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Aquifers of the Gulf Coast of Texas

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Aquifers of the Gulf Coast of Texas Texas Water Development Board Report 365 Aquifers of the Gulf Coast of Texas edited by Robert E. Mace, Sarah C. Davidson, Edward S. Angle, and William F. Mullican, III February 2006 This page intentionally blank. ii Texas Water Development Board E. G. Rod Pittman, Chairman, Lufkin Thomas Weir Labatt, III, Member, San Antonio Jack Hunt, Vice Chairman, Houston James E. Herring, Member, Amarillo Dario Vidal Guerra, Jr., Member, Edinburg William W. Meadows, Member, Fort Worth J. Kevin Ward, Executive Administrator Authorization for use or reproduction of any original material contained in this publication, i.e., not obtained from other sources, is freely granted. The Board would appreciate acknowledgment. The use of brand names in this publication does not indicate an endorsement by the Texas Water Development Board or the State of Texas. With the exception of papers written by Texas Water Development Board staff, views expressed in this report are of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Texas Water Development Board. Published and distributed by the Texas Water Development Board P.O. Box 13231, Capitol Station Austin, Texas 78711-3231 February 2006 Report 365 (Printed on recycled paper) iii This page intentionally blank. iv Note from the Editors: The Gulf Coast is prominent in the history of Texas. The first sight of Texas by western explorers was our Gulf Coast. Texans defeated Santa Anna to earn their independence from Mexico amid the swamps at San Jacinto. And the oil that erupted from Spindletop, south of Beaumont, propelled Texas into the oil and gas industry. Groundwater from the Gulf Coast area has also played an important, although perhaps quieter, part of Texas’ history as well. As Texas and its communities grew, Texans looked below the land surface for water and found a plentiful source in the Gulf Coast aquifer as well as other aquifers. With a fickle climate, farmers tapped into the aquifer to supplement rainfall and grow more profitable crops. Industries relied on the aquifer to support their manufacturing. The Gulf Coast aquifer will likely be quietly prominent in the future as well, as Texas continues to grow. Inland cities, regional water planning groups, and river authorities are considering conjunctive use projects—the coordinated use of different sources of water to optimize water use and minimize the adverse effects that can come from relying on a single source—that include the Gulf Coast aquifer. With improvements in desalination technologies, even poor quality water from the aquifer in the Lower Rio Grande Valley and close to the coast is proving to be a valuable resource. Water continues to fuel the growth and prosperity of Texas. Our hope is that this report will be useful to those attempting to better understand and manage the aquifers of the Gulf Coast region of Texas. This report, the third in a series of reports that will summarize the groundwater resources of Texas, represents the proceedings of a conference held on February 16, 2006, at the Texas A&M University—Corpus Christi campus. Similar to the previous two reports in the “Aquifers of Texas” series, we identified topics we wanted addressed and then identified potential contributors to write chapters and give a presentation at the conference. This document is meant to be a stand alone document—a book about the Gulf Coast aquifer in Texas—as well as a proceedings of the conference held in Corpus Christi. This conference and this report are the result of the hard work and cooperation of many people, and we are thankful for everyone’s patience, assistance, and generosity. First, we thank our speakers and authors for their contributions to the conference and their willingness to share their knowledge. We also thank Rick Hay, Jennifer Smith-Engle, and the staff at the Harte Research Institute—all at Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi—for providing space for the conference and assistance in running the conference. We are grateful to many at the Texas Water Development Board for their assistance and support, including Mike Parcher for his assistance in preparing and printing the report and Dr. Ali Chowdhury for providing us needed papers and topics on short notice. Finally, we thank our Board and our Executive Administrator, J. Kevin Ward, for their continued support of these conferences to inform Texans about their groundwater. Robert E. Mace Sarah Davidson Edward S. Angle William F. Mullican, III v Table of Contents Note from the Editors...................................................................................................... v 1. Aquifers of the Gulf Coast of Texas: An Overview by Sarah C. Davidson and Robert E. Mace .................................................................... 1 2. Geology of the Gulf Coast Aquifer, Texas by Ali H. Chowdhury and Mike J. Turco ...................................................................... 23 3. The Yegua-Jackson Aquifer by Richard D. Preston................................................................................................... 51 4. Conjunctive Use of the Brazos River Alluvium Aquifer by David O’Rourke ....................................................................................................... 61 5. Hydrogeochemistry, Salinity Distribution, and Trace Constituents: Implications for Salinity Sources, Geochemical Evolution, and Flow Systems Characterization, Gulf Coast Aquifer, Texas by Ali H. Chowdhury, Radu Boghici, and Janie Hopkins ............................................. 81 6. Stratigraphy, Lithology, and Hydraulic Properties of the Chicot and Evangeline Aquifers in the LSWP Study Area, Central Texas Coast by Steven C. Young, Paul R. Knox, Van Kelley, Trevor Budge, Neil Deeds, William E. Galloway, and Ernest T. Baker ................................................................. 129 7. 100 Years of Groundwater Use and Subsidence in the Upper Texas Gulf Coast by Thomas A. Michel................................................................................................... 139 8. Dry Periods and Drought Events of the Gulf Coastal Region by Robert G. Bradley .................................................................................................. 149 9. The Impact of Groundwater Flows on Estuaries by John A. Breier ........................................................................................................ 165 10. Groundwater Models of the Gulf Coast Aquifer of Texas by Ali H. Chowdhury and Robert E. Mace ................................................................. 173 11. Optimization-Based Approaches for Groundwater Management by Venkatesh Uddameri, Muthukumar Kuchanur, and Naresh Balija ....................... 205 12. Salt Domes in the Gulf Coast Aquifer by H. Scott Hamlin ...................................................................................................... 217 13. Status Report on Brackish Groundwater and Desalination in the Gulf Coast Aquifer of Texas by Sanjeev Kalaswad and Jorge Arroyo ..................................................................... 231 vi 14. Brackish Water Desalination in South Texas: An Alternative to the Rio Grande by Joseph W. (Bill) Norris .......................................................................................... 241 15. Effects of Oil and Gas Production on Groundwater by John James Tintera and Leslie Savage .................................................................. 255 16. History of Production and Potential Future Production of the Gulf Coast Aquifer by W. John Siefert, Jr. and Chris Drabek ................................................................... 261 17. The Challenge of Managing Groundwater in the Gulf Coast Aquifer: Recognizing and Incorporating Divergent Value Systems Regarding Groundwater as a Resource by James A. Dodson .................................................................................................... 273 18. Assessment of Shallow Recharge and Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions for the LSWP Study Region, Central Texas Coast by Niel Deeds, Van Kelley, Steven C. Young, and Geoffrey P. Saunders ................... 287 19. Low Flow Gain-Loss Study of the Colorado River in Texas by Geoffrey P. Saunders ............................................................................................. 293 20. Groundwater Management through Groundwater Conservation Districts by the Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts ......................................................... 299 vii This page intentionally blank. viii Chapter 1 Aquifers of the Gulf Coast of Texas: An Overview Sarah C. Davidson1 and Robert E. Mace, Ph.D., P.G.1 Introduction The Gulf Coast region of Texas is located along the Gulf of Mexico in the southeastern part of the state. It includes the lower Rio Grande valley on the border with Mexico in the southwest, the Sabine River basin on the Louisiana border in the northeast, the Houston-Galveston and Corpus Christi metropolitan areas, and many other smaller communities. The Gulf Coast aquifer is the largest aquifer in the region and the area’s main source of groundwater. In addition, the Yegua- Jackson and the Brazos River Alluvium aquifers are an important source of water in parts of the Gulf Coast area. There are many issues of concern within the region regarding groundwater that are currently being studied, including drought, land subsidence, salt domes, water quality, groundwater flow to estuaries, whether brackish water desalination technology can be used to meet water needs,
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