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Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIALES LA IMPORTANCIA DEL PETRÓLEO IRANÍ PARA LA SEGURIDAD ENERGÉTICA DE ESTADOS UNIDOS (1951-2007) T E S I S QUE PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE: LICENCIATURA EN RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES P R E S E N T A: MONSERRAT ANA PATRICIA DÍAZ ORTEGA ASESORA DE TESIS: LIC. OLINKA VIEYRA ANGULO MÉXICO, D.F. 2009 UNAM – Dirección General de Bibliotecas Tesis Digitales Restricciones de uso DERECHOS RESERVADOS © PROHIBIDA SU REPRODUCCIÓN TOTAL O PARCIAL Todo el material contenido en esta tesis esta protegido por la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA) de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (México). El uso de imágenes, fragmentos de videos, y demás material que sea objeto de protección de los derechos de autor, será exclusivamente para fines educativos e informativos y deberá citar la fuente donde la obtuvo mencionando el autor o autores. Cualquier uso distinto como el lucro, reproducción, edición o modificación, será perseguido y sancionado por el respectivo titular de los Derechos de Autor. Dedicatorias y agradecimientos Dedico este trabajo con mucho cariño, esfuerzo y sincero respeto A Dios que ha llenado de bendiciones mi vida. A mi madre por haber hecho de mi una mujer de bien. Por tus cuidados, apoyo y tenacidad. Siente este trabajo como tuyo, porque merced a tu apoyo moral llegué hasta el final. A mi familia de México y España. Y en memoria de mis queridos abuelos. A mi alma mater, la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, por haberme brindado el privilegio de formarme dentro de sus aulas desde temprana edad y así adquirir los valores universitarios que hoy día me permiten desarrollarme profesionalmente. Por confiar en mí al designarme como representante en el extranjero, experiencia que transformó mi vida interna y exteriormente. Gracias por tan generosa y noble oportunidad. A la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, por la formación académica que recibí y en la que pasé experiencias inolvidables. A la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid por haberme abierto las puertas y permitido conocer y estrechar lazos con otras culturas y formas de vida. Desde entonces mi formación como internacionalista se ha vuelto más integral. A la Licenciada Olinka Vieyra Angulo, por su seguimiento a esta tesis. Sinceramente, mejor asesora no pude tener. Admiro tu seriedad, delicadeza, precisión y profesionalismo académico. Aprendí mucho de ti, eres mi modelo a seguir en la docencia. A mis sinodales: el Dr. Leopoldo González Aguayo, la Dra. Ileana Cid Capetillo, el Mtro. Jaime Isla Lope y la Lic. Yadira Gálvez por valorar, evaluar, corregir y enriquecer este trabajo. Al CONACYT, mi primer lugar laboral como profesional, gracias por abrirme paso en el ejercicio de la licenciatura. A todos mis profesores, particularmente a Alejandro Chanona Olinka Vieyra Alejandro Salgó Lucía Irene Ruiz María Luisa Parraguez Aurora Cano Jacobo Casillas Víctor Manuel Godínez Alfredo Jalife A mis amigos Abraham Maldonado, Iris Bautista, Ruth Pizeno, Rocío González, Balam Hernández, Lilia de Diego, Daniela Juárez, Irma Guerrero, Eric Estrada, Fernando Ramírez, Brayham Castillo, Carlos Marín, Erika Hernández, Karla Garfias, Maribel Benítez, Perla Enciso, Lizet Díaz, Laura Medina, Lizbeth Denicia, Martin Delmas, Luiza Pizarro, Renata Bateira, Giselle Medeiros, César Alarcón, Miguel Ángel Rodríguez, Dagmara Kvale, Paula Loren, Serge Cosme, Ernesto Castro, Pedro Portillo y Daniela Tarhuni. A todos gracias por su apoyo. Índice Introducción 1. La Geopolítica: metodología de las Relaciones Internacionales 1.1 Elementos históricos y teórico-conceptuales de la Geopolítica……………..…12 1.1.1 Geopolítica: una geociencia………………………………………...……13 1.1.2 Espacio y factores geopolíticos…………………………………..………14 1.1.3 Génesis y evolución del pensamiento geopolítico clásico……….………19 1.1.4 La Geopolítica contemporánea………………………………..…………31 1.1.4.1 Relevancia de los recursos naturales en la globalización……..……36 1.1.4.2Geopolítica del petróleo…………………………………..…………39 1.1.5 Geopolítica y Geoestrategia…………………………………....…………44 1.1.5.1 Irán como pivote geopolítico…………………………….…………46 1.1.5.2 Irán como jugador geoestratégico………………………..…………49 1.2 De la Geopolítica a la seguridad energética………………………..…….…….51 1.2.1 Geopolítica y Seguridad Nacional……………………………..………….51 1.2.2 Términos de la seguridad energética de Estados Unidos……………...…..56 2. Importancia del petróleo para Estados Unidos: industrialización, imperialismo y hegemonía capitalista (1860-1973) 2.1 Los orígenes de una potencia petrolera mundial…………………………….…63 2.1.1 Breves antecedentes de la industrialización de Estados Unidos……..……63 2.1.2 Monopolización y trust................................................................................65 2.1.3 Standard Oil Company, el trust del petróleo………………………………68 2.1.4 Industria petrolera en Europa y Rusia……………………..………………73 2.2 La batalla mundial por el petróleo…………………………………….………..76 2.2.1 Imperialismo………………………………………………………...…….76 2.2.2 Primera Guerra Mundial……………………………………...…………...80 2.2.3 Posicionamiento de Estados Unidos en Medio Oriente…………...……...82 2.2.4 Primer orden geopolítico petrolero………………………………………..87 2.2.5 Segunda Guerra Mundial………………………………………………….90 2.3 Hegemonía mundial capitalista………………………………………..……….94 2.4 Contradicciones del orden geopolítico energético de posguerra………...……97 2.4.1 La pugna entre productores y consumidores……….……………………...98 2.4.2 Primer choque petrolero 1973-1974………………………………………101 3. Estados Unidos: estrategias petroleras y seguridad energética (1970-2001) 3.1 En torno a la debilidad energética de Estados Unidos………………………..104 3.2 Estrategias petroleras (1976-2001)……………………………………..……..107 3.2.1 Estrategia petrolera de James Carter (1976-1980)………………………107 3.2.2 Estrategia petrolera de Ronald Reagan (1981-1988)……………………109 3.2.3 Estrategia petrolera de George Bush (1989-1992)……………….……...111 3.2.3.1 Guerra del Golfo Pérsico 1990-1991……………………..………111 3.2.3.2 Nuevo Orden Petrolero Global………………………………..…..114 3.2.4 Estrategia petrolera de William Clinton (1993-2001)……………….…..115 4. Evolución del Estado iraní como productor y exportador de petróleo (1908- 2007) 4.1 La inserción de Persia al mercado petrolero internacional. Inicios y consolidación………………………………………………………..120 4.1.1 Persia como objeto de la rivalidad y dominación ruso-británica……......121 4.1.2 Fundación de la Anglo-Persian Oil Company…………………………...123 4.1.3 Intervencionismo y ocupación (1905-1946)……………………………..126 4.1.4 Nacionalización petrolera y el conflicto directo con Estados Unidos (1951-1954)………………………………………….……..133 4.2 Del dominio británico a la alianza estratégica con Estados Unidos…………..138 4.2.1 Dictadura de Mohammed Reza Pahlevi…………….…………..……….139 4.2.2 El petróleo y la industrialización………………………………...………141 4.2.3 Fuerzas armadas y relación militar con Estados Unidos……………...…144 4.2.3.1 Seguridad interna: la SAVAK…………………………….………148 4.2.3.2 Seguridad externa: el Pacto de Bagdad (CENTO)………….…….149 4.2.4 Relaciones con la Unión Soviética………………………………...…….150 4.2.5 Política regional……………………………………………………...…..150 4.3 Estados Unidos e Irán: rompimiento y contención…………………………...152 4.3.1 Revolución Islámica-clerical (1979-1989)……………………...……….153 4.3.2 Guerra Irán-Irak (1980-1988)……………………………………………156 4.3.2.1 Postura de las superpotencias……………………………………..160 4.3.2.1.1 Estados Unidos y la política de enfrentamiento entre Irak e Irán…………………………………………………..160 4.3.2.1.2 Postura de la URSS…………………………………………164 4.3.2.2 Efectos de la guerra y reconstrucción de la política exterior iraní……………………………….………..164 4.3.2.3 El Irán de posguerra fría…………………………………………..166 5. La importancia del petróleo iraní para la seguridad energética de Estados Unidos durante las presidencias de George W. Bush (2001-2007) 5.1 Actual situación petrolera de Estados Unidos…………………….…………..172 5.2 Consideraciones estratégicas entre petróleo, política exterior y proyección militar en Golfo Pérsico……………………………………...….174 5.3 Estrategia petrolera de George W. Bush (2001-2007)…………………..……176 5.3.1 Giro militarista de la economía y la política exterior………………….…178 5.3.2 Guerra contra el terrorismo internacional……………………….……….180 5.4 Geopolítica en cuenca del Mar Caspio…………………………….………….189 5.5 Irán dentro de la actual estrategia estadounidense……………………………197 5.6 Respuesta de la República Islámica………………………...………………...205 5.6.1 El programa nuclear iraní………………………………………...………205 5.6.2 El sistema antimisil y antiaéreo iraní……………………...…………....213 5.6.3 Las alianzas energéticas de Irán con las potencias asiática……………....218 5.6.4 La Bolsa de Petróleos de Irán………………………………………….....220 Conclusiones………………………………………………………………………...……222 Fuentes de información…………………………………………………………………...232 Índice de cuadros, gráficos y mapas Cuadro 1. Períodos hegemónicos de la modernidad……………………………………….31 Cuadro 2. Etapas de la sociedad internacional desde el siglo XIX……………………...…55 Cuadro 3. Rutas de oleoductos y gasoductos en Mar Caspio y Cáucaso……………..…..192 Cuadro 4. Tipos y rangos de alcance de los misiles iraníes……………………..………..215 Gráfico 1. Reservas probadas de petróleo a fines de 2007 (miles de millones de barriles)…………………………………………………..41 Mapa 1. Ubicación y posición geográfica de la República Islámica de Irán………………48 a. En relación a la región del Medio Oriente b. En relación al continente asiático…………………………………………………..49 Mapa 2. De las primeras regiones petroleras de Estados Unidos………………...………..69 Mapa 3. Países integrantes del USCENTCOM………………………………...…………119 Mapa 4. Zonas de influencia británica y rusa sobre Persia (1907-1917)……………..…..127
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