Farideh Farideh Azimi in Iran TourismRural Tourismand of Economy Status the On 2 1 * Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] *Corresponding author’s economy economy rural tourism tourism; tourism; economics; Iran Keywords: Accepted: 20 January 2016 Received: 29 October 2015, Jahad-e-AgricultureOrganization Tehranof Province, Iran Directorof ArmenianUniversityState Economicsof Research Center, Armen 1* Short communication ISSN:2159-5860 (Online) ISSN: 2159-5852(Print) Available on: online www.ijamad.iaurasht.ac.ir International Journal of (IJAMAD) and Management Agricultural Development and Samvel and Avetisyan

Abstract the situation of tourism economics in Iran. in economics oftourism situation the on effect their to regard in important be to found were factors h sntos n ors porm. utemr, pol Furthermore, programs. tourism on sanctions the of effects the and directors, executive and managers choosing handicraft handicraft and tourism organization, lack of correct criteria for projects, frequent tourism change in rural the authorities and of cu tourism the managing planning, in local people and sector private government, the between operation plans major of co- weak development, tourism rural lack and tourism for policies were economics Iran on tourism of impacts positive affecting factors inhibiting of field the in of rural tourism and rural touristsstatus in the Iran. clarified The fi helped have that presented detailed were statistics and information special No disproportionate. been have years years these in the changes its and in low very GDP was 2003-2014 to contribution tourism of share percent statistics (Kolmogrove Smirnove). Findings revealed statistical methods used in the study include the n The 119. of consist population the of sample The authorities. tourism rural and tourism in involve study this of population The economics. Iran on tourism rural and tourism of impacts positive affecting factors inhibiting the find to attempt an in field a used research researchers method based the on the addition, data obtained In from a q methods. research documentary used researchers the objective, this achieve To inhibiting the as well as Iran, factors affecting their in positive impacts on tourists Iran ec of exit and entry I 2 ti ppr h rsaces re t suy h sau of status the study of condition to the Iran in economy tourism rural tried and tourism researchers the paper this n ia rst five priorities ltural heritage, onomic status. on-parametric uestionnaire that Iran’s itical and 71 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 7(1):71-77, March 2017. 7

2 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 7(1):71-77, March 2017. involved in tourism. situation from the viewpoint of the authorities the of viewpoint the from situation in this field in Iran. In this paper, we tried to (1) uvy h ihbtn fcos fetn this affecting factors inhibiting the survey ors i Ia ad ern rvne n (2) and Province Tehran and Iran in tourism there are not any coherent and long-term of rural tourism programsin rural regions. Unfortunately, show show the existing situation of tourism and rural source of income in global trade. The remarkable national gross income is low. Iran’s to tourism of tribution con- the known, we As 2015). (WTTC, world the in employment total of 3.9% supported it whereas employment, total of 1.8% supported ployment is one of the most economic impacts economic most the of one is ployment 02 n 19 i 21 ad 00 I directly It 2010. and 2011 in 1.9% and 2012 in 2% 2013, in 2.2% 2014, in 2.3% was GDP direct contribution of travel and tourism to total observed as a new and creative activity for rural be can Tourism phenomenon. this of portance years shows the major economic and social im- 50 past the in tourism of growth dramatic and compiled and sustainable plan in this field. The a lacks still it However, villages. tourism pilot as selected were Province Tehran of villages and eco- tourism. Over recent years, only a few enjoy a suitable position to plan and create rural villages is regarded as one of the provinces that urban population of about 12,500,000 and 1050 an with Tehran tourism. rural the develop and population provides a suitable situation to form a rural tourism planning. Indeed, its large urban for condition unique a enjoys TehranProvince As the most densely-inhabited province in Iran, receives. it tourists of number the of terms in 45th-48th the ranks its and potential tourism of raising the economic value of nutritional product impacts onthe development ofrural regions: following the have Tourismdevelopment. may quality social, environmental and economic sustainability,cultural, industrial, and service sectors, assistin tivities, providing extra income along with agri- In recent years, tourism has been a valuable a been has tourism years, recent In Reviving and reorganizing local economic ac- Increasing job opportunities and boosting em- Iran is ranked the 15th in the world in terms in world the in 15th the ranked is Iran (Hall & Page, 2002) Onthe Status of Rural Tourismand Tourism Economy in Ira INTRODUCTION . g engine economic an as tourism of profile the raise to (DMOs) organizations marketing destination sectors. Tourismofferseconomics to solution a transportation and hospitality core beyond well tination is commonly underestimated and extends ehdlg ad oplig communication compelling and methodology and to industry associations that marries rigorous upin o te rdcin f od and goods of production the for sumption troleum, and food pe- chemicals, products, automotive of ahead earner, export one number world’s the tourism the OECD. tourism products drawn up by the UNWTO and omdto poie dcds o u local buy to decides provider commodation ac- frontline a if example, For consume. can purchasing decisions initial that the determine take what visitors companies frontline products. So-called local of production the for portant im- particularly be can effects Indirect chain. from their suppliers, forming the tourism supply purchase companies that services tourism and goods are sector.These tourism the in services rently total more than US$575 billion - making - billion US$575 than more total rently cur- transport passenger with combined ceipts re- tourism International billion. US$478 over spending 2000, in country foreign a to traveled World Tourism Organization, 698 million people h tuim etr bsd n ls o typical of list a on based sector, tourism the pet rns bu poprt ad reduces and prosperity about brings opment plays an important role in GDP. Tourism devel- otn rl i jb rain codn t the to According creation. job in role portant im-most the have shopping and facilities sport and recreational services, information camps, a rich source of income in global trade. Tourism been industry,has smokeless as tourism, years into three parts: and catering facilities, transportation services, transportation facilities, catering and accommodation service, food and Restaurants velopment of services and facilitiesde- the entails economy tourism forimpact, major passengers the As improvement. welfare social quently, conse- and reduction unemployment increase, income on influence great poverty.has it Also, The economic importance of tourism to a des- Indirect effects: it concerns intermediate con- Direct effects:within Direct expenditure related is it The economic impacts oftourism are divided Tuim cnmc, 2012) Economics, (Tourism n/ Azimiand Avetisyan (Eman, 2012) . I recent In . . industries would facilitate a higher degree of ac- If combined with low entry barriers,entrycombinedlowwithIfexpanding ones. declining the especially industries, other from labor attract can hence and marketplace are expanding will have a good reputation in the duction of goodspro- and the servicesof in and the hostpurchase country.the of originator the be will tourist the possible, wherever products Therefore, it can be concluded that tourism that concluded be can it Therefore, world the around governments knowledged, ac- widely is developments cultural and cial, “As the importance of tourism in economic, so- qualifications education and young workers low with age with under workers workers, female found that the sectors employ a large number of osmr od sc a fo, ltig and clothing food, as such of goods purchases consumer be would effects induced such of sector.example tourism An the in penditure include the consumption of companies that have direct contact with tourists. Induced effects also in companies by paid wages from employees or region. the economic maximize impact of to tourism revenue order in in a country services and goods produced locally procure to sector tourism the It is therefore important to be able to encourage jobs” temporary of proportion high a offers and 35, ployment and its characteristics and trends. It is em- particular, in contribution, sector’s the of have paid particular attention to the measurement benefited directly or indirectly from initial ex- initial from indirectly or directly benefited o h rivsmn o profits of reinvestment the to related expenditure or goods capital of chases the pur- sector.be hotel would in this companies, For employed people by goods electronic esblt b workers by cessibility with these characteristics is a powerhouse to powerhouse a is characteristics these with generate employment. It has been witnessed been has It employment. generate as a major provider for jobs in the Organiza- the in jobs for provider major a as opment (OECD) and most developing coun- developing most and (OECD) opment tries Devel- and Co-operation Economic for tion Riley et al. (2002) al. et Riley nue efcs i cnen epniue by expenditure concerns it effects: Induced This research was conducted based on docu- on based conducted was research This (Smeral, 1998) (Smeral, (Cheong, 2009) MATERIALS METHODSAND Onthe Status of Rural Tourismand Tourism Economy in Ira . . argue that industries that industries that argue Rly t l, 2002) al., et (Riley Vla, 2011) (Vellas, . . ain ewe dfeet raiain, the organizations, different between nation other countries and, reliance on oil economy. velopment, limited relationship between Iran and and policiesrelated tourismto andrural planstourism de- major of lack NGOs, and ernment sanction, the weak cooperation between the gov- cated to tourism and rural tourism after economic government, andsector private local people, the low budget allo- between cooperation weak coordi- of lack programs, tourism in sanctions villages. in managers governmental and councils, helpers, village rural NGOs, as such organizations ferent parts of governmental and nongovernmental Areas Center. Center. Areas Organization, Rural Development and Deprived Ministry and Jihad-e-Agriculture the relevant organizations, Welfare and Organization, Handicrafts Tourism Heritage, Cultural organizations as such different from affairs mental govern- rural on depended levels managerial two subdivisions: into divided was managers and thorities ee dtd n SEcl omt Te, for Then, studying format. the descriptive MS-Excel and demographic in results, they edited were collecting, After questionnaire. face to face by authorities the including group, one on hne f h atoiis Te fet o the of effects The authorities, the of change frequency directors, executive and managers cluding; Lack of correctness criteria for choosing tourism and rural tourism in 10 categories in- categories 10 in tourism rural and tourism ecitv saitcl et wr ue b one sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov. by used were tests statistical descriptive odn t te eae atoiis n em of terms in authorities related the to cording ua tuim n cnmc tts n rn ac- Iran in status economic on tourism rural affecting the positive impacts of tourism and tourism of impacts positive the affecting naire we tried to survey the inhibiting factors inhibiting the survey to tried we naire to the items of questionnaire. In this question- this In questionnaire. of items the to and Likert type scale was used to rate responses ence of the questioner (face to face interview) face to (face questioner the of ence method based on the questionnaire in the pres- the in research questionnaire the on based method field the used We analyses. tistical tative method based on questionnaires and sta- and on questionnaires based method tative quanti- a as well as method research mentary The statistical methods of the survey are based b- Local managers who are responsible in dif- top in mostly are that authorities The a- The society, including 119 people of the au- the of people 119society, including The n/ Azimiand Avetisyan 73 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 7(1):71-77, March 2017. 74 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 7(1):71-77, March 2017. for developing countries. can be a great source of income tourism and employment that indicate data Available tractions. at- tourist of terms in world the in country 15th of Iran is lower than the world, while Iran is the contribution of tourism to GDP and employment ment are shown in figures 1and 2. in the world GDP and whole economy employ- 30.7%. was industry of share the and 6% about was agriculture of share the while 10%, than more reach will Worldit Tourismand Council Travel to according and tourism to allocated in the world and in Iran s s la i te iue 3 n 4 te total the 4, and 3 figures the in clear is As on Based tourism of share the (2015), WTTC GDPworld was whole of 10% about 2013 In The role of tourism in GDP and employment Figure 1 Figure 3. Onthe Status of Rural Tourismand Tourism Economy in Ira &Tourism to GDP (WTTC, 2015) Tourismto GDP (WTTC, 2015) .World: Total Contributionof Travel & Iran: Total Contribution of Travel RESULTS 04 hl w hd ny . b S i 2013 in USD b 5.6 only in had USD we while billion 2024 20 gain should we means It market and 2% of international tourism income. 2024 we should reach 1.5% of the international Tehran Province in 2009-2013(Table and 2). Iran in tourists) rural and mestic the do- – and outbound - exit (inbound tourists and of number entry the of status the and 1), (Table 2009-2014 from GDP to tourism of of tourism and rural tourism, the total contributio in the economy ofIran these years havebeen uneven. in changes its and 2005-2014 years the in low very was GDP to contribution direct tourism of Travel & Tourism to Employment (WTTC, 2015) Based on Iran’s 20-year outlook document, in field the in GDP studied we research, this In The position of t ourism and rural tourism rural and ourism t of position The codn t Fgr 5 Ia’ % hr of share % Iran’s 5, Figure to According Figure 4.

Tourism to Employment (WTTC, 2015) Figure 2. Iran: Total Contribution of Travel & World: Total Contribution) n/ Azimiand Avetisyan n Table 2 The Status of the Inbound, Outbound, Domestic, and Rural Sources: (Statistical Sources: of Center Iran, 2012; Yaeghoobzadeh, 201 The number of rural tourists in Tehran Province The number of rural tourists in Iran The number of outbound tourists from Iran The number of domestic tourists in Tehran The number inbound tourists to Tehran Province The number of domestic tourists in the country The number of inbound tourists to Iran Indicators (Thousands) results as shown in Table 1. found and sources different studied we Iran, of vestigate the position of tourism in the economy than Toin- 2014. in earnings tourism more billion $6500 world’s of percent 0.01 than less 2014 (Kamali, 2014) $5-6 billion of the world’s tourism income in income tourism world’s the of billion $5-6 ThePosition ofTourism andRural Tourismin theEconomy of Iran Table 1 Sources: (Trading 2015; WTTC, Economics, WTTC,2014; 2015) GDP in the field of rural tourism and its con- its and tourism rural of field the GDPin However, the country had a meager share of share meager a had country the However, The total contribution ofrural tourism toGDP (%) GDP inthe field of rural tourism (BillionUSD) Thetotal contribution of tourismto GDP (%) GDPin the field of tourism(Billion USD) Iran’s TotalGDP (Billion USD) Indicators (Niayesh, 2014) Onthe Status of Rural Tourismand Tourism Economy in Ira . . Consequently, Iran shared Contributionto GDP %- share (WTTC, 2015) Figure5. Iran, Travel& TourismDirect 52857.2 3993.3 6000 1820 2276 2009 NA NA 362.7 4.9% 2009 17.8 tribution to total GDP of Iran is indeterminate. is Iran of GDP total to tribution rvne o rrl ors. codn t the to According tourism. rural for province population, it is considered as the most suitable urban major its of Because tourists. foreign for in categories Iran and Tehran Province. different in tourists of number and rural tourists in Iran NA NA 4; Alefnews, 2013) The status of the inbound, outbound, domestic, Tehran Province is the most available region available most the is TehranProvince the for searched we 2, Table to According Tourists in Iran More than 6000 422.6 51257.3 3.9% 2010 16.5 3863.8 NA NA 2497 3121 2010 NA NA 528.4 4.2% 2011 22.2 NA NA n/ Azimiand Avetisyan Years Years 66699.8 4785.7 2560 3200 2011 NA NA NA 502.7 2012 10.0 2% NA NA 89910.7 8065.2 2983 3729 2012 368.9 2.2% 2013 NA NA NA 8.1 NA NA 415.34 76632.2 6.3% 2014 19.7 5008.2 NA NA 3303 4129 2013 NA NA NA 75 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 7(1):71-77, March 2017. 76 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 7(1):71-77, March 2017. economic sanctions in recent years. o h eitn mngmn polm i the in problems management existing the to country and the fifth priority is linked to Iran’sto linked is priorityfifth the and country authorities’ standpoint. Two of the five are linked rural tourism on Iran’s economic status from the factors affecting positive impacts of tourism and heritage- handicraft and tourism and heritage- handicraft organization projects ning and managing the tourism and rural tourism managers and executive and directorsmanagers planning and participation are the most important ernment, private sector and local people in plan- tourism and rural tourism development first 5priorities in this area include: on TableBased factors. the related 3, ten about in terms oftourism and rural tourism. status in Iran, according to the related authoritie impacts of tourism and rural tourism on economic survey the inhibiting factors affecting the positiv of tourism on Iran’s economic status impacts positive affecting factors Inhibiting we gain. than more lose unfortunately,we and currency tourism situation in Iran. In this part we tried to programs not any balance between arrivals and departures is there and tourists these by country the from out takes currency the because important very of these tourists has been more than 6,000. This is number the years, recent in Undoubtedly, years. three last the for available not is tourists tourists to the country. The number of outbound inbound than larger is Iran from tourists bound Province. the number of rural on tourists in statistics Iran and in specific Tehran no are there fortunately, Un- 2013. in tourists foreign of 3,300,000 has had Province Tehran statistics, official latest -Lc o cretes rtra o choosing for criteria correctness of 4- Lack 3- Frequent change of the authorities of cultural -Te ek oprto bten h gov- the between cooperation weak 2- The to related policies and plans major of 1- Lack For this purpose, the authorities were asked were authorities the purpose, this For -Te fet o te acin i tourism in sanctions the of effects 5- The codn t te roiis band lc of lack obtained, priorities the to According Undoubtedly, numerous factors influence the influence factors Undoubtedly,numerous According to the Table 2, the number of out- of number the Tablethe 2, to According Onthe Status of Rural Tourismand Tourism Economy in Ira e s management in the organization is very unstable. the managerial level in changes 19 were there 2013, 2011- During main authority the on tourism is in Iran. organization Unfortunately, This Iran. in organization the management of Cultural-Heritage & Tourism in this field. In affirming this, we can refer to refer can we this, affirming In field. this in factors inhibiting as priorities factors five their among management related two were There positive impacts on the economic status of Iran. problems are particularly important in tourism in important particularly are problems led to this situation. have field this in programs and plans particular ald ttsis bu rrl ors ad rural tourists in Iran. It can be concluded that lack of and tourism rural about statistics tailed tourism and the number of rural tourists in Iran in tourists rural of number the and tourism foreign tourist arrivals. of factors inhibiting the weaken to try should we such, As gain. we than more currency the lose we because significance, deep of is This the country outnumber foreign tourist arrivals. tourist foreign outnumber country the left have who tourists statistics, to According currency with them into the destination country. motn prs f orss bcue hy take they because tourists, of parts important Iran. in situation socio-political calm and East, GDP in 2014. This could be for different reasons: ih te cutis tnin i te Middle the in tensions countries, other with interaction and communication increased and country,the to efforts visas, of abolition the for ministrative ad- approach new to foreign the tourists' and entrance replacement Administration to tourism of contribution total the in jump a seen is it 2013, – 2009 during economy Iran no special activity has been done for tourism. It years, recent in sanctions economic the Given situations spend on the most important issues. important most the on spend situations economic difficult in governments that logical hibiting factor is Iran economic sanctions. It is It sanctions. economic Iran is factor hibiting in- another authorities, to complete. According mlmnain f l porm wud e in- be would programs all of the implementation and effective be not would planning and CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ae o atoiis oiin management opinion, authorities’ on Based There is not any especial information and de- and information especial any not is There hr i n eaty nomto aot rural about information exactly no is There nobel, oeg tuit ae h most the are tourists foreign Undoubtedly, Despite the weakened condition of tourism in It is clear that in such a situation, management n/ Azimiand Avetisyan (Tasnimnews, 2013) . Eman, tourism. of impact Economic (2012). A. Alefnews (2013). 8 years inconsistency in incoming Cheong, W. M. (2009). Employment Characteristics technical support in this manuscript. his forTehran Jehad-e-AgricultureProvinceof Extension,Agricultureof Department from mi for his critical suggestions and Mr. Yousofvani Hashe- from Faculty of Geography, Tehran University the country. tourism not only in Tehran, but also throughout These initiatives can improve and develop rural tourism in therural countryof field andthe in in individualsystem statistical provinces.detailed eomn o rrl ors, n peae a prepare and tourism, rural of velopment de- the in communities local and sector private between cooperation the improve provinces, individual and country the in tourism rural of country, the in develop local tourism strategic plans for rural the development promote to help employed be should managers competent for the government. priority a not is tourism that concluded be can Hall, C.M., & Page, S.J. (2002). Kamali, Y. ( 2008). 20-year-old tourism landscape. The authors thank from Mohammad Reza Rez- hrfr, t s ugse ta qaiid and qualified that suggested is it Therefore, /tourism statistics. Retrieved from http://alef.irٍ EmanAbbas/economic-impact-of-tourism- 13 Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/ from Retrieved China. Research and Statistics DepartmentIndustries. of Macao, Tourism-related of Trends and vdcae0n6049na01.k5k4.html?18773 13613739 tourism. /view/economy_marketing_business/ tourism/ Retrieved from http://www.aftabir.com/articles URL: URL: Azimi Iran How tocite article: this , 67-89. Onthe Status of Rural Tourismand Tourism Economy in Ira . International Journal of Agricultural Management andDevelopment, 7(1), 71-77. http://ijamad.iaurasht.ac.ir/article_527192_1b1f0467ffce79828baf5c1df161ecc1.pdf ACKNOWLEDGEMENT , F.,& , Macao Monetary ResearchMonetary Bulletin,Macao Prentice Hall, UK. Avetisyan REFERENCES , S. (2017). 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