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Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Solanaceae) at an Archaeological Site in the Southern Argentine Puna

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Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Solanaceae) at an Archaeological Site in the Southern Argentine Puna Journal of Ethnobiology 19(2): 228-247 Winter 1999 PLANT SPECIES (POACEAE, ASTERACEAE, FABACEAE AND SOLANACEAE) AT AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE IN THE SOUTHERN ARGENTINE PUNA MARIA FERNANDA RODRIGUEZ COllsejo Nacional de Investigaciolles Ocnli/icas y Ticnicas lnstituto de Botanien DanoilliOIl. Lnbardcn 200 1642 San/sidra. Br/enos Aires, Argentina ABSTRACr.- This rescarch studied the use of plant species, mainly from the family Poaceae but also from others (Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Solanaceae). by hunter­ gatherer groups during the Archaic period (lOOOO-JOOO years BP). The work is based on materials recovered at an archaeological site in the southern Argentine Puna, Province of Catamarca: Quebrada Seca 3. The starting point for this study of the archaeobotanical record was a survey of current flora of the area and the ethnobotanical information recovered there. From the comparative anatomical and morphological analysis of the current and archilcological plants, these latter were identified. The results indicated presence of six species of the f'lmily Poaceile together with other plant remains from the Asteraceae, Fabilceae and Solanaceae. from these results, both areas of origin and probable uscs of these species as well as some seasonality in the site occupation, were inferred. Key words: Paleoelhnobotany, archaeobotanical record, plant remains, plant \ISC, seasonality RESUMEN.- Este trabajo consisteen una investigaci6n acerca del uso de especies vegetales pertenecicntes a la familia Poaceae principalmente y a olras familias (Asteraceac, Fabaceae y Solanaceae) por grupos cazadorcs-recolectores durante el periOOo Arcaico (llXNJO-3000anos APl. Sc basa en los materiales recuperadosen un sitio arqueol6gico de la Puna Meridional Argentina, Provincia de Catamarca: Quebrada Seea 3. EI punto de partida para eI estudio del registro arqueobotanico fue el relevamitmto de la flora actual del area y la informacion etnobotanica recogida en la misma. El analisis anat6mico y morfol6gico comparativo de los v~getilles actuales y arqueol6gicos permiti6 la identificaci6n de los ultimos. Los resultados indican la presencia de scis especies de la familia Peaceae y de otros restos vegetales pertenedentes a las familias Asteraceae, Fabaceae y Solanaceae. A partirde estos resultados se infieren las areas de procedencia y el probable uso Uk' estas I..'!>pl..ut's y dert"<l cstacionalidad en la ocupaci6n del silio. RE5U.\!IE.- Ce travail est une recherche sur I'usage des especes de vegetaux-qui appertiennent principalment a la famille Poaceac et a d'autres families (Asteraceae, Fabaceae et Solanaceae), par des groupcs de chasseurs-recolecteurs pendant la periode Archaique (10000-3000 AP). II se base sur des materiaux recuperes dans un siege archeologique ala Puna Meridionale Argentine, Province de Catamarca: Quebrada Seea 3. Le point de depart pour I'etude du rcgistre archcobotanique fUt Ie relevement de la f10re actuelle de la region et I'infonnation ethnobotanique cueillie dans 1.1 meme. A partir de I'analyse anatomique et morphologiquecompare des vegetaux actuels et archeologiques. ces derniers ont ete determines. Les r"sultats indiquent la presence de six espcces de la famille Poaceae et de testes 230 RODRIGUEZ Vol. 19, No.2 vegelaux apparlennanl ux families Asleraceae, Fabaceae et Solanaceae. A partir de ces resultats on infere les regions d'origine et I'usage probable des pieces el une cel-taine regularite stationnelle dans l'ocupation dt! stege. -140 -200 OCEANO PACIFICO Tr6pico de capricomio -2l.° Antofagasta Antofagasta de la Sierra a 100 200 ! !I ~ Km PUNA SALADA -280 ~~ 72 0 690 66° 63 0 I I I I FIGURE 1.- Environmental dl isionof the Puna (taken from Elkin 1996; adapted from Baled and Wheeler 1993, Fig. 1). Winter 1999 JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY 231 INTRODUCTION In this study, the use of plant species primarily from the family Poaceae and additionally from other families (Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Solanaceae) by hunter­ gatherer groups during the Archaic period (10000 to 3000 years BP) was investigated. The work is based on materials recovered at an archaeological site in the southern Argentine Puna: Quebrada Seca 3 (QS3) (Figures 1,2), located in the Hoyada of Antofagasta de la Sierra, Province of Catamarca. This research was part of the project: "Subsistence, interaction and social mobility in the Indian pre­ hispanic past",conducted by Lie. Carlos Aschero and financed byConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. The starting points of this study were analysis of the current flora of the area and ofethnobotanical information obtained from interviews with inhabitants there. These data permitted assessment of the archaeobotanical record of the site. To use information on current flora of the study area, it was necessary to evalu­ ate in tandem the palaeoenvironmental changes that operated in the region. There is no recent information on this for Antofagasta de la Sierra. For this reason, data obtained in the northern Puna wereconsidered. In general terms, theclimate would have been cold and humid between ca. 10,000-7,500 BP, arid and somewhatwanner between ca. 7,500-4,000 BP, and similar to modem conditions from 4,000 BP on (Markgraf 1985, 1987; Elkin 1996). At present, there are zones of high concentra­ tion of resources in the Puna (Yacobaccio 1994). It was therefore probable that the locations of the plant resources remained stable through time, with variations in­ stead being in the quantity and extent relating to the paleoclimatic changes described. In relation to thearchaeobotanical record, it is important to consider that plants could bepresentat thesitebecauseofhuman or natural (wind, animals) processes. Many of the plants there could thus be part of the chance deposits. These plants could still be useful in reconstructing the prehistoric environment and detecting the climatic changes operating through time (Dincauze 1987 in Sch..iffer 1988; Ford 1988), since many species show adaptation of anatomy to environmental condi­ tions (Cutler 1978). The ethnobotanical record offers a good basis on which to formulate hypoth­ eses which could be tested in the archaeobotanical record. However, it is always necessary to use independent ways of contrasting and comparing these records. For example, consider the fact that the presence now of an edible species does not necessarily indicate that it was also consumed in the prehistoric past. Such conclu­ sions require independent analysis with isotopic elements in human bones and coprolites, if any, to demonstrate both consumption and importance in the diet (Hastorf 1988). Finally, the analysis ofanatomy ofcurrent and archaeological plants and com­ parisons between them permit the identification of the latter plants and, in this way, the reconstruction of aspects of the prehistoric economy, i.e. the use of plant resources before the outset of domestication. Thus, the following objectives were established: (1) To identify the archaeological plants through comparison, by mor~ phological and anatomical analysis, with Current species ofthestudy area. 232 RODRIGUEZ Vol. 19, No.2 (2) To analyze, according to the contextual associations and the known cthnobotanical information, the use that occupants of QS3 made of the plant resources. (3) To determine, taking into account the environmental changes known to have operated, the origins of plant species used in QS3 based on their distributions in the current environment. (4) To evaluate the possibility ofconsidering plants as indicators both ofsea­ sonality in occupation of the sites and of the climatic changes through time. Moreover, the following hypothesis was tested that the site QS3 was season- ally occupied according to the resources available in the surrounding area and was therefore part of a settlement system, Le., of a group of sites with different function, located at different heights. Geographical and envirOllmenlal framework.- The Hoyada of Antofagasta de la Sierra is located towards thesouthern end of the puna. This region ranges from the south of Peru and center of Bolivia to the north-west of Argentina (Cabrera J957), at coordinates 7°· 27° Sand heights of3's0Q..-5,500 meters above sea level (a.s.l.) (Baied and Wheeler 1993) (Figures 1 and 2). In Argentina, the puna has an arid climate with great temperature range and low atmospheric pressure. However, there are differences throughout its extent, mainly due to the decrease in precipitation both north to south and east to wcst. Troll (l958) recognized three wnes based on characteristics of the vegetation and patterns of hu­ man behavior: humid puna, dry puna and salt puna. In this study, interest lies with the salt Puna, since Antofagasta de la Sierra is located there (Figure 1). The modern climate is dry and cold and is characterized by great daily tem­ perature range; it rains almost entirely in summer alone yet for most of the year snow is lacking. Precipitation occurs as hail or snow in the high mountains. These forms of precipitation vary in different areas of the puna, as well as during the year and from year to year. This variation in precipitation allows one to divide the Argentine puna into two zones: the puna of Jujuy, which occupies the more hu­ mid part of the north-west, with permanent rivers and more abundant vegetation, and the puna of Atacama to the south-west, which is very dry, lacking in rivers, and with large salt mines (Cabrera ]957). Antofagasta de la Sierra is located in this puna of Atacama. From the phytogeographicaIpoint ofview, Antofagasta de la Sierra corresponds to the Punena Province of the Andino Dominion (Cabrera 1953, 1957, 1976). In this Province, the dominant vegetation is bushy steppe, but herbaceous, halophilic and sammophilic steppes and lowland are also present (Cabrera 1957, 1976; Cabrera and WiJlink 1980). In the area surrounding the site a pasture of Poaceae has developed, where bushy species of the genera Adcsl1lia, BaccJ/Ilris, Paraslrephia and Fabiana are abun­ dant. These plant resources have at present foraging importance for the llama herds which graze there (Haber 1988). The area corresponds to the plant association of a range land (Cabrera 1953) at 3800 m a.s.1.
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