Warm-up for 28-1

 JFK 1960 inauguration speech Election of 1960  mood of restlessness among voters  US recession, USSR had launched Sputnik, dev. long range missiles, aligned w/ Cuba, & shot down U-2 plane  nominees were John (D) & Richard Nixon (R)  Kennedy was handsome & charismatic–criticized for inexperience & RC religion  2 factors helped JFK (TV & Civil Rights) 1. 1st ever TV debates showcased Kennedy’s confidence-TV age of politics began 2. Martin Luther King was arrested for sitting at a segregated lunch counter  Nixon refused to take a position & JFK’s brother helped get King released  *African-American vote helped carry key states in the S & MW John F. Kennedy And so, my  35th U.S. President (D) 1961-1963 fellow  had inspiring inaugural speech Americans:  1st family fascinated the public (wife Jacqueline, children Caroline ask not & John) what your  glamour & talented advisors reminded many of a modern-day country can Camelot do for you - ask what New Military Policy you can do rd  Communist influence had spread to 3 world countries for your including Cuba country.  - policy of preparing for a variety of military responses rather than relying on the use of nuclear weapons Crisis over Cuba  Fidel Castro- communist dictator of Cuba  Eisenhower cut off relations w/ after Castro seized U.S. oil refineries  Eisenhower gave permission for the CIA to train Cuban exiles for an invasion  JFK learned about it right before taking office, yet approved  –April 17, 1961 - was a failure from the start  (1,500 Cuban exiles that landed faced 25,000 troops backed by tanks & aircraft)  disaster left JFK embarrassed  Soviet Premier promised to defend Cuba w/ Soviet arms  in Oct. of 62’ photographs revealed nuclear missiles ready to launch  JFK stated any attack from Cuba would mean an all- out attack on the Soviets  U.S. ships quarantined Cuba from any more Soviet ships  Soviets offered to remove missiles for a pledge not to invade Cuba  U.S. also secretly agreed to remove missiles from Turkey

Crisis in - August 1961  millions had fled East to be free from Communist rule  Khrushchev wanted to close roads but JFK refused  - concrete wall separating W & E Berlin from 1961 to 1989 (length of barriers ~110 miles)  *wall becomes an ugly symbol of Communist oppression  hot line- phone allowing the leaders of the U.S. & to talk (est. 1963)  Limited Test Ban Treaty- barred nuclear testing in the atmosphere (1963- still allowed underground detonations) President Kennedy used this handwritten note card while delivering his speech to the people of Berlin on , 1963 at Rudolph Wilde Platz. On it he phonetically spelled German phrases from his speech, including "Ish bin ein ".

There is a misconception that Kennedy made a risible error by saying Ich bin ein Berliner. By using the indefinite article "ein," he supposedly changed the meaning of the sentence from "I am a citizen of Berlin" to "I am a jelly doughnut.“ The indefinite article is omitted in German when speaking of an individual's profession or residence but is still used when speaking in a figurative sense. Since the President was not literally from Berlin but declaring his solidarity with its citizens, "Ich bin ein Berliner" was the only way to express what he wanted to say. It is also true that though the word "Berliner“ is used for a jelly doughnut in the north, west and southwest of Germany, but the word is not used in Berlin itself or the surrounding region, where the usual word is "Pfannkuchen."

Warm-up for 28-2

 Video warm-up

 Besides 9/11, is their any other historical event that was so powerful that you remember where you were and what you were doing? Explain. What are some past historical events that people would have remembered forever? The Promise of Progress   JFK’s legislative plan  included medical care for the elderly, rebuilding urban areas, bolster the national defense, & expand the space program  JFK lacked popular mandate- clear indication voters approved his plans  JFK took over during a recession & pushed for deficit spending  (spending more than the govt. took in)  Congress approved 20% budget increase for armed services  Domestically- increased minimum wage & extended unemployment insurance Foreign Aid Programs  - volunteer assistance to developing nations in Asia, Africa, & LA  Between 1961 and 2013, over 210,000 Americans joined the Peace Corps and served in 139 countries.  -economic & technical assistance to Latin America  By 1973 the program was widely viewed as a failure and it was cancelled. Race to the moon  Soviets 1st to put a man in space (Yuri Gagarin)  Alan Shepard 1st American in space  NASA (National Aeronautics & Space Admin.) – constructed new launch facilities in FL and mission control center in TX  July 20, 1969 – Neil Armstrong walked on the moon  funding for science programs increases resulting in new technologies (computer chips, medical, telecommunication, & aviation advances)  1963- JFK presented Congress w/ a civil rights bill & a $10 billion tax cut  Mercury (‘59-’63) – Alan Shepard becomes 1st American in space in 1961, John Glenn 1st to orbit Earth  Gemini (‘62-’66) – long duration space flight & vehicle docking  Apollo (‘61-’72) – 1969 astronauts Neil Armstrong & Buzz Aldrin land on the moon  in six Apollo spaceflights twelve men walked on the Moon  Moon landing marked an end to the space race  Manned missions continued w/ Skylab, the shuttle program (1981- 2011), and the ISS  Albert II became the first monkey in space on 14 June 1949, in a U.S.-launched V-2, after the failure of the original Albert's mission on ascent. Albert I reached only 30–39 miles altitude; Albert II reached about 83 miles. Albert II died on impact after a parachute failure. Numerous monkeys of several species were flown by the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s. Monkeys were implanted with sensors to measure vital signs, and many were under anesthesia during launch. The death rate among monkeys at this stage was very high: about two-thirds of all monkeys launched in 1940s and 1950s died on missions or soon after landing.  On 19 August 1960 Russia launched Sputnik 5, which carried the dogs Belka and Strelka, along with a gray rabbit, 40 mice, 2 rats, and 15 flasks of fruit flies and plants. It was the first spacecraft to carry animals into orbit and return them alive. One of Strelka's pups, Pushinka, bred and born after her mission, was given as a present to by Nikita Khrushchev in 1961, and many descendants are known to exist. Tragedy in Dallas  November 22, 1963 JFK landed in Dallas  JFK shot riding in an open-air limo near the TX School Book Depository  LBJ took the oath of office aboard Air Force One  Lee Harvey Oswald charged w/ murder – ex- marine & Castro supporter  Warren Commission- 2 hits out of 3 shots from 140 feet, and from 60 feet up- extremely difficult  a nightclub owner named Jack Ruby shot Oswald during a prison transfer  Warren Commission- investigated & concluded Oswald acted alone  2 bullets from the 6th floor Depository caused all the injuries to JFK & Connally (magic bullet & head shot)  a 1979 reinvestigation concluded Oswald was part of a conspiracy w/ 2 shooters  Possible 2nd shooter on the grassy knoll  **American system of govt. proved sturdy

Warm-up for 28-3

 Video warm-up

 Does government have a responsibility to try to right social wrongs (poverty, discrimination, & lack of opportunity), and if so, at what level? Can government change how people treat each other?  Lyndon Baines Johnson  36th U.S. President (D) 1963-1969  Texas representative that idolized FDR  VP for JFK helping win key states in the S  passed JFK’s tax reduction plan spurring economic growth  passed JFK’s Civil Rights Act of 64’ prohibiting discrimination  LBJ’s agenda focused on poverty  Economic Opportunity Act- $ for youth programs, antipoverty measures, small- business loans, & job training  1964 election- won against Senator Barry Goldwater in a landslide  D’s increased majority in Congress, giving LBJ power to pass legislation Great Society- LBJ’s programs to reduce poverty & racial injustices in the U.S.  (Education- federal $ for textbooks, materials, & special education)  (Housing- slum rebuilding & new low-income housing- HUD created)  Healthcare-  Medicare-provides insurance for Americans age 65 or older  Medicaid- provides insurance to welfare recipients  Immigration-  Immigration Act of 1965- ended national-origins quotas est. in the 20’s  allowed non-European immigrants to settle in the U.S.  Environmental-  Silent Spring by Rachel Carson triggered an environmental movement  (Water Quality Act of 1965- required states to clean up rivers)  Consumer Protection-  Unsafe at Any Speed by Ralph Nader criticized the unsafe auto industry Warren Court (1953-1969)  SC during the period when Earl Warren was CJ  known for activism in areas of civil rights & free speech  (banned state prayer in public schools, limited power to censor books & film, declared state loyalty oaths unconstitutional)  reapportionment- redrawing of election districts to reflect changes in pop.  (rural residents w/ lower pop. sometimes had more representation -pop. shifts)  (district apportionment is known as gerrymandering-manipulating district boundaries to create partisan advantages)  rights of people accused of crimes greatly expanded  (evidence seized illegally could not be used in court, free counsel provided, lawyer present during questioning)

 Miranda v. Arizona  suspects must be read their rights before questioning  The word gerrymander was used for the first time in the Boston Gazette on 26 March 1812. The word was created in reaction to a redrawing of Massachusetts state senate election districts under Governor Elbridge Gerry. In 1812, Governor Gerry signed a bill that redistricted Massachusetts to benefit his Democratic-Republican Party. When mapped, one of the contorted districts in the Boston area was said to resemble the shape of a mythological salamander. The term gerrymander is a blend of the governor's last name and the word salamander. Miranda Rights Scenario Scenario #1  Benny was arrested by New York Police and charged with the armed robbery of a taxicab driver. While Benny was in jail waiting for his trial, a New York undercover officer was placed in Benny’s cell. Before the officer asked any questions, Benny said that he had robbed the cab driver. Benny’s statement was used against him at trial, despite his objection that he was not read his Miranda Rights, in violation of the Fifth Amendment. Should the court allow the statement? Scenario #1:  The Supreme Court held that this was not a violation of the Fifth Amendment. They felt that unless the defendant could show that the police officer actually questioned the prisoner, instead of merely listening to him, then the discussion did not qualify as a custodial interrogation.  Note: A later Supreme Court case went even further, saying that Miranda warnings are not required if the defendant does not know he is speaking to a law enforcement agent. Scenario #2  Rhode Island police officers arrested Jared on suspicion of shooting a local taxicab driver in the head, and then burying the body nearby. Jared was read his Miranda rights, and indicated that he wished to speak to a lawyer. On the way to the station, the police began talking to each other about the murder, while Jared listened in the back seat. Then, without warning, Jared admitted to the murder. At his trial, Jared argued that the police had coerced him into admitting to the murder, and that his Fifth Amendment rights had been violated. Should the court allow the statement? Scenario #2  The Supreme Court said that this situation had not violated the defendant’s Miranda rights because he had not been expressly questioned, nor had the police said anything that he knew would likely coerce the defendant into admitting guilt.  Note: The court did indicate in a later case that if, under the same circumstances, the officer’s conversation was intended to produce a confession, then it would violate the defendant’s Fifth Amendment, even absent express questioning. Scenario #3  Robert Berkemer was driving 40 mph in a 25 mph zone when he saw the flashing lights of a patrol car behind him. He dutifully pulled over to the side of the road. The officer approached him, and requested that he step outside of the vehicle. Robert stepped out of the car, and the officer asked him whether or not he was aware of how fast he was going. In response to the officer’s questioning, Robert admitted that he had been speeding. At his traffic hearing, Robert argued that because he was detained and interrogated without receiving his Miranda warnings, his confession should not be admitted. Should the court allow Robert’s confession? Scenario #3  The Supreme Court said that Miranda Warnings need not be given before roadside questioning of a motorist detained at a routine traffic stop. They did not feel that such stops impair a person’s free exercise of his privilege against self-incrimination to require that he be warned of his constitutional rights. Impact of Great Society  LBJ greatly extended the power of the presidency  # of poor people did decline  Great Society contributed to a growing budget deficit  Communist forces in Vietnam would eventually overshadow the Great Society