Southern Africa Southern Africa surveys the contemporary history of the whole region encompassing economic, social, political, security, foreign policy, health, environmental and gender issues in one succinct volume. Positioning the collapse of Portugal’s African empire in the context of the region’s history since 1945, Farley asserts that this led to the rapid transfer of power from minority to majority in Angola and Mozambique and more gradual transition in Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Africa. He examines the experiences of these countries as well as the former High Commission territories of Swaziland, Botswana and Lesotho to analyse the kind of states that evolved and shows how Southern Africa’s present problems are the inevitable result of a long history of White rule. The book assesses the challenges faced by Southern Africa’s political leaders up to the present day and discusses how these problems might be successfully addressed in the future. With maps, a chronology and a glossary of acronyms, this is a valuable resource for all those interested in African history, politics and culture. Jonathan Farley worked in the Department of History and International Affairs at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, teaching mainly African and Middle East politics on naval offi cer courses. He retired in 1999. The Making of the Contemporary World Edited by Eric J. Evans and Ruth Henig The Making of the Contemporary World series provides challenging interpretations of contemporary issues and debates within strongly defi ned historical frameworks. The range of the series is global, with each volume drawing together material from a range of disciplines – including economics, politics and sociology. The books in this series present compact, indispensable introductions for students studying the modern world. Asylum Seekers and Refugees in the Contemporary World David J. Whittaker China Under Communism Alan Lawrence The Cold War David Painter Communism and Its Collapse Stephen White Confl ict and Reconciliation in the Contemporary World David J. Whittaker Confl icts in the Middle East since 1945 Beverley Milton- Edwards and Peter Hinchcliffe Decolonization Raymond Betts Dividing and Uniting Germany J.K.A. Thomaneck and Bill Niven The Extreme Right in Western Europe Paul Hainsworth The International Economy since 1945 Sidney Pollard Islamic Fundamentalism since 1945 Beverley Milton- Edwards Latin America John Ward Pacifi c Asia Yumei Zhang The Soviet Union in World Politics Geoffrey Roberts States and Nationalism in Europe since 1945 Malcolm Anderson Terrorists and Terrorism in the Contemporary World David J. Whittaker Thatcher and Thatcherism Eric J. Evans United Nations in the Contemporary World David J. Whittaker The Uniting of Europe Stanley Henig US Foreign Policy since 1945 Alan P. Dobson and Steve Marsh Women and Political Power in Europe since 1945 Ruth Henig and Simon Henig Southern Africa Jonathan Farley First published 2008 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business The right of Jonathan Farley to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 © 2008 Jonathan Farley All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Farley, Jonathan. Southern Africa / Jonathan Farley. p. cm. — (The making of the contemporary world) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Africa, Southern—History—1975– 2. Africa, Southern—History—1899–1975. I. Title. DT1165.F37 2008 968—dc22 2007031609 ISBN 0-203-41618-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0–415–31034–2 (hbk) ISBN10: 0–415–31035–0 (pbk) ISBN10: 0–203–41618- X (ebk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–31034–5 (hbk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–31035–2 (pbk) ISBN13: 978–0–203–41618–1 (ebk) Dedicated to the memory of Cynthia Kathleen Farley 1945–2005 Contents List of illustrations xii Acknowledgements xiii Glossary of acronyms xv Outline chronology of main events xviii Introduction 1 Southern Africa defi ned 2 Consequences of the collapse of the Portuguese Empire 2 1 The economic and social dimension 4 Early European economic motivation, the slave trade and the Scramble for Africa 4 Portuguese colonial policy 7 Rhodesian land and labour policy 10 South African policy 1948–90 11 Command and market economies 17 The formal and informal sectors 18 Land 20 Trade, aid, debt and ‘breaking even’ 24 The Southern African Development Community 27 Health 30 The status of women 35 2 The political dimension 38 South Africa before 1948 38 South Africa 1948–74 42 x Contents Rhodesia and Portuguese Africa before 1974 45 The repercussions of Portuguese imperial withdrawal 1974–8 50 South Africa 1978–94 53 Angola 58 Namibia 63 Mozambique 67 Zimbabwe 73 South Africa 85 Botswana, Swaziland and Lesotho 92 General conclusions 98 3 The security dimension 102 The demographic preponderance of Blacks over Whites. White ‘laager’ mentality 102 Portuguese, Rhodesian and South African security practices relating to non- Whites 103 The main security problems post independence/majority rule – illegal immigration, criminal violence, and spill- over of confl ict across state borders 108 The pivotal position of South Africa 111 4 The foreign policy dimension 114 South Africa’s situation prior to 1960. Growing hostility of Third World to her thereafter over apartheid 115 South Africa leaves Commonwealth 116 British/Rhodesian/South African diplomatic relations post 1965 116 South Africa’s ‘outward looking’ foreign policy 117 South Africa’s ‘destabilisation’ policy 118 South Africa: Mandela and Mbeki compared and contrasted 122 The New Plan for African Development and the African Union 124 Peacekeeping missions 125 The Southern African Development Community 127 The Zimbabwe issue 130 Liberation and reform politics 132 Contents xi 5 Conclusions 135 The main economic, social, political, security and foreign policy concerns considered in Chapters 1–4 135 The way ahead 139 Notes 141 Select bibliography 147 Index 151 Illustrations Maps Map A Africa in 1875 before ‘the Scramble’ 5 Map B Africa in 1912 after ‘the Scramble’ 6 Map C Rhodesia, showing land apportionment 9 Map D African areas designated under the 1913 and 1936 Land Acts 13 Map E Bantustans with the homeland capitals 14 Map F The civil war in Angola, 1976–84 51 Figure 1 Population of South Africa 41 Acknowledgements This book has been in preparation and execution for some eight years and during this time I have received much help and support, which I now acknowledge most warmly. My fi rst debt is to the Winston Church- ill Memorial Trust – and especially its then director- general, Sir Henry Beverley – for facilitating my journey to Southern Africa in 1994–5 by awarding me a travelling research fellowship. Over almost two months, I visited Namibia, Zimbabwe, Swaziland and South Africa and adduced much valuable information about the political, economic and social confi guration of these countries and indeed of Southern Africa gener- ally. My thanks are also due to Professor Geoffrey Till and my former colleagues at the then Royal Naval College, Greenwich for coping so ably and cheerfully with my absence. Work commitments then prevented me from embarking on this book until after my retirement in 1999, but eventually, in 2003, Rout- ledge agreed to accept this title into their ‘Making of the Contemporary World’ series and I have been grateful for both their initial confi dence and continuing support in the years since. A further visit to the region in 2006 (this time limited to South Africa) enabled me to update some of the impressions gained 11 years previously. Both academic colleagues and personal friends have been unstint- ing in their advice and support. I would pay a particular tribute to Professor Jack Spence, who has been involved with this work since its inception and devoted more time to reading fi rst and second drafts than I had any right to expect, and without whose general encouragement and support I do not think I could have coped. I am also most grate- ful to Dr Heather Deegan, Professor James Barber and Mr William Turner (formerly British high commissioner in Botswana) who have all given me similar willing help and guidance. I am much indebted to old personal friends, John and Sylvester Smith and Judy and Richard xiv Acknowledgements Burnett- Hall, for loaning me the peace and quiet of their homes to cog- itate and write. My late wife, Cynthia, to whom I am proud to dedicate this book, typed the fi rst part of the script. After her tragic death in 2005, this task was most ably completed by Mrs Christine Groom, who coped most valiantly with my sometimes indeterminate handwriting and intermit- tent ‘endnote confusion’ from her home in Norfolk. The six maps are the work of Vinnie Powell, to whom I am much indebted, and fi nally I would like to thank my brother Clive Farley for his rapid typing of the index and unstinting fraternal support. There are also many in South and Southern Africa, too numerous to list in full, who gave most gen- erously of their time and advice and to whom I remain most grateful.