PH. D. OLEKSANDR BIBLIOVSKYI PH. D. OLEKSANDR KULAGIN / PH. D. OLEKSANDR HNYDIUK / DR. VALENTYNA MIROSHNICHENKO REVISTA INCLUSIONES ISSN 0719-4706 VOLUMEN 8 – NÚMERO ESPECIAL – ABRIL/JUNIO 2021

Optimization of training program development for Remotely Piloted Aircraft operators in the sphere of border surveillance pág. 562

Materials and Methods

For the purpose of selecting training programs for RPAS operators in the sphere of the state border protection multifactor analysis was used based on the following criteria: coefficient of knowledge achievement; coefficient of skill achievement; time spent on theoretical training; time spent on practical training. The training of RPAS operators can be assessed by a number of indicators and criteria.

Among the partial indicators are those, values of which have to be increased during optimization, for example, the level of knowledge and skills, and there are those values, which have to be reduced – as for example, time spent on theoretical and practical training. So, the task of optimizing the RPAS operators training is multi-criteria. Finding the optimal solution by several criteria is a complex, poorly formalized task.

To solve such problems, a mathematical programming apparatus has been developed and successfully used. Although, if the maximization of one important characteristic is the reason for the reduction of other essential characteristics, then the methods of mathematical programming cannot be used in their traditional forms. In addition, as noted in the research of Dehtiarenko (1976), the basic principle cannot be formulated in the form of simultaneous maximization of two or more functions.

Therefore, other methods must be used to find the optimal solution of multicriteria problems. Thus, the aim of this study is to substantiate the choice of method for solving problems of multicriteria optimization to find rational parameters for the operational construction of the state border protection system and the use of forces and means14. One of the known methods of solving multicriteria problems is the scalar synthesis of partial criteria into one integrated indicator, which is then maximized (minimized). If such an indicator reflects the essence of the optimization process and takes into account the mutual influence of partial criteria, the resulting solution can be objective. However, development of the analytical dependence of the integrated indicator is extremely difficult, sometimes impossible. The formal combination of partial criteria leads to the subjectivity of decisions.

Another method of solving multicriteria problems is to find an alternative in the field of compromise. At the same time, such a compromise should be considered “fair” when the total level of increase of some criteria does not exceed the decrease of other criteria. The point of “fair” compromise can also be considered the equilibrium point of the normalized criteria. These statements can be explained for the two normalized criteria х1 and х2 using the graphs shown in Fig. 1 criteria х1 and х2.

14 V. Dekhtyarenko, “Methods of multicriteria optimization of complex systems in design” (K.: Publishing House AN USSR, 1976): 41. PH. D. OLEKSANDRA ISLAMOVA / PH. D. VALENTYNA HRISHKO-DUNAIEVSKA / PH. D. OLEKSANDR BIBLIOVSKYI PH. D. OLEKSANDR KULAGIN / PH. D. OLEKSANDR HNYDIUK / DR. VALENTYNA MIROSHNICHENKO REVISTA INCLUSIONES ISSN 0719-4706 VOLUMEN 8 – NÚMERO ESPECIAL – ABRIL/JUNIO 2021

Optimization of training program development for Remotely Piloted Aircraft operators in the sphere of border surveillance pág. 563

a) b) Figure 1 Explaining the method of selecting optimal values of the criteria: a) by the method of compromise; b) by the method of equilibrium Author’s own conception

From the above it is clear that both combination of several criteria in one indicator, and determining of the optimal values of the criteria in the points (areas) of equilibrium, have significant disadvantages. The main ones are the following: weak connection of the integrated indicator with the physical content of the optimized process (system); difficulties in finding the analytical dependence that characterizes the relationship of partial criteria; low sensitivity of normalized criteria and integrated indicator to changes in the parameters of the optimized process (system); mutual compensation of the small value of one criterion by the excess value of another.

Thus, to solve the problem of selecting training programs for RPAS operators for the tasks of monitoring the state border, it is proposed to use the methods of multifactor analysis. To do so, we will apply the following partial criteria:

1) coefficient of knowledge achievement, Kti; 2) coefficient of achievement of skills, Kpi; 3) coefficient of time spent on theoretical training, Tti; 4) coefficient of time spent on practical training, Tpi.

For normalization, the numerical values of the partial criteria are divided into some normalizing divisors, for which the maximum (minimum) values of the criteria achieved in the field of acceptable solutions are taken. The rationing of criteria is carried out by the following formula: ni  nmin Ki  , (1) nmax  nmin where i is the criterion number, nmax, nmin and ni are the maximum, minimum and current values of the і-th criterion.

The general assessment of the effectiveness of the RPAS operator training program will be evaluated as the ratio of the achieved level of knowledge, Kti (skills, Kрi) to the time spent on theoretical, Tti (practical, Tрi) training. Then the generalized formula for the integrated multiplicative assessment of the effectiveness of a particular training program Wi will look like:

Optimization of training program development for Remotely Piloted Aircraft operators in the sphere of border surveillance pág. 564

Kti Kpi Wi   . (2) Tti Tpi

If necessary, it is possible to use weights for the theoretical and practical component of training, which should be determined with the involvement of experts.

Results of the research

We will apply the proposed approach to evaluate the training programs for RPAS crews:

a) at the Main Training Centre for Personnel of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine:

1) Combat Coordination Program of Air Reconnaissance Units of Border Protection Bodies (RPAS copter type); 2) Combat Coordination Program of Air Reconnaissance Units of Border Protection Bodies (aircraft (wing) type);

b) RPAS crews training programs developed within FRONTEX Grant: 3) RPAS Management Course for border surveillance; 4) RPAS Operator course for border surveillance.

The initial data for the calculations are given in table. 2, where knowledge and skills are assessed as the number of planned learning outcomes. The values of standardized and integrated criteria for evaluating RPAS crews training programs are given in Tables 3 and 4, respectively.

Duration of Duration of Name of the training program Knowledge Skills theoretical practical training, hours training, hours SBGSU Operator (copter) Course 8 10 24 54 SBGSU Operator (wing) Course 6 4 54 118 FRONTEX RPAS Manager 6 6 16 24 Course FRONTEX RPAS Operator 4 8 16 40 Course Table 2 Initial data to assess the effectiveness of training programs for RPAS crews

Normalized Program Value of the Program evaluation of the number criterion criterion

Coefficient of knowledge achievement (max = 8; min = 4), Kti 1 SBGSU Operator (copter) Course 8,00 1,00 2 SBGSU Operator (wing) Course 6,00 0,75 3 FRONTEX RPAS Manager Course 6,00 0,75 4 FRONTEX RPAS Operator Course 4,00 0,50

Coefficient of achievement of skills (max = 10; min = 6), Kpi 1 SBGSU Operator (copter) Course 10,00 1,00 PH. D. OLEKSANDRA ISLAMOVA / PH. D. VALENTYNA HRISHKO-DUNAIEVSKA / PH. D. OLEKSANDR BIBLIOVSKYI PH. D. OLEKSANDR KULAGIN / PH. D. OLEKSANDR HNYDIUK / DR. VALENTYNA MIROSHNICHENKO REVISTA INCLUSIONES ISSN 0719-4706 VOLUMEN 8 – NÚMERO ESPECIAL – ABRIL/JUNIO 2021

2 SBGSU Operator (wing) Course 8,00 0,80 3 FRONTEX RPAS Manager Course 8,00 0,80 4 FRONTEX RPAS Operator Course 6,00 0,60 coefficient of time spent on theoretical training (max = 54; min = 16), Tti 1 SBGSU Operator (copter) Course 24,00 0,44 2 SBGSU Operator (wing) Course 54,00 1,00 3 FRONTEX RPAS Manager Course 16,00 0,30 4 FRONTEX RPAS Operator Course 16,00 0,30 coefficient of time spent on practical training (max = 118; min = 20), Tpi 1 SBGSU Operator (copter) Course 20,00 0,46 2 SBGSU Operator (wing) Course 118,00 1,00 3 FRONTEX RPAS Manager Course 24,00 0,20 4 FRONTEX RPAS Operator Course 40,00 0,34 Table 3 Values of the normalized criteria for evaluating training programs for RPAS crews

General Program Partial criterion Program criterion, number Kti Kpi Tti Tpi Wi 1 SBGSU Operator (copter) Course 1,00 1,00 0,44 0,46 4,45 2 SBGSU Operator (wing) Course 0,75 0,80 1,00 1,00 1,55 3 FRONTEX RPAS Manager Course 0,75 0,80 0,30 0,20 6,50 4 FRONTEX RPAS Operator Course 0,50 0,60 0,30 0,34 3,43 Table 4 General criteria for the program effectiveness (Wi)

The results of the study prove that the best by the proposed criteria is the Frontex RPAS Operator training program, developed under the FRONTEX Grant Program “The use of RPAS for border control – tactics, methodical recommendations, good practice”. Although they are inferior in the number of planned learning outcomes, the results are achieved in a shorter period of training. The second best program is the Combat Coordination Program of Air Reconnaissance Units of Border Protection Bodies (RPAS quadcopter type) of the Main Training Centre of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. This value is achieved due to the largest number of planned learning outcomes (knowledge and skills).

Discussion

Therefore, in conditions of limited time for staff training, it is advisable to choose the training program for RPAS operators, which was developed in the framework of the international project under auspices of Frontex Agency. It was used to enhance the Combat Coordination Program of Air Reconnaissance Units of Border Protection Bodies at the Main Training Centre for Personnel of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine (Table 5), in order to ensure obtaining of knowledge and practical skills by personnel of the air reconnaissance sections (RPAS external crews), enhance interoperability and operational coherence while performing border protection tasks. It also helped to improve the professional competence of the RPAS operators (of various types and modifications: quadcopters, hexacopters, octocopters, multicopters, which according to their technical characteristics can conduct border monitoring both during the day and night). PH. D. OLEKSANDRA ISLAMOVA / PH. D. VALENTYNA HRISHKO-DUNAIEVSKA / PH. D. OLEKSANDR BIBLIOVSKYI PH. D. OLEKSANDR KULAGIN / PH. D. OLEKSANDR HNYDIUK / DR. VALENTYNA MIROSHNICHENKO REVISTA INCLUSIONES ISSN 0719-4706 VOLUMEN 8 – NÚMERO ESPECIAL – ABRIL/JUNIO 2021

Optimization of training program development for Remotely Piloted Aircraft operators in the sphere of border surveillance pág. 566

Hours № Topic Practical topics Overall classes 1. Organization of flights 8 4 2. Design, basic elements and operating procedure of RPAS 8 - 3. Maintenance of the RPAS. Pre-flight and post-flight preparation 6 4 4. Typical RPAS malfunctions that may occur during operation 2 - 5. Basic concepts of meteorology and aerodynamics 4 2 Basic concepts of aerial reconnaissance by RPAS. Working with digital 6. 4 4 cards 7. RPAS software 6 4 Procedure for processing, transfer and storage of air monitoring materials 8. 4 4 (registration, flight reports) 9. Assessment sessions 4 4 10 Training using flight simulator 6 6 11. Training flights in the daytime 12 12 12. Training flights using the target load in the daytime 32 32 13. Assessment sessions 6 6 14. Training flights at night 10 10 15. Training flights using the target load in the daytime 12 12 16. Assessment session 4 4 A 10 10 Overall 138 118 c Table 5 oCombat Coordination Program of Air Reconnaissance Units of Border Protection Bodies of m Ukraine (adapted according to the FRONTEX Grant Program) p r e Conducting the exercises of the developed program is carried out according to the hfollowing scheme of sequence (Figure 2). e n s i v e t e s t i n g e x e Figure 2 r The structure of the adapted Combat Coordination Program of Air Reconnaissance Units c of Border Protection Bodies of Ukraine i s e PH. D. OLEKSANDRA ISLAMOVA / PH. D. VALENTYNA HRISHKO-DUNAIEVSKA / PH. D. OLEKSANDR BIBLIOVSKYI t PH. D. OLEKSANDR KULAGIN / PH. D. OLEKSANDR HNYDIUK / DR. VALENTYNA MIROSHNICHENKO o g e REVISTA INCLUSIONES ISSN 0719-4706 VOLUMEN 8 – NÚMERO ESPECIAL – ABRIL/JUNIO 2021

Optimization of training program development for Remotely Piloted Aircraft operators in the sphere of border surveillance pág. 567

ensuring early detection of the movement of violators, their accomplices and scouts, as well as covert surveillance of areas adjacent to the location of hidden surveillance posts, or organizing ambushes; delivery of various elements of technical means of protection of the state border or means to satisfy the basic needs of border guards (drinking water, food, etc.) to their places of service, etc., allowing for the economy of resources; conducting radiation reconnaissance in the area of responsibility; providing remote control over performing of tasks by border guard details and local inspectors of border guard service, and fixation of the revealed violations; providing surveillance of the area and observing dangerous sectors along the route of movement of columns of border protection units while moving in the conditions of aggravation of the social (military-political) situation, and also their direct protection; monitoring of situation regarding various provocations (especially shelling or combat) in the area of responsibility in order to timely clarify the decisions and tasks of subordinate border guards and provide fire management, and if necessary, to determine the safe routes of withdrawal to new positions or breakthrough from the roundup (fire ambush)

Optimization of training program development for Remotely Piloted Aircraft operators in the sphere of border surveillance pág. 568

Therefore, the research of developing training program for RPAS operators in the sphere of border surveillance is helping to create an all-European approach for RPAS operators that will increase their interoperability in the European Union countries and Ukraine.

Conclusion

Conducted research showed that in spite of existence of national training courses for RPAS operators in EU and Ukraine, they are built mostly for national purposes, however, the EU Integrated Border Management Concept requires enhanced interoperability of border guards of different specialties. Therefore, in order to harmonize the RPAS operators professional activity in the sphere of the state border surveillance (within the limits of a border guard division/station) and their professional training and job competencies based on the Sectoral Qualifications Framework in the field of border protection, the team of experts from the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine together with representatives of the State Border Guard Service of Lithuania won the educational grant and completed the development of innovative training programs in the field of border protection with the use of RPAS. Approbation of training programs and RPAS tests took place on the basis of the School of the State Border Guard Service of Lithuania, Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine and the Main Training Centre for Personnel of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine named after Major General Ihor Momot.

The research was conducted to solve the problems of multicriteria optimization to find rational parameters for the development of training program for RPAS operators in the sphere of border surveillance of the state border protection agencies of the European Union and Ukraine. According to the developed methodology, using the multicriteria optimization method provides an opportunity to choose a program for training RPAS external crews, which will best meet the objectives and peculiar needs of the state border protection agencies of the European Union.

Optimization of training program development for Remotely Piloted Aircraft operators in the sphere of border surveillance pág. 569

References

Balendr, A. “Designing Professionally Oriented Training Courses for Border Guards in Accordance with the Sectoral Qualifications Framework based on the Virtual Aula Platform”. Information Technologies and Learning Tools, Vol: 63 num 1 (2018): 68-80.

Balendr A.; Komarnytska O. y Bloshchynskyi I. “Ukrainian border guards interoperability assessment in the framework of common European border guard standards implementation”. Advanced Education num 12 (2019): 35–43.

Blyenburgh, P. “UAS Industry & Market Issues”, presentation to European Commission UAS Panel, 1st Workshop, Brussels 12 July 2011, http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/docs/uas/00_UVS_International.pdf

Dekhtyarenko, V. Methods of multicriteria optimization of complex systems in design. K.: Publishing House AN USSR. 1976.

European RPAS Steering Group, “Roadmap for the integration of civil Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Systems into the European Aviation System”, June 2013, http://www.statewatch.org/observatories_files/drones/eu/com-2013-06-roadmap.pdf

FRONTEX. Sectoral Qualifications Framework for Border Guarding (volume 2). Warsaw, Poland: Rondo ONZ 1. 2013.

Frontex begins testing unmanned aircraft for border surveillance 2018-09-27 https://frontex.europa.eu/media-centre/news-release/frontex-begins-testing-unmanned- aircraft-for-border-surveillance-zSQ26A

Hayes, B.; Jones, Ch. y Toepfer E. Eurodrones inc. Transnational Institute and Statewatch under, Amsterdam. 2014.

Lytvyn, M. y Katerynchuk, I. Substantiation of the method of solving problems of multicriteria assessment of operational and service actions of state border guards. Collection of scientific works num 49 Part II. Khmelnytsky: NADPSU Publishing House. 2009.

McCarley, J. S. y Wickens, C. D. Human Factors Implications of UAVs in the National Airspace. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228358350_Human_factors_implications _of_UAVs_in_the_national_airspace.

Monar J. The European Union’s «Integrated Management» of External Borders. In J. DeBardeleben (ed.). Soft or Hard Borders? Managing the Divide in an Enlarged Europe. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. 2005.

Mosov S. y Kolesnikov V. “Requirements for the selection of unmanned aerial vehicles to perform reconnaissance and surveillance tasks”. Collection of scientific works of the Center for Military and Strategic Studies of the Ivan Chernyakhovsky National University of Defense of Ukraine, Kyiv, num 1 (56) (2016): 24-28.

Optimization of training program development for Remotely Piloted Aircraft operators in the sphere of border surveillance pág. 570

Peres, A. y Norris, J. “Sectoral Qualifications Framework for Border Guarding — the way towards harmonization of border guard qualifications across EU?”. European Law Enforcement Research Bulletin, num 3 (2017): 145-158. https://bulletin.cepol.europa.eu/index.php/bulletin/article/view/289

Regulation (EU) 2019/1896 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 November 2019 on the European Border and Coast Guard. Retrieved from: https://eur- lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32019R1896&from=EN

Roberts, E. & Beck, A. “Management and Training Programs Of Military Drone Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems”. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting num 61 (2017): 1131-1135. DOI: 10.1177/1541931213601767.

Soroka, O.; Kalaur, S. & Balendr, A. “Diagnostics of leadership qualities of specialists of "man– man" type of professions in military and civil higher education institutions: Psychological and pedagogical approach”. Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, num 11(4S1) (2019): 264-277. https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/189

Soroka, O.; Kalaur, S. & Balendr, A. “Monitoring of Corporate Culture Formation of Specialists of Social Institutions”. Postmodern Openings/Deschideri Postmoderne, num 11 (2020). DOI: 10.18662/PO/11.1SUP1/131

Szabolcsi, R. Beyond Training Minimums – A New Concept of the UAV Operator Training Program. International conference Knowledge-Based Organization. 2016. 22. 10.1515/kbo- 2016-0096.

Udartseva, T. “Expediency of professional selection of drone control operators”. Weapons systems and military equipment, num 1 (45) (2016): 186-189.

Las opiniones, análisis y conclusiones del autor son de su responsabilidad y no necesariamente reflejan el pensamiento de la Revista Inclusiones.

La reproducción parcial y/o total de este artículo debe hacerse con permiso de Revista Inclusiones.

PH. D. OLEKSANDRA ISLAMOVA / PH. D. VALENTYNA HRISHKO-DUNAIEVSKA / PH. D. OLEKSANDR BIBLIOVSKYI PH. D. OLEKSANDR KULAGIN / PH. D. OLEKSANDR HNYDIUK / DR. VALENTYNA MIROSHNICHENKO