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George Washington and the Frontier: a Brief Overview of His Experiences with Native Americans

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George Washington and the Frontier: a Brief Overview of His Experiences with Native Americans George Washington and the Frontier: A Brief Overview of His Experiences with Native Americans A Talk Given at a Brown-Bag Lunch at Anderson House, The Headquarters of the Society of the Cincinnati In Washington, DC May 8, 2003 By Mary V. Thompson Research Specialist Mount Vernon Ladies Association Say the word, "frontiersman," and what picture comes to mind? If you are of my generation, I'd almost be willing to bet it was either Fess Parker as Daniel Boone or Davy Crockett, with that catchy tune from the Disney movie-you remember, "King of the Wild Frontier"-playing in the background in your mind. It almost assuredly wasn't George Washington-the elegant gentleman most famously depicted by artist Gilbert Stuart, with his white powdered hair and black silk suit. George Washington was not, however, always that esteemed elderly figure on the dollar bill. While he was not born in a log cabin, Washington spent about ten years of his young adult life on the frontier, first as a surveyor and then as a soldier. Later in life, he made two extended visits back to the frontier with an old friend, who had shared many of those early experiences with him, and throughout his career, even during the American Revolution and his presidency, the frontier figured prominently in his plans for the country. There were many things that Washington learned from the frontier, but, given the very short amount of time we have today, I'd like I to focus on one aspect of his experiences, in which we can find evidence of Washington's transformation from a rather wide-eyed and petty teenager into a statesman, and even something of a visionary, specifically his dealings with Native Americans. George Washington's first recorded encounter with Native Americans occurred when he was sixteen years old, on Wednesday, the 23'd of March, 1748, during his first surveying trip for Lord Fairfax. His party had reached the home of noted frontiersman and Indian trader, Thomas Cresap, on Monday of that week, after traveling in the rain over what Washington described as, "1 believe the Worst Road that ever was trod by Man or Beast." Continued rain kept them at Cresap's all day Tuesday, and most of the day on Wednesday. Shortly after it stopped at about 2:00 that afternoon, he noted that "we were agreeably surpris'd at the sight of thirty odd Indians coming from War with only one Scalp." The travelers shared some liquor with the newcomers, which, "elevating there Spirits put them in the Humour of Dauncing of whom we had a War Daunce." This must have been pretty exciting for the young man, who then proceeded to describe the ensuing music and dancing: "... There Manner of Dauncing is as follows ... They clear a Large Circle & make a great Fire in the Middle then seats themselves around it[.] the Speaker makes a grand Speech telling them in what Manner they are to Daunce[.] after he has finish'd the best Dauncer Jumps up as one awaked out of a Sleep & Runs & Jumps about the Ring in a most comicle Manner[.] he is followed by the Rest[.] then begins there Musicians to Play[.] the Musick is a Pot half 2 of Water with a Deerskin Streched over it as tight as it can & a goard with some Shott in it to Rattle & a Piece of an horses Tail tied to it to make it look fine[.] the one keeps Rattling and the other Drumming all the While the others is Dauncing.": While he initially found the Indians colorful, and even "comicle," the young Washington did not have a high opinion ofthem, or for that matter, any of the settlers, especially the Germans, who had moved into the area from Pennsylvania. At one point on his first surveying trip, Washington's party was hampered in their work by some of the Germans, " ... "a great Company of People Men Women & Children ... attended us through the Woods as we went shewing there Antick tricks." The sixteen- year old Washington was not very impressed, confiding in his journal that: "...Ireally think they seem to be as Ignorant a Set of People as the Indians. They would never speak English but when spoken to they speak all Dutch.,,2 He was shocked to discover, in the home of a local official, that "there was neither a Cloth upon the Table nor a Knife to eat with," that there were cabins where everyone slept on the floor in front of the fire, piled together "like a Parcel of Dogs or Catts," and even more 1 Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, editors, The Diaries of George Washington, 6 volumes (Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia, 1976-1979), 1:12-15; Albert Cook Myers, The Boy George Washington Aged 16, His Own Account of an Iroquois Indian Dance, 1748 (philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Publisbed by Albert Cook Myers, 1932),61-63. For more on Thomas Cresap, see Myers, The Boy George Washington, 18-23,35-58. 2 Jackson and Twohig, The Diories of George Washington, 1:18. 3 pointedly complained to one friend about being "amongst a parcel of Barbarian's and an uncouth set ofPeople.,,3 During the course of his career on the frontier, Washington frequently met with Indian leaders to ask for their cooperation with, or even more active help for, the army. One feature of many of these meetings was the exchange of belts made of wampum (small beads formed of seashell), which were used by the Iroquois to record historical events, treaties, and diplomatic agreements." Although he chafed at the delays inherent in diplomacy with Native Americans, he showed sensitivity to their sensibilities and customs, or at least recognized that diplomacy was an important factor in carrying out his various assigrunents, and seemed to understand the importance of wampum in their culture.' Early in the French and Indian War, for example, Washington met with two Iroquois leaders, from whom he gathered information about such things as the numbers and locations of French forts, as well as intelligence concerning individuals taken prisoner by the French. Although Washington soon wanted to proceed on the mission 3 For the lack of table linens and cutlery, see Jackson and Twohig, The Diaries a/George Washington, I: 15. For sleeping on the floor and the quote about barbarians, see George Washington to Richard __ , [1749-1750], in John C. Fitzpatrick, editor, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745-/799, 39 volumes (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1931-1944), 1:17. 4 Jackson and Twohig, The Diaries of George Washington, I: 133, 140, 141, 142; The Editors of Time-Life Books, Realm of the Iroquois (Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1993),66-75. 'Jackson and Twohig, The Diaries of George Washington, 1:142. 4 which had brought the three men together, he wrote that, "As I found it impossible to get off without affronting them in the most egregious Manner, I consented to stay.:" Almost twenty years later, as Washington and his long-time friend, Dr. James Craik, traveled along the Ohio River, they met an Iroquois hunting party, led by a man named Kiashuta, who had been with Washington during the early days ofthe French and Indian War. Washington recorded that this band "treated us with great kindness" and shared with them a quarter from a "very fine Buffalo." Washington's party spent the night with the Indians, during which time "much Councelling" went on, and the next morning the two groups talked about the possibility of furthering trade between the Virginians and the Iroquois. Washington promised to tell the governor of the colony about their desire for increased trade, as well as "their friendly disposition towards the white People." Privately, however, he expressed to his diary his frustration with the "tedious ceremony which the Indians observe in their Councellings & speeches," which kept them from getting started on their journey until nine o'clock in the morning.' A little over a week later, the two groups met up again, leading Washington to comment that through "the kindness, and Idle ceremony of the Indians, I was detaind at Kiashutas Camp all the 6 Jackson and Twohig, The Diaries of George Washington, 1:138-t40. 7 Jackson and Twohig, The Diaries of George Washington, 2:304. 5 remaing. part of this day." On a positive note, however, the two men were able to have "a good deal of conversation ... on the Subject of Land," a topic always close to Washington's heart' During his years on the frontier, Washington also came to know the horrors of warfare between British settlers and Native Americans. While stopping at one home, he and a companion, Christopher Gist, a well-known frontiersman, met with 20 Indian warriors, who told them about the massacre of a family of settlers by the French and some of their Indian allies: "... they found People kill'd & Scalpt, all but one Woman with very Light Hair, they [the warriors who had found the bodies] turn'd about; & ran back, for fear of the Inhabitants rising & takeing them as the Authors of the Murder: They report that the People were lying about the House, & some of them much tom & eat by Hogs; by the Marks that were left, they say they were French Indians of the Ottaway N·anon ... that did It.i ,,9 As dreadful as this information was, it probably served to remind Washington of the importance of his mission. For a period of four to five years in the rnid-to-late 1750s, through his disastrous baptism by fire at Fort Necessity, the debacle of Braddock's defeat, and several years during which he and his men struggled to protect the frontier settlements, the majority of Washington's time would be spent in the wilderness.
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