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Department of Botany Hazara University Mansehra 2018 PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF KOH-E-BHEENGRA AND ALLIED AREAS OF UPPER TANAWAL, DISTRICT MANSEHRA, PAKISTAN MUHAMMAD FAROOQ DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA 2018 PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF KOH-E-BHEENGRA AND ALLIED AREAS OF UPPER TANAWAL, DISTRICT MANSEHRA, PAKISTAN MUHAMMAD FAROOQ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree Of Doctor of Philosophy In Botany Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan. 2018 I CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this dissertation submitted by Mr. Muhammad Farooq is accepted in its present form by the Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, as satisfying the partial requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of Botany. Supervisor Dr. Manzoor Hussain Chairman Department of Botany ______________________________ Hazara University Mansehra Co-supervisor Dr. Zafeer Saqib Department of environmental sciences International Islamic University(IIU) ________________________________ Islamabad External Examiner (1) ________________________________ External Examiner (2) _________________________________ Chairman Dr. Manzoor Hussain Chairman Department of Botany Hazara University _________________________________ Mansehra. II DECLARATION I declare that the thesis entitled “Phytosociological Analysis of Koh-E-Bheengra and Allied Areas of Upper Tanawal, District Mansehra, Pakistan” submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy is a record of original work which I carried out under the supervision of prof. Dr. Manzoor Hussain and has not formed the basis for the award of any other degree, in this or any other Institution or University. In keeping with the ethical practice in reporting science information, due acknowledges have been made wherever the findings of the others have been cited. Muhammad Farooq PhD Scholar III IV V ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All praises and thanks to the greatest Almighty Allah, Omnipresent, Lord of the lords who always helped me in every field of my life. One and only who made my dreams come true. I pay my all my tributes to the Holy prophet Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) who set the most excellent example of life to guide us to right path. I regard it a great honor and find no words to tell the passion of feelings and affable thanks to my worthy teacher and research supervisor Professor Dr. Manzoor Hussain for his dynamic guidance, valued propositions and promising conduct at all stages of this research work. I am feeling profound preference in uttering my superior thanks to Dr. Zafeer Saqib Assistant Professor Department of Environmental Sciences IIU, Islamabad for providing me all necessary and possible research guidance. I also pay my distinct cheers to my respected teachers Prof. Dr. Ghulam Mujtaba Shah, Dr. Zaffar Iqbal, Dr. Jan Alam, Dr. Muhammad Fiaz, Dr. Shabnam Niaz, Dr. Abdul Majid, Dr. Aftab Afzal, Dr. Azhar Hussain Shah, Dr. Azhar Khan and Dr. Niaz Ali for their encouragement and guidance during last years of my academic carrier. I would not forget the loyal and emotional feelings of my wife Mrs. Tahira Jabeen who always encouraged and supported me. I My Brother, Sisters and Inlaws deserve all types of gratitude and thanks being always with me and praying deep heartedly at home for my success. I shall not be able to ignore and forget cooperation of my brothers and colleagues Dr. Abbas Hussain Shah, Khalid Rasheed Khan and Sagheer Gul. They gave me a lot of love and support. I will never forget the supporting, encouraging and entertaining company of my sweet friends Syed Asim Hussain Shah, Raja Saleem and Jahangir Shahzad. They made major contribution in my achievement. Some special feelings for kids who made me cheer and relaxed in between frustrations and mental stress of work. (Muhammad Farooq) II CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................... I LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................. X ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................. XI ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. XII INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Study Area ................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Location: ...................................................................................................... 2 1.1.2 Ethnology .................................................................................................... 4 1.1.3 Agriculture .................................................................................................. 4 1.1.4 History and status of the area .................................................................. 4 1.1.5 Rocks and Geology .................................................................................... 8 1.1.6 Soils .............................................................................................................. 8 1.1.7 Slope ............................................................................................................. 8 1.1.8 Aspects ......................................................................................................... 8 1.1.9 Climate ......................................................................................................... 9 1.1.10 Forests ........................................................................................................ 9 1.2 Phytosociology ................................................................................................ 11 1.2.1 Brief history of phytosociology ....................................................... 14 1.2.2 Biological spectrum ................................................................................. 15 1.2.3 Species Diversity ..................................................................................... 16 1.2.4 Maturity Index.......................................................................................... 17 1.4 Analysis Techniques...................................................................................... 18 Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................... 20 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................ 20 2.1 Phytosociology in The World ...................................................................... 20 2.2 Phytosociology in Pakistan .......................................................................... 25 2.3 Phytosociology in adjacent areas ................................................................ 33 Chapter 3 .................................................................................................................... 35 MATERIAL AND METHODS ................................................................................ 35 III 3.1 Pre-field visits and preparations ................................................................. 37 3.2 Taxonomic Data and Floristic Composition ............................................. 37 3.2.1 Taxonomic data collection ..................................................................... 37 3.2.2 Preservation and identification ............................................................. 38 3.3 Phytosociological Sampling Procedure and method .............................. 40 3.4. Phytosociological parameters ..................................................................... 42 3.4.1 Density ....................................................................................................... 43 3.4.2 Relative density........................................................................................ 43 3.4.3 Frequency .................................................................................................. 43 3.4.4 Relative frequency ................................................................................... 43 3.4.5 Canopy cover ............................................................................................ 44 3.4.6 Relative canopy cover ............................................................................. 46 3.4.7 Importance value and classification of communities ....................... 46 3.4.8 Index of diversity ..................................................................................... 47 3.4.9 Species richness ....................................................................................... 47 3.5 Statistical data analyses and vegetation classification ............................ 48 3.6 Biological spectra............................................................................................ 49 3.6.1 Life Form ............................................................................................. 49 3.6.2 Leaf size Spectra ................................................................................. 50 3.7 Environmental Parameters ........................................................................... 52 3.7.1 Altitude: ..................................................................................................... 52 3.7.2 Latitude and longitude: .......................................................................... 52 3.7.3 Aspect: .......................................................................................................
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