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1 OIL DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN IRAN SINCE 1953 THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of the North Texas State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE By Hossein Haghshenas, B.S. Denton, Texas August, 1982 Haghshenas, Hossein, Oil Development and Social Change in Iran Since 1953. Master of Sociology, August, 1982, 263 pp., 45 tables, bibliography, 109 titles. This study examines the relationship between oil develop- ment and social change in Iran. The research focused on the years since 1953 examining the economic structure through the five development plans which were the major vehicles of social transformation. Within this framework the importance of oil, industriali- zation, land reform,, the labor force, education and health are discussed. Demographic and stratification changes are covered such as changingpopulation patterns, migration, minorities, social classes, and the distribution of wealth. Cultural and social values are then treated with emphasis on the Shah and arms, social control and social behavior. The paper concludes: oil revenues were frequently squandered without real socio-economic benefit to the masses. Economic's mismanagement and rigid social control increases pressures in society causing the 1978 revolution. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES . .. .- -v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . .0. .. - 0..V.- Viii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION . Purpose of the Study Historical Background Methodology Linmitation II. DEVELOPMENT OF THE OIL INDUSTRY AND POLITICAL POWER *.. ... .. .. 7 The Impact of the West The Role of England and Russia Persia and World War I The Oil Concessions Nationalism Nationalization of the Oil III. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL CHANGE IN IRAN SINCE 1953. 41 Introduction The Development Plans Imports and Exports: The Balance of Trade The Importance of Oil The Effect of the Development Plans on the Gross National Product Industrialization Foreign Investment Land Reform and Agriculture Effect of the Oil Industry on the Labor Force Education Health Conclusion iii Page IV. DEMOGRAPHIC AND STRATIFICATION CHANGES SINCE1953 . ...... ...... 148 Introduction Changing Population Patterns Internal Migration Minorities Social Classes Distribution of Wealth and Income The Position of Women V. CULTURAL AND SOCIAL VALUES SINCE 1953 . * 203 Introduction The Shah and Arms Social Control Social Behavior VI. CONCLUSION . 241 APPENDIX . - . - . 249 BIBLIOGRAPHY - - . - - - - . - - - - - - - - . - - - 255 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page I. Wheat and Barley Production for Selected Years . 28 I 1. Oil Payments . -. 29 II I. Projected Revenues and Expenditures of the First Plan, 1949-1956 . 0*.. 45 IV. The Second Plan 1955-1962: Projected and Actual Expenditures . 47 V. Comparison of Imports to Non-Oil Ixports 1954-1972 . 49 VI. Allocation of Oil Revenues to the Plan Organization 1962/63--1967/68 * . 51 VII. Disbursements for the Fourth Plan by Selected Sectors . 53 VIII. Total Fixed Investment 1973-1978 . 55 IX. Projected Overall Finances for the Fifth Plan, 1973-1978 . 57 X. The Blance of Trade 1954-1962 * * . 63 XI. Value of Imports and Exports 1963-1974 * . 64 XII. Iranian Oil Revenues (Selected Years) . 68 XIII. Sectoral Distribution of GNP 1963-1978 (Selected Years) . 71 XIV. Distribution of GNP, Output per Capita and Population by Sector, 1976 . .73 XV. Industrial Output for Selected Years . 76 XVI. Output of 21 Selected Modern Industries . 78 XVII. Foreign Investment in Development Plans . * . 81 v Table Page XVIII. Foreign Private Investment in Iran Through the Center for the Attraction and Protection of Foreign Investments by Country of Origin . 83 XIX. Private Foreign Investment in Iran by Type of Activity and Countries 1975-76 . 8 XX. Strata of Adult Male Agriculturalists Widely Found in Iranian Villages . * . 88 XXI. Estimates of the Distribution of Land- ownership in the Period Before the Land Reform (January, 1962) . 91 XXII. Land Reform . 96 XXIII. Distribution of Farm Corporations and Rural Cooperatives 1976 . 98 XXIV. Land Productivity 1963-1974 . 102 XXV. The Application of Technical Inputs to Iranian Agriculture 1963-1974 . 103 XXVI. Agricultural Production and Imports 104 1974-1975 . XXVII. General Categories of Employment for 1956 and 1966 . ...... ... a 114 XXVIII. Sectoral Distribution of the Total Labor Force 1963-1978.. 115 XXIX. Contribution of the Non-oil Economic Sectors to Output and Employment, 1977-1978 . .o..0117 XXX. Absolute and Relative Product Per Worker in Various Economic Sectors . 117 XXXI. Percentage of Foreigners in Iranian Labor Force . 124 XXXII. State-run Trade Unions in Iran in 1971 . 131 vi Table Page XXXIII. Social Class Breakdown of University 135 Students 1973 . XXXIV. Graduates Expected From Institutions of Higher Education in Iran and Returning From Abroad During the Fifth Plan Period by Level of Degree and Subject 136 132 XXXV. Undernourishment in Iran 1972-1973 142 XXXVI. Population According to Language Representing Approximately the Population of Some Tribes and Religious Minorities . 158 XXXVII. Iran: Social Structure in 1950 . 168 XXXVIII. Distribution of Families and Dwelling Unites in Four Income Groups of Tehran 1966 . 179 XXXIX. Per Capita Rural Income and Expenditure 1972 . * . 180 XL. Workers Wages Income Selected Manu- facturing Industries 1972 . 181 XLI. Output Per Worker and Earnings Per Worker in Modern Manufacturing . 183 XLII. Pahlavi Foundation . 186 XLIII. United States Military Sales to Iran 1950-1979 . 210 XLIV. A Selected List of Iran's American- Made Arms . * . * . 211 XLV. Cancelled Defaulted Military Purchases by Iran, October 1978-June 1979, . * . 213 vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Organization Chart. The Shah's Administration System, Mid-1960's to Mid-1977 . 218 2. Reporting Relationships. The Shah's Administration System, Mid-1960' s to Mid-1970-t. 220 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Purpose of the Study This study will examine the development of the oil industry and social change in Iran. The oil industry has been the most significant economic factor in Iranian society in this century, and this study will show the relationship between this economic factor and the social change that has occurred in Iran. The quality and type of social change which resulted was related to the fact that outside countries controlled the development of the oil resources. Although the study focuses on the sociological aspects related to oil development and the resulting social changes, some political aspects of these changes will be discussed to show the social changes in proper perspective. Historical Background An oil concession was first granted in Iran to Baron Julius de Reuter, a British subject, in 1872. In 1884 a concession was granted to Albert Hotz, a Dutchman working for a British company. Concessions were also granted to Iranians: in 1877 to Amin Maden and in 1894 to Khalatbary. The de Reuter concession was revoked in 1873; the Hotz venture failed as did the Iranian ventures. 2 Another concession was granted in 1901 to William Knox D'Arcy, an Australian financier. D'Arcy negotiated a 60 year contract with Mozaffar-ed-Din Shah which gave him the right to explore all but the five northern provinces in Iran which were Russian interests. He paid Iran L20,000 cash, L20,000 in paid-up shares of the first company to be formed, and pro- mised Iran 16 percent of the annual net profits. D'Arcy was successful, but the first producing wells were located inland and the oil could not be transported easily. D'Arcy's venture was complicated by financial difficulties, and he merged his company with the Burma Oil Company. The Burma Oil Company represented the British Admiralty's interest in securing oil to convert the fleet from coal to oil use. The new concession resulting from the merger, the Concession Syndicate Ltd., moved its exploration to the Persian Gulf coast in 1905. On May 26, 1908 one of the world's largest oilfields was dis- covered in Masjed-e-Soleiman. The new location of the oil- fields was in tribal territories, and the British created a policy to secure the loyalty of the tribes which took pre- cedence over the relationship with the Iran central government. More British investments resulted from the Soleiman dis- covery. In 1909 the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (later Anglo- Iranian) was formed which then became the major company in Iran. By 1920 controversy arose between the Anglo-Persian Oil Company and the Iran government because the 16 percent annual net profits had not been paid to Iran since 1916. 3 In 1921 the British, concerned about their oil interests, engineered a military coup detat bringing Reza Shah to power. However, in 1932 Reza Shah cancelled the D'Arcy concession because the British never complied with the terms of the concession. The British refused to recognize the cancella- tion, so the matter went to the League of Nations. In 1933 a new concession was negotiated between Iran and Britain which was to be in effect until 1993. Then, in 1941, Reza Shah showed too much friendliness toward Hitler, and Britain removed him from power and installed his son. In March 1951 Mossadegh came to power, the oil industry was nationalized, and the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company was forced to leave Iran. The National Iranian Oil Company then took control of the oil. An important point about the history of the oil development between the fall of Reza Shah in 1941 and the nationalization of the oil in 1951 was that Britain and the U.S. were competing for control. In the 25 years after the 1953 coup d'etat, which was engineered by the CIA, the oil revenues increased, and considerable socio-economic change occurred but within a dictatorial regime primarily serving its own interests. Methodology The methodology used in this study is to examine the historical data related to the oil industry and provide evidence of the relationship between the development of the 4 oil and social change in Iran. Empirical evidence will be used to show that the oil development has been an instrument of social change in the areas of education, agriculture, internal migration, the redistribution of wealth, and social mobility.