Guest Forum 38 production. Therefore, to three for its factories back-street ask and upaplan have draw to development, normally, youdevelopment. instrument In instrument of spectroscopic-measurement-based study the Ihave by pursued optics, enchanted been Having Introduction my about experiences. talk some include there and technologies, aspractical correlations -equipment application organizing the and technologies achievement the ofevolving peripheral absorbing hasbeen Spectroscopy, you streamofEngineering which tothe like Iwould tointroduce technologies. computerization by and etc., meansof systematization integration aswell astheir processes, photo-detection units, spectroscopic sources, light including technologies elemental various tostudy to far-infrared, continued measurementsystems ultraviolet from spectroscopic tothe regard with and, research, joint industry-university as started that instruments 1950,Since ofspectroscopic research Ihave and development tothe adhered − Spectroscopy The Way to Engineering Series of Lectures by Screening Committees of the Second Masao Horiba Awards Guest Forum across the homeland security field including criminal criminal including field security homeland the across widely butalso worksites medical and industrial only idea that it could beways useful of in making many fields, use ofHaving spectroscopic i.e. the for same not idea technology low-end spectroscopy." going for practical be more "I will even now, on the I am exploring I interjected, which to future", for of the application area various for an head to has me,"Spectroscopy to said teacher, great Yoshinaga, Professor young, Iwas my when I remember, industry. from engineers to talking time Ispend where a consultant now as my enjoying life Iam ago, and 4years University Electro-Communication Osaka from love for me. Iretired of it alabor was Ihave what about done because regrets butIhave no hate, likely most people academic job that is instrument an until paper your write to completely you unable which are in quickly. Sometimes, you cannot escape from a situation Passing It onto the Future − Instrument Development and Tracing of the History English Edition No.11 February 2007 English Edition No.11February fi nished. I have been involved Ihave a been in nished. fi ve years will pass very very pass will years ve and 5 Since I had been a great lover of aircrafts since I was a Iwas since lover of agreat aircrafts been Ihad Since system).Technical old College the (under educational Engineering (precision of Mechanical Department the year, Ientered that In instrument major) time. same atthe graduate to schools had of middle at Osaka 4 both when -- war the during -- atime was There "Cameras", "Watches" and "Sewing Machines" Precision Instruments without thinking of Days when you were not ableto think of Research into Spectroscopic Instruments Past 50Years Process of Development and spectroscopic instruments. development the of with deal to technologies peripheral their technical expertise, and how well they digested the measurement engineers with contributed to the industry past", youat the how tell scientific about many and with a view of "lookingin the to the past future 50 years, by looking you to Iexperienced now what about explaining While I would back like to pursue the topic identi fi th cation, etc. grades students of the old educational system Doctor of Engineering Doctor Specialist MeasurementScientific Professor Emeritus University Electro-Communication &Osaka University Osaka Shigeo Minami th

Technical Reports boy, I wanted to become a Navy engineer specialized However, since I was absorbed in amateur electronics in aeronautic instruments and applied for a place as a including do-it-yourself TV assembly, etc., I thought it dispatched technical student, but the war was over before would be interesting to combine optics and electronics, the entrance examination. Fortunately, as part of the and formulate them as a system, so I selected to study postwar industrial recovery policy, precision instrument photoelectric spectrophotometry. It was partly because industrial promotion measures, following the example of Japan started importing various automated spectroscopic Switzerland, were adopted to make the most of Japanese instruments compatible with sources from ultraviolet manual dexterity as added-value. Those days, you were to infrared from the U.S.A around 1950, and I was not able to think of the precision instrument without impressed with their design fineness and the skill of thinking of cameras, watches, and sewing machines. I was their mechanical design. In the U.S.A., those automated interested in watches as well, because I had experience instruments were already used for field analyses during with watch repairs by means of my after-school job and the war. I liked fine mechanical assemblies. However, due to the mysteriousness contained in a camera lens and the variety Those days, the spectroscopic instruments locally in mechanical assemblies, as well as the humane aspects available in Japan were manufactured in quite a simple of an optical device, which are directly liked to art to way by combining slits and prisms with a photographic mention landscape photography and portrait photography, plate. Since the most important techniques in physics finally, I decided to join the Laboratory of Professor experiments were glass working and photographic Tsuneo Nakamura (later a professor at Hokkaido techniques in those days, university seniors eagerly University) who specialized in optical instruments, tried to hammer into us the photographic techniques in and I was engaged in study for my graduation thesis. particular. With regard to ways of distinguishing the two Watches and cameras have their specialty of being a sides of a photographic plate, they said, "Lick it with precision instrument used close at hand by the public. In your tongue." But, now that I think back about it, it was the case of a camera in particular, since it is a precision a rather easygoing time. Figure 1 shows a photograph of instrument used close to someone's face where human myself when I was working for the university graduation sensors gather, manufactures designed it with attention thesis (in 1950). It is one of the pictures taken when I to even the smell of camera-body's leather upholstery. was doing an experiment with a spectrograph made by While that optical laboratory was quite interesting, the Shimadzu Corporation that we got from the authorities, theme of my graduation thesis was a rather unspectacular which used to be used for military research by the Army subject referred to as "Lens's Antirefl ective Coating". A during wartime. lens surface causes a reflection loss of 4%. In the case of binoculars and similar, since they use multiple lenses, the volume of light reaching the eyes is reduced to half or less. The binocular was one of the Navy's important weapons used to search for enemy warships appearing on the horizon, and German binoculars had such an antireflective coating applied. The vapor deposition technology to apply the antireflective coating to lenses was one of the latest high technologies at that time. I decided to take an entrance examination at Osaka University, following the recommendation of my great teacher, Professor Nakamura, who said, "If you intend to make a lifelong commitment to optics, why don't you join the Laboratory of Professor Hiroshi Yoshinaga at the Figure 1 Author Working on his University Graduation Thesis (1950) Precision Engineering Department of Osaka University?" I am almost certain that my future was decided at that point in time. Various spectroscopic instruments, such as the ultraviolet - visible spectrophotometer Beckman DU (Figure 2), the Spectroscopic Instruments Imported in ARL Quantometer (photoelectric emission spectrometer), the Postwar Recovery Period Hardy's automatic-recording visible spectrophotometer from GE, and so forth were imported in the postwar In the Laboratory of Professor Yoshinaga of Osaka recovery period. They were quite unique spectroscopic University, it seems there was an expectation that I instruments equipped with photocells and automatic would deal with the study of optical thin films, perhaps control systems. The Beckman DU was a Littrow's because of my previously mentioned experiences. type device using a 30-degree half-prism to save on the

English Edition No.11 February 2007 39 Guest Forum 40 Guest Forum Rochon prism No.1. control Rochon prism automatic when era an In of angle the rotation the by controlling a zero-balance, achieving until of athyratron by means rotate motor the are different, feedback information to that effect makes 1938. in marketed the If was idea This No.1prism by rays Rochon of element ordinary polarized removes the slit. It it by employs which middle for amethod the amirror slit with swing asingle having monochromator 3 Figure only. skills photography and working glass with dealing been for me,whohad device amazing an just GE was from visible spectrophotometer (MIT) world. Hardy's The the around were sold all 10,000 in Nearly units mirror. dispersive effect same the yet had quartz, crystal of raw the consumption sphere for sphere integrating the within asample to them applies alternately then No.2, and Rochon prism rotating a continuously elements using a Wollaston prism Figure 3 Hardy's Self-recording Visible Spectrophotometer from GE from Spectrophotometer Visible Self-recording 3Hardy's Figure DU 2Beckman Figure English Edition No.11 February 2007 English Edition No.11February shows the optical system. This is a smart double isasmart This system. shows optical the fl in 1998. DU is the registered trade name of Beckman Coulter, Inc. Coulter, Beckman of name trade registered the is DU 1998. in Coulter Beckman to changed was Beckman of name company The * icker photometry. 1 , divides them into bi-directionally polarized polarized bi-directionally into them , divides fi rst introduced in 1929, in was product its introduced and rst

as a 60-degree prism because of a rear of arear because prism a60-degree as

fl The WayThe Spectroscopy toEngineering icker-photometry output levels levels output icker-photometry * 2 , and guides them to to them guides , and physics. spectroscopy were and optics era, that in you it centerpieces tells that, established, was in the Chemistry field for Analytical Society Japan before the of applied Workshop" 1950 since year "Spectroscopy every and a holding of Physics been Applied Society has Japan the While participated. also manufacturers Japanese which in tour, afacility planned they institutes, national Every time such instruments were introduced into extent. of some to precision expense of atthe use ease the like features appeal to skill their in culture in of differences aglimpse we caught Ifeel that looked dazzling. imitation ways without original their to whoadhered engineers to make a dead copy desperately of were trying Japan in companies all when foreign goods, era an those In ratios. intensity of optical methods recording Western automatic- their and systems optical their in different like Baird, PerkinElmer, products various we imported While Japan. in product Beckman, etc., a such with compete to followed, nothing butwe had they were all instrument spectroscopic of infrared an import the Then, U.S. upwith technology. catch that it made us think product outstanding an such it was days, Those thatrealized. it was almost impossible already been had method onazero-balance based to device that makes the most of servo-control technology a such asystem, yet as notorganized was technology the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, and I and Industry, Trade and of International Ministry the from subsidy research and tests industrial and mining a1951 using Corporation Shimadzu with cooperation by ARL, of the U.S.A. invented of Quantometer the nationalization The in 1944 was initiated via the joint research. of industry-university success onthe effect *2: relations of trust between key persons have asigni key persons between of trust relations individual the Ibelieve that times, present to applies same the While professors. by university basis individual on an done mostly was joint research era, postwar the During Shimadzu Corporation Emission Spectrophotometers with Joint Development of Photoelectric *1:

goes straight. goes Polarization prism invented by Rochon, in which an ordinary ray opposite directions, respectively. rays of ordinary rays and extraordinary rays are refracted in two Polarization prism invented by Wallaston, in which the polarized fi cant Technical Reports participated in the project as a special intern from the Instrument Division). Dr. Makino was a student of old educational system graduate school, and mainly took Professor Yoshinaga, who was an assistant professor at charge of mechanical design including the drawing of the Faculty of Science of Osaka University. sheet metal design, within the school-side group. This was a research project brought by Dr. Yoshimi Tachibana During my stay with them for this engagement, I became from Shimadzu Corporation (later, Executive Managing keenly aware of the fact that their environment for the Director). Dr. Tachibana was by a year senior to Professor development of analytical instrument was really different Yoshinaga at the Kimura Laboratory in the Faculty of from that of Shimadzu Corporation. They were just like Science of Kyoto University. While it is normal for any a footloose and fancy-free mischievous young boy as developing country to start their manufacturing with the opposed to a son and heir of a long-established business, copying of imported products, this project of our country and I think that such freewheelingness was reflected aimed at the development of a compact size product in their products, as well. It could be because this with less number of elements in line with the situations Scientific Instrument Department was just a small and of Japan. The specific task was to transform the crystal terminal department that did not contribute signifi cantly spectrograph of Shimadzu Corporation that had already to the profit of Hitachi as a big corporation, and also been produced during wartime into a photoelectric because Dr. Makino had such a character. It was a real product. Completing two items, one for a single element benefit for me to have learnt from such experience in and the other for 4 elements, we delivered the 4-element comparing those two companies about the importance of type to Nihon Light Metal Co., Ltd. at the end of 1953, always considering the graduate's aptitude in retrospect and visited their site for installation, as well. I went to the of company colors, before sending them to various design office of Shimadzu Corporation for more than a companies. year, and had a chance to learn all practices concerned from the development to the completion of spectroscopic Although I had to visit frequently the manufacturing instruments. I thank all engineers concerned including site with some drawings in hand, it was rather congenial those from the production site for lessons given to me and to me. I learnt the spirit of manufacturing from what I learnt through my those experiences, i.e. "drawings manufacturing site workers, and I was greatly moved by are the statement of engineers", "the contribution of the artisan spirit of those workers who were pleased to research and development is 5%, and the remaining 95% accept my unreasonable demands. is only achieved by product commercialization efforts", and "the satisfaction of customers is the greatest pleasure After my experiences in the study of far-infrared region, for an engineer". It's fun to be involved in production I got a job as an assistant professor at The Ohio State within a corporation, and since I was pleased to be able to University in 1958, and was engaged in the development offer satisfaction to customers, I thought manufacturing of a new type of infrared spectrophotometer. After I must have suited my nature. In the process of doing such returned home in 1960, I was involved in joint research jobs, I became confident of the fact that where devices with the Optical Device Department of Hitachi' Naka were fi rst produced was more important than where they Plant, which had moved to Mito again, in a project were invented. related to the commercialization of a far-infrared spectrophotometer for long periods continuously. During Joint Research with Hitachi, Ltd. for Far- such periods, I had an important experience in the patent infrared Spectroscopic Instruments dispute with PerkinElmer, Inc. (PE). It was also the fi rst time for me to have learnt specifically about a practical In 1954, the international joint research of far-infrared method on patent strategy. During this case, fortunately, spectroscopy between Professor Yoshinaga and Professor I made many friends within PE, such as Dr. Savitzky and Oetjen from the Ohio State University, U.S.A. started, Dr. Ford. and I took charge of optical design and mechanical design. Since I was in charge of completing the drawings Prototyping of a New Type of Infrared of the precision mechanism and asking the Scientific Spectrophotometer at The Ohio State University Apparatus Department of Hitachi, Ltd. (Taga Plant) for its production, I was sent to Hitachi and started to work The large-scale single beam far-infrared spectrometer, in front of the drawing board at their Design Department for which I took charge of design stage prototyping in again. This was a joint research project brought by the previously mentioned far-infrared project, was put Dr. Isao Makino, the Assistant General Manager of to practical use in 1957. As it was the only far-infrared Physical and Chemical Instrument Department at that spectrometer available in Japan, many people specialized time (later the General Manager of the Measuring in molecular chemistry, including the members of

English Edition No.11 February 2007 41 Guest Forum 42 Guest Forum the development of instruments, i.e. spectroscopic i.e. spectroscopic of instruments, development the with dealing Iwas graduation, For after 12 years Activities asan Associate Professor in1963 Heading for Independent Research oldest my sonunfortunately. as to position related reasons private for to long Japan due away keep from to position a notin Iwas manufacturers, spectroscopic-instrument U.S. from offers good various Ireceived While vacations. summer during contract onathree-month University State Ohio atThe spectrophotometers infrared grating diffraction- large-scale of high-resolution development the in Iparticipated then, For since someyears well. as development the of to monochromators contributions 1955, many in made method absorption already buthehad atomic his Dr. Walsh method. announced beam chopping for the 20patents nearly obtained already PE had including companies Western we that found time, that At faces. saved barely our and photometry, zero-method Walsh as optical to with Type)referred combination in of 1951 years the 1953 to during (generally announced had Australia Institute Science Industrial National the Dr. Walsh A. that of monochromator double-pass the we used worked that outanewsystem struggle, uphill an After spectrophotometer. infrared prism large-scale anew prototype to asking University State Ohio of The Laboratory Infrared the we from order got an time, that research of infrared devices was nearly saturated. At worldwide butonthe level, the spectrophotometers, for infrared of mass-production stage the entering just 1958 U.S.A., for was the Ileft Japan Around when became reality.) business enterprises as well where underground research of my thesis. (I hear that there are many examples in of emission spectrophotometers and became the core digitization the in resulted member, aproject as research in engaged being while night, the into late privately doing underground research of electronic circuits that I was U.S.A. for Iwould the Ileft say the that, after immediately and spectrometer, emission photoelectric the with dealing my Icompleted thesis visitors, those to attending in engaged Iwas While offield chemistry. the in acquaintances many Imade fortunately, time, that During hands. their in samples with us visited Tokyo, of University the of Medicine of Faculty the of Tuboi's at Laboratory the Pharmaceutical Department well of Professor of Faculty as as Science, the Department Chemistry atthe Laboratory Shimanouchi's Professor English Edition No.11 February 2007 English Edition No.11February

The WayThe Spectroscopy toEngineering effect that light source we the got know to system, ofemployment aphotoelectric variations mightimprovements have on analytic in extraordinary to photometric Thanks spectrometry. time-resolved fast accuracy includes spectrometer emission achieved photoelectric into research by the research that we were underground aforementioned the hand, other the On dealing with from the days of (LA). automation laboratory of study for the headed and era, computerization the advances in technologyfor automated Then, we analytical made instruments. from analog to analysis asystem and digital, instruments for spectroscopic then to of asimulator prototyping the with my research started I and were available days, devices those analog Only manner. aunified in of information flow internal the at look and matter, and light between effect mutual that used to be categorized instruments spectroscopic in similarity clarify to by wavelengthTo range proceed and with the systemization, U.S.A. the in stay my past from it manufacturers isinstrument necessary analytical amongst acquaintances many I had - able was handle. to department the in nobody which circuits, measurement science, automatic control, etc. , for electronic was responsible Iwas that course The - atall. systemization effective their with dealing were etc., not butthey parts, optical detectors, system, spectroscopic the sources, light with dealing individually Domestic- universities and research institutions were me. to impressive unforgettably was imports instrumentation analytical of stage initial atthe instruments automated Modern - above the following were facts. the Behind science. of measurement establishment for the ever, aiming than more I got involved development the of in instruments else by nature, anything than more I loved manufacturing professor, since associate and, an as independent I became athesis. prepare way to inefficient an job and unrefined isarather This researchers. other to products such of providing purpose sole for the development instruments the ofwith research deal whomainly universities in few only researchers are there Therefore, race. research the in edge competitive exclusively orher his keep and instrument that use should instrument of inventor Generally, the aparticular rivals. their as line starting same atthe stand they instruments, world. If they unknown use the challenge to instruments commerciallymeasurement available own their invent should Basically, researchers measurement projects. of laboratory amember as instruments, Technical Reports values. To analyze transient variations in spark sources, was to combine an inexpensive low-performance analyzer time-resolved spectroscopy in microseconds or less was with a computer and make it just like a high-end product needed, but the microsecond was our limit in those days. by means of software. Together with improvement of PC Then, after a struggle, we worked out the photomultiplier capability, the next stage was to aim for "the development dinode parallel gate method, by which we achieved a of computer-based new instrumental analysis techniques". time resolution of 10 nanoseconds for the first time. Like Fourier spectroscopy as a representative example, This achievement got a lot of attention from researchers various measurement analysis methods based on the in the fields of basic chemistry, as well as biology and newly developed CT photomicroscope and multi- medical science who had been dealing with the study of dimension image information also constitute part of these free radicals and fl uorescence lifetime measurement, and techniques. resulted in several kinds of joint research with researchers of medical science. In subsequent studies, we realized The computer-based low-end LA products include virtual resolution close to 1 nanosecond, and eventually, this led and personal-computer instruments, and spectrometers to the development of joint research with the Analytical that can be mounted in a personal computer slot. Chemistry Group at the University of Wisconsin. The Therefore, we attempted to develop mobile spectroscopic research of time-resolved spectrometry subsequently instruments, as well. resulted in the invention of a photon simultaneous- detection method for the transient observation of ultra- Taking a look at the LA system from a computer point of weak light, the invention of a computer-assisted time- view, you will fi nd that all analytical instruments have a resolved photon counting method, etc. lot of similarities, and, in many cases, know-how available for hardware design and software development, which While the ultra-weak spectral photometry technology that was obtained in the process of instrument development, is I was good at found a way to the microscopic spectral useful for other analytical instruments as well. A concept photometry, which then promoted joint research with the that takes light beams, charged particles, acoustic waves, medical science group, it seems that my experience in etc. within the whole system of analytical instruments as the development of ME equipment in cooperation with a common information fl ow has the potential of leading to small hut company at the time of preparing the graduation the discovery of a new instrumental analysis method. thesis in 1950 survived in the background. Tokyo Forum on Applied Spectrometry Leading the Way in LA (Laboratory Automation) by We succeeded in our postwar efforts, which were started Holding the Chair of Measurement Science at the with the copying of imported analytical instruments, Department of Applied Physics from 1980 under the slogan of "catch up with and outrun the technology of foreign products", and manufacturers in I kept holding onto the idea of attempting to improve our country started to pursue the development of their the accuracy of measurement data by information business to overseas market. In 1965, a panel consisting of processing since 1954 when I had started the study of manufacturers and users was set up by the instrumental far-infrared light. That was because, suffering from the analysis promotion group of members including Professor weakness of light intensity and the poor sensitivity of Kamada of the Industrial Chemistry Department at a detector, I was struggling hard with noise control. As the University of Tokyo at that time, and Dr. Masiko, part of the aforementioned systematization study, we Institute Head, and Dr. Saeki, General Manager of Tokyo initially employed various analog waveform-processing Industrial Laboratory located in Hatsudai, to gain the devices, then introduced analog-digital hybrid waveform- trust of foreign users in equipment made in Japan. The processing devices, and eventually from 1970, started to first forum was held at Nikkei Hall from November 7 use minicomputers with a scientifi c research fund. together with the exhibition of the Japan Analytical Instruments Manufacturers Association, aimed at a Since I held a course of lectures, the connection of Japanese version of the famous Pittsburgh Conference. minicomputers, microcomputers and personal computers Many people directly in charge of development and design with their incorporation into various spectroscopic attended from various manufacturers, and discussed with instruments, as well as computer-based LA, became enthusiasm. Since they were all development engineers a core subject of systematization research, and such who had confi dence in their competence, they continued development was accelerated. Our computer-based LA to find fault with the instruments of others, and I was was characterized by an emphasis on "the indirect attempt impressed by such discussion. It was typically Japanese to improve equipment performance by numeric data style in that they all attempted to highlight the best processing" rather than automation. To put it shortly, it point of performance of their products at the meeting.

English Edition No.11 February 2007 43 Guest Forum 44 Guest Forum were those unpro hesitating to introduce manufacturers that regrettable it was hand, other the on But, spectroscopy. engineering of the promotion the toward of expansion low-end the products with my mind satis rather Iwas as instruments, measuring general as recognized were being instruments, measuring special spectroscopic instruments, that fact the to atestimony it as thinking Iwas actually, which used But to others. from boxes derision of caramels", drew and be seen as in come that gifts free like something producing are Forum, "Recent manufacturers spectroscopic instrument of Tokyo the meeting convivial atthe saying I remember market. the dominate to came goods and consumer-durable-like products rather than industrial advantage lost their by manufacturers supplied products many isthat reason The silent. fell gradually engineers manufacturer measurements, medical and environmental for needs in increase alongside the built always right" for a needs-oriented requirements as then, since for someyears continued approach such as discussion "the energetic asimilar Although maintenance". customer is or"ease of of performance" expense "ease of atthe use for whoargued anybody was there that I donotthink their artist-like dreams they used to have when they were upon were oneby onegiving engineers and products, methods andinstruments) Figure 4 Development of New-principle-based Spectroscopic Instruments and their Applications - History of Research over aHalf- over Research of -History Applications their and Instruments Spectroscopic New-principle-based of 4Development Figure region prototyping fortheultraviolettofar-infrared methods andinstrumentsaswelltheir New typeofspectroscopicinstrumentsandtheirapplications "ingenious method"intheAnal.Chem. together, anditwashighlyevaluatedasan cathode lampandtime-resolvedspectroscopy analysis methodthatemployedapulsehollow introduced intothemarketfromU.S.A. various countries.Similarproductswerealso additional testsandresearchwerestartedin spectroscopy. Itreceivedworldwideattentionand multi-channel photometry". of "photonsimultaneous-detection and itwasintroducedworldwidebythename ultra-weak beamtime-resolvedspectroscopy, ● particles ● high andlowtemperatures ● high-polymer andsemiconductormaterial ● contained incontaminatedwater ● elemental analysis ● iron andsteel ● (Examples ofapplicationstoanalysis) ● PerkinElmer's device. this methodtookovertheworldmarketof far-infrared spectrophotometerthatemploys method, i.e."OsakaUniversitymethod".The ● ● ● The inventionsofvariousnewspectro (Examples ofinventionsspectro English Edition No.11 February 2007 English Edition No.11February Remote sensingofexhaustpollution Developed aphotoncountingphotometerfor Developed anatomic-absorptionspectroscopic Near-infrared high-speedanalysisofgrain Infrared-absorption photometryofsolidat Proposed anasynchronousdouble-chop Analysis ofminorelementdistributionin Far-infrared absorptionspectrometryof Line pairingmethodforhigh-precision Invented aphotodiode-arrayFourier Quantification ofminorelements System engineering/Informationengineering /Control engineering

scopic The WayThe Spectroscopy toEngineering scopic

Information-processing-based spectroscopicsystem ● spectra, anditshigh-precisionquantification ● infrared/far-infrared spectra with regardtoultraviolet/visibleand ● (Examples ofapplicationstoanalysis) promoted thestandardizationofproductsinJapan. the analytical systems,andestablishedguidelinesfor ● worldwide asthe"Kawata-MinamiFilter". smoothing filters.Itisnowpenetratingmarkets any weakpointscontainedinconventional ● "Yamashita-Minami Method". widely employedathomeandabroadasthe determination methodoffilterparameters.Itwas Savitzky-Golay filter,andproposedtheproper ● spectroscopic methods. II) Developmentofcomputer-basednew spectro I) Computer-basedindirectimprovementof Systematic researchaimingfor: and instruments) (Examples ofinventionsspectroscopicmethods flow analysis ● products intheprocessofsolutionreaction Invented anadapt Most suitablesettingofdetectionwavelengthfor Developed variousmicrocomputer-incorporated High-precision waveform-informationcollection Identification andquantificationofintermediate Constituent separationfrommixedsolution Pointed outtheweakpointsof smart spectroscopicinstruments meter’s performance,and fi tablehigh-end ive smoothingalgorismwithout Analytical chemistry/Spectroscopy fi ed in /Optics . Also, Spectroscopic instrumentsforlivebodiesandtheirapplications plant cells three-dimensional distributionwithinanimaland ● ● distributions withinratlivers ● Escherichia coli ● Inventions ofnew methods andinstruments) (Examples ofinventionsspectroscopic ● behavior ● and Kwithinkidney ● (Examples ofapplicationstoanalysis) countries. world anddrawingattentionfrommany tissues, itistheonlysystemavailablein substance-distribution imageincellsand of oursystemaimingforthree-dimensional other inadevelopmentrace.Especiallyview are availableandtheycompetingwitheach University system(Obliqueilluminationsystem) vertical movementsystem)andOsaka University ofCaliforniasystem(Focal-point equipment. Aroundtheworld,only tomography andtheprototypingofits ● the observationofcellhemoglobin'sbehavior. flash-photolysis equipment,andsucceededin ● method ofelementswithinthelivingtissue. established theworld-firstlocalquantification spectroscopic systemforlivingbodiesand ● as solidlevels instruments forlivingcellsandtissuesaswell century. The research half doneover past consistently the been has which is specifically for manufacturing, research summarized instrument spectroscopic and 4 Figure from 2004. by JST started technology analysis and measurement development the of project alot advanced from expect I market. the in survival mean can categories product of market for highest the always aiming instruments; analytical in specialized manufacturers small as such we even environment have should an Ithink fields, especially taking an active partmarket in medical for and biological high-end is a products question of foreign products that occupy domestic our in analyticthe market instruments without any thought of pro provided those artwork-like supreme monochromators to who MittelDolf of Mrs. Mr. and I have memories happy spectrometers. of design distributed the about discussed of SPEX, President and Mr. Mitteldolf, awesome friend, of my house the into U.S.A., the Idropped I visited time every century, over aquarter held repeatedly was Tokyo the for spectrometry applied While Forum . qualities individual their with instruments analytical producing Separation andanalysisofhumanbloodprofiles Counting classificationofFeulgen-stainlivercells Invention oftheopticalmicroscopecomputer Quantification anddistributionanalysisofNa Analysis ofcarbon-monoxidehemoglobin Prototyped alaser-microprobeemission Detection ofethidium-bromide-stain Quantification ofenzymeactivated Prototyped acomputer-controlled Reproduction ofsubstance's spectroscopic and Sensor engineering/Opticalelectronics/Electronics methods and Figure 5 Figure Research ofsystemelementsforspectroscopicanalysis atomic fluorescencetechniques. a triggertoinnovationinatomicabsorptionand their characteristicmeasurement.Thisbecame excitation methodofhollowcathodelampsand resonance. and oilbylight-excitedsurfaceplasmon ● analysis sensitivity inemissionspectrochemical ● lifetime bymicroscopespectroscopy ● photometry of backgroundsinatomicabsorption ● spectroscopic analysis ● (Examples ofapplicationstoanalysis) in-process spectroscopicmethod. spectroscopic sensors.Anapproachtothe ● ● pulse-discharge tube. crossed-electrode nanosecond ● photon-counting methodforthefirsttime. ● photomultiplier gatesystem. low-voltage-control nanosecond resolution timebyproposingandprototypinga ● of auniquespectroscopicsystem: prototyping ofelements,fortheestablishment Research ofelementaltechnologiesandthe methods andinstruments) (Examples oftheinventionsspectroscopic show the results of the results show the Sensitivity improvementandtheelimination Quantification ofwatercontainedinalcohol Invention ofapulse/high-frequencydouble Local mappingoforganic’sfluorescence Elimination ofbackgroundsinemission Achieved thattime'sworldrecordin Automatic analysisofphotographic Proposal ofvariousglass-fiber Established aimagedissector Proposal andprototypingofa fi t. Now that there century - century Technical Reports

Photomultiplier-gate time-resolved spectroscopy

Continuous electronic scanning New method New method New method Fast Image phenomenon Photon ●Image dissector ●Photomultiplier-gate dissector Fluorescence intensity Photon counting Time-space Nanosecond sampling counting distribution within a cell timeresolved spectroscopy Microscope circuit photometry simultaneous ●Multichannel spectrometry Slow display ●Random spot scan spectroscopy by t-x conversion photon Automatic detection (Future assignment) simultaneous detection photometry Random electronic scanning t-x conversion photon simultaneous detecting method Computer Photoelectron Epi-illumination Separation counting Application pulse train photometry by multi-cellular fluorescence-intensity Application differences ●Quantification of substance Photo- Readout Sample Display distribution by means of a multiplier Shift register fluorescent labeling ●Precision measurement of fluorescence lifetime ●Cell counting and Position X screening by means ●Elimination of the emission Optical-microscope multi-spectrum CT spectroscopy background of a fluorescent I = f ( , x) Pulse labeling λ ●Pulse atomic absorption beam CCD camera imaging-surface (Continuous) spectrophotometry Fluorescence Histogram I = f (λ, x, y) Histogram generation t x conversion Sample (Random) I = f (λ, Xi, xj) Conventional FTS Michelson interferometer nt Dyn I = f (λ, t) New method Unexplored spectroscopic method amic sureme meas New method Optical microscope u ● tic mea rem CT by oblique illumination Sta en ●Photodiode-array Multi-spectrum Multi-wavelength t ● (image sensor) Fourier Optical path CT computer Multiparameter spectrometry spectroscopy Light source tomography F = g (x,y ) difference I = f (λ, t, x, y, z)

surement Interferogram I = f (λ, x, y, z) I : Light intensity Fourier ea transformation

λ: Wavelength New FTS Detector measurement

tic m tic t : Time Spatial Application interference

Three-dimensional Sta Wollaston prism Application x, y, z: Spatial positions Static space spectrometry Light source pattern Pine pollen tomography image I = f ( ) ● Remote sensing of ●Analysis of Dyn λ air-pollution substances amic substance's ●Application of near-infrared Collect multiple oblique projection images through CCD three-dimensional meas ement spectrophotometry to food camera by rotating the eccentric-opening condenser aperture, space distribution uremen analyses measur F = g (λ,ω ) Polarized beam splitter and reconfigure the three-dimensional image of the sample within cells and tic ●Bioluminescence analysis tissues I = f (λ, t, x, y) t Sta Array sensor through "inverse operation" by computer. The spectral Spectrum Applicable field (Example) microscope, which is employed for the optical system, makes it Separation possible to obtain three-dimensional substance-distribution Two-dimensional space ω： Fourier transient spectrometry Chopping images. beam frequency transformation Position x Fluorescence lifetime mapping Photomultiplier Gate photometry Fluorescence New method I = f (λ) New method circuit decay (Synchronous type) Optical null double-beam double-pass method curve Double-beam double-pass Fluorescence lifetime mapping ● output

I (log) ω1 within minute samples by means of spectrometry by means of Computer an epi-fluorescent microscope and synchronous double chopping Light source photomultiplier-gate time method ●Infrared spectroscopy without Reference resolving sample emisson error by means of asynchronous double chopping Sample N2 laser Microscope - Analysis of substance real-time CH: Chopper Application spatial distribution (Asynchronous type) Double-beam Two-dimensional within active living Application double-chopping method lifetime mapping bodies output X-Y Observation and separation of ω2 substance's two-dimensional - Spatial distribution ●High-precision far-infrared stage analysis of absorption photometry of high and X-Y stage driver distribution within cells and tissues by means of the chemical-reacting low temperatures samples Reference short-life products fluorescent labeling method ● High-resolution infrared spectrophotometry Sample

Figure 5 Systemic Illustration of Instrument Development Viewed from the Aspect of Multiparameter Spectrometry includes applications. analysis equipment, the systemic approach has become an essential factor when fundamental research laboratories I thus far have talked informally about the history try to assemble spectroscopic measurement systems or of my research of manufacturing mainly related to manufactures try to develop and produce spectroscopic spectroscopic instruments, calling for engineering instruments. In recent years, due to the development of spectroscopy. Needless to say, the basic manufacturers' opto-electronics, a variety of optical parts have become objective of engineering spectroscopy is to introduce a available on the market as shown in Table 1. In addition, product into the market one step ahead of competitors since the use of computers and communication systems is and at a competitive price. This principle also applies to increasing more than ever, how organically you combine when researchers make scientifi c measuring instruments those element parts to prepare a more value-added system by themselves. One of the important measures for such will be the basis of such a fi eld referred to as Engineering a case is a systemic approach, i.e. how well you select Spectroscopy. It is of course important to have suffi cient elemental technologies and element parts, and how knowledge and understanding on the engineering as organically you combine them. In the latter half of this a whole, including optics and spectroscopy as well as paper, I would like to outline systematization methods mechanical engineering, control engineering, electronics, in a slightly more formal way in reference to my own computers, etc. experiences as well. Breakdown and Block Diagram Mapping Systemic Approach to the Design After deciding the purpose and target, select a principle of Spectroscopic Instruments of spectroscopic method. Then, in consideration of performance data and restrictive conditions such as cost, These days, a variety of spectroscopic instruments ranging size, etc., which vary depending on the application, either from high-end to low-end products are available, and laboratory use or site or fi eld use, decide a confi guration widely used as normal industrial and medical measuring framework by breaking the system down (functional instruments. Now that spectroscopic instruments segmentation) from the total system into the subsystems are not only used in the environment of research and and then into element parts, etc. development as scientifi c measuring instruments, but also widely used in manufacturing sites as measurement and

English Edition No.11 February 2007 45 Guest Forum 46 Guest Forum waves. On the other hand, since the diffraction-grating diffraction-grating the since hand, other waves. the On interferometer to atwo-beam to ischanged obtain figure the in shown system the auto-correlationby Fourier transform, and therefore, the spectroscopy of optical from the auto-correlation function of optical waves power spectra optical obtain to theory Wiener-Khinchin employs so-called the spectroscopy FT The of signals. ormodulation transformation for the used and system, signal the to orfeedback information objective-substance to final connected result isdirectly data-processing computer The measurement. onsubstance based system 6 Figure multiplex. or multi-channel, i.e. channel, select, single to system spectroscopic which system's con involved, whole isalso the efficiency collecting light to related information Obviously, spectroscopic as interface. electric signals, and signals of consist and optical mainly Signals system. an optical sensoris is needed used as their with regard consideration information-based hand, other the On to the flow of signals within the Passive optical optical Passive Active optical Table 1 Modes Figure 6 Figure parts parts source Light English Edition No.11 February 2007 English Edition No.11February

shows the shows the Functional Classifi cation of Optical Parts Commercially Available in the Market the in Available Commercially Parts Classifi Optical of cation Functional

General Confi guration System of Spectroscopic and Flow of Signals Types of Effects of Types Substance Substance Geometric Geometric Fluorescence Scatter Reflection Absorption Emission Spectroscopic Wavelength effect fi effect effect effect scanning gurationvariessigni Optical signal Optical signal system Sample coupler Ordinary lens (Homogeneous), Mirror, Diffraction grating, Aperture-stop beam attenuator, Beam splitter, Filter phase plate, Eta plate, phase Filter splitter, Beam attenuator, beam Aperture-stop grating, Diffraction Mirror, (Homogeneous), lens Ordinary Optical computer element, Active communication part including optical-circuit OEIC Optical sensor sensor, [Modulation Shutter Optical sensor], amplifi er source incoherent CRT, LED, PDP, LCD, Laser, General ELD, SED, Photochromic element, Electrograph sensitive medium, Opt-magnetic disc Digital] [Analog, modulator Spatial Sensor] Defl Shutter, ection, [Modulation, bi-s Polymer) Optical (Crystal, part oscillation, Parametric THG, Stress-optic [SHG, Gas) material/polymer, Organic crystal, solid (Inorganic part optical Nonlinear Memory] Beam-attenuator, Rotator, Defl Shutter, ection, [Modulation, Amorphous) (Crystal, part Magnetooptic material) Defl Electro-chromic Electrooptic [Modulation, Amorphous, part (Crystal, Liquid-crystal, ection, Shutter, Beam-attenua GRIN Beam lens, splitter, Mirror (Narrow-band), Filter, Optical fi Branching lter) coupler, Holographic lens, Hologram memory divider/directional Optical (Connector, parts recomposition optical Communication element optical Minute fi waveguide, fiOptical Optical Optical ber, bundle, ber Communication optical-circuit part [Optical switching, Modulation] switching, [Optical part optical-circuit Communication micro-mirror) Digital Hologram, Polygon, mirror, (Galvanometer element scanning Optical conjugation] Phase Defl Shutter, ection, [Modulation, Liquid) Amorphous, (Crystal, part optical Acoustic Scanning etalon Mechanical shutter, Mechanical modulation and defl ection element Optical sensor Photographic sensitive medium, Optical di fl ow of signals within a spectroscopic aspectroscopic ow within of signals Intensity resolution(SNratio) Space resolution Time resolution Wavelength resolution Wavelength range Measurement-system performance Substance existingenvironment State ofsubstance Quantity ofsubstance Type ofsubstance

Optical sensor , Branching fi, Branching lter) Substance information The WayThe Spectroscopy toEngineering

system processing Electric-signal Electric signal n fi cantly depending on depending cantly Processing Display/recording technique Mathematical analysis Computational system sc, Optical card, element Thermo-plastic fi ber (Selfoc), Dispersing prism, Communication optical-circuit Names of Optical Parts Optical of Names electric signal. electric signal, rather than dividing it into an optical signal and an flow as shown in the figureflexible just thinking as the simple more to it may to lead system, measurement collectivelyspectroscopic flow of a understand a in incorporated isoneof parts element the a computer the signal an analog Fourier-transform computer. Since, at present, as regarded be it can plane, focal spectrum onthe beams homogeneous-light by parallel illuminated grating space the with image transform aFourier produces that effect transform employs lens's Fourier system the spectroscopic and substance are used, or which spectroscopic system, system, spectroscopic orwhich used, are substance and light between effects onhow mutual depending varies with most specific systems. it overlapped, iscompatible systems of spectroscopic The position types various with isprepared figure the Since parts. of a sample elemental into broken down block each further with 7 Figure the Spectroscopic System oftheConstituent ElementSelection of Figure 7 Details of Spectroscopic System's Confi Blocks System's guration Spectroscopic of 7Details Figure Incoherent Coherent Sample power source source Exciting Light shows the aforementioned basic block diagram Electrooptics Mechanism Acoustics Control signalpath Electric signalpath Optical signalpath Modulator (PC,Workstation) Modulation driver Recording system Data processing (Spectroscopic system) Transmission/Imaging Interface Optical system Display/ Thermal Optical/ sensor Sample Electric filter Boxcar integrator Lock-in amplifier Pulse amplifier Operational amplifier processing system Optical system Position scanningsystem Transmission/ Electric-signal Telescope systems Actuator Imaging Real-time tability, Shutter, Phase conjugation] Phase Shutter, tability,

Space filter lon, Light-path changing prism, Lenticular plate part (Optical (Optical part tion, Calculation, Display, Memory] Display, Calculation, tion, Optical fiber, Lens, Mirror, Electric filter Microscope/ Diffraction grating Wavelength scanning Optical-path-length Two-beam interferometer Spectrometer optics scanning system Optical filter Etalon system Prism configuration Sensor function Sensor amplifier Pre- system divider/directional Area sensor Linear sensor Point sensor Differential type(D-type) Integration-type (I-type) Proportion type(P-type) Sample Transmission Imaging Optical Optical sensor system Technical Reports a monochromator or a polychromator. In addition, it is point in terms of S/N, and it should be designed in due necessary to pay sufficient attention to the positioning consideration of noise fi gures. of the optical systems related to throughput matching mainly in the spectroscopic system, light leakage that Both microcomputers and personal computers are may be caused by stray light, the effect of refl ection and now important subsystems for a spectroscopic system, dispersion, etc. Proceed with the selection of optical and widely used for computation, equipment control, element parts based on the elemental confi guration block communication, analysis, database management, etc. as shown in Figure 7. However, it is not appropriate to rely on computers too much with regard to the process of spectroscopic data Treatment of Signals in the Electric sensitivity and accuracy improvement. Especially, since Signal Domain all waveform and image processes are conducted based on a postulated model, you cannot obtain your desired result A sensor as an interface for transforming optical signals from any supplied data unless those data are compatible into electric signals should also be selected according with that model. Noise and false signal sources should be to the photometric configuration of a single channel or eliminated as much as possible within the spectroscopic multi-channels. At this time, a more detailed breakdown system. Therefore, analog systems, such as a lock-in is required based on the assumption that sensors are also amplifi er, a boxcar integrator, etc., are additionally used one of the subsystems. In terms of a system, there are for that purpose. quantum-type and thermal-type single sensors that fall into the classification of Proportional-Type, CCD and Subsystems and composing elemental parts should be MOS image sensors that fall into the classification of selected based on a comprehensive study of respective Integration-Type, pyroelectric sensors that fall into the items shown in Table 2. classifi cation of Differential-Type, and so on. The way to connect a sensor and a preamplifi er is the most important

Table 2 Technical Considerations for Each Subsystem Light source Radiation Real-time signal Post-processing Radiation Spectrometer Detector (Radiation propagation processing system system/Display collection optics optics (Sensor) source) media (Amplifi er system) system (Computer) 1. Confi guration, 1. Spectal 1. Field of view 1. Wavelength 1. Spectral 1. Detector - 1. Output voltage Size, Distance, emission 2. Spatial scanning range sensitivity range Preamplifi er range Movement of radiation mode 2. Wavelength 2. Absolute matching 2. Signal source 2. Temperature propagation 3. Spatial scanning resolution sensitivity 2. Voltage/Current impedance 3. Spectal media range 3. False emission 3. NEP, D* gains 3. Control system emissivity 2. Propagation 4. Out-of-sight (stray light, 4. Operating 3. Frequency 4. Memory system 4. Spectral length emission high-order light, temperature response 5. Communication emission 3. Spectral removal etc.) removal 5. Background 4. Filtering system characteristic transmittance capability capability emission 5. Phase sensitive 6. Display system 5. Temporal 6. Frequency detection 7. Numerical characteristic response processing 7. Number of algorithm elements

NEP : Noise equivalent power. Input power needed to obtain any output equivalent to the noise. D* : Specifi c detectivity. Used to compare different square-measure detectors. D* = A1/2/NEP (A: Detector's square measure)

Conclusion technologies to deal with my own research.

th I am grateful for the development of peripheral Now that I'm coming up for "Kiju", my 77 birthday, I am technologies extensively from the light-source to the going to dedicate myself further to the establishment of radiation transfer media, the spectroscopic system, the low-end markets in various spectroscopic technologies, detector system, and the signal processing system, i.e. the development of field-use mobile spectrometers the emergence of photo-multiplier tubes, transition from (including clinical devices), the development of homeland analog to digital electronics, the rapid development and security instruments, etc. from now on. I am willing to penetration of computers, the emergence and penetration keep at least my manufacturing spirit in the future by of lasers, the development of optical-fiber technologies, getting stimulus from young engineers. the penetration of high-performance diffraction grating and the emergence of Fourier spectroscopic system, the able to make the most of that drastic transition time of

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