Thèse De Doctorat En Co-Tutelle

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Thèse De Doctorat En Co-Tutelle AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE UNIVERSITE CHEIKH ANTA DIOP FACULTE DE MÉDECINE DE MARSEILLE ECOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES DE LA VIE, ECOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES DE LA VIE DE LA SANTE ET DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT ET DE LA SANTE FACULTE DES SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES THÈSE DE DOCTORAT EN CO-TUTELLE Spécialités: Maladies Transmissibles et Pathologies Tropicales (AMU) / Parasitologie (UCAD) Présentée par Monsieur Cheikh Ibrahima LO Né le 10 mai 1985 à Keur Khar Kane, Gossas (Sénégal) REPERTOIRE DES BACTERIES IDENTIFIEES PAR MALDI-TOF EN AFRIQUE DE L’OUEST Soutenue publiquement A LA FACULTÉ DE MÉDECINE DE MARSEILLE Le 7 Décembre 2015 Devant le Jury composé de: Président : M. Pierre Edouard Fournier Professeur, AMU/France Membre du Jury : M. Bhen Sikina Toguebaye Professeur, UCAD/Sénégal Rapporteur : Mme. Marie Kempf Docteur CHU-Angers/France Rapporteur : Mme. Amy Gassama Sow Professeur UCAD/Sénégal Directeur de Thèse: Mme Florence Fenollar, Professeur, AMU/France Co-directeur de Thèse: M. Ngor Faye Maître de Conférences, UCAD/Sénégal LABORATOIRE D’ACCUEIL Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095; 13005 Marseille, France. ϭ Remerciements Tout d’abord, je remercie Madame Florence FENOLLAR, Professeur à Aix-Marseille Université. En tant que directrice principale de ma thèse, elle m'a guidé dans mon travail et m'a aidé à trouver des solutions pour avancer. Elle a consacré un temps énorme pour moi et n’a ménagé aucun effort pour l’atteinte des objectifs de cette thèse. J’ai appris le franc parlé, la rigueur, l’amour de la recherche et tant d’autres qualités qui me serviront certes à l’avenir. Je vous adresse ma profonde gratitude. Ensuite au Professeur Ngor FAYE de l’Université Cheikh Anta Diop qui a toujours était à nos côtés depuis les premières années à l’UCAD et qui a guidé nos pas au chemin de la recherche. Votre aide et vos conseils m’ont été bénéfiques. Qu’il nous soit permis de vous témoigner ici, toute ma reconnaissance. Merci encore au Professeur Pierre-Edouard FOURNIER d’Aix- Marseille Université, qui nous a fait l’honneur d’être le Président de jury de cette thèse avec preuve d’une disponibilité réelle qui n’est qu’une de vos qualités humaines. Merci infiniment. Je remercie également le Professeur Bhen Sikina TOGUEBAYE de l’UCAD, qui nous a fait l’honneur de participer au jury de cette thèse et d’accepter de juger ce travail. Il me paraît important de remercier le Docteur Marie KEMPF, Maître de Conférences à la Faculté de Médecine d’Angers, et le Professeur Amy GASSAMA SOW, chercheuse à l’Institut Pasteur de Dakar pour avoir bien voulu juger mon modeste travail de thèse. En acceptant d’être rapporteur de mon jury de thèse vous me faites un grand honneur. Je vous adresse ici ma profonde gratitude. Je remercie solennellement le Professeur Didier RAOULT de m’avoir accueilli dans son laboratoire et d’avoir financé mes travaux de recherche par le biais de la Fondation Infectiopôle Sud qu’il dirige. ϯ Je ne remercierai jamais assez des amis comme Masse Sambou, Alpha Kabinet Keita, Jérôme Terras, Valérie Filosa, Niokhor Dione, Sylvain Buffet, Micheline Pitaccolo, Oleg Mediannikov, Bécaye Fall, Bissoume Samb-Ba, Roshan Padmanabhan, Constentin Diémé, Carine Couderc, Catherine Robert, Senthil Alias Sankar, Seydina Mohammed Diene, Aurélie Caputo, Hubert Bassène, Annick Abeille... ainsi que tous mes collègues, les techniciens et le personnel administratif de l’URMITE qui ont tous d’une manière ou d’une autre participer à la réussite de ma thèse. Je remercie également mes parents Cheikh Abdoulaye LO et Sokhna Mame Faty Ndiaye pour leur assistance et leurs prières perpétuelles. Merci également à mes frères et sœurs et à celle qui a fait, pour moi, de la patience son arme… Dieureudieuf Borom Touba Diarama Cheikh Ibrahima Fall ϱ Sommaire Avant-Propos .......................................................................................... 9 Résumé..................................................................................................10 Abstract .................................................................................................12 Introduction .......................................................................................... 15 Chapitre 1 : Revue de la littérature sur la valeur du MALDI-TOF en microbiologie clinique et dans la lutte contre les maladies infectieuses en Afrique.........................................................................19 Article 1: « Value of MALDI-TOF MS in Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases in Africa and tropical areas». ............................... 21 Conclusion et Perspective tirées du Chapitre 1 ................................... 51 Chapitre 2: Performance et faisabilité du MALDI-TOF MS en Afrique ..................................................................................................53 Article 2: «MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: a powerful tool for clinical microbiology laboratory in Africa» ........................................ 55 Article 3: «The ongoing revolution of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for microbiology reaches tropical Africa» ..................... 83 Conclusion et Perspective tirées du Chapitre 2: .................................. 97 Chapitre 3 : Description des nouvelles espèces de bactéries isolées au cours de notre travail de thèse ............................................................99 Généralités sur la taxonomie bactérienne ............................................ 99 Article 4: «Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Clostridium dakarense sp. nov.» ...................................................103 Article 5: « High-quality genome sequence and description of Bacillus dielmoensis strain FF4T sp. nov.» .......................................................121 ϲ Article 6: «Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Weeksella massiliensis sp. nov. » ....................................................137 Article 7: «Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Necropsobacter massiliensis sp. nov. » .......................................... 151 Article 8: «Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Diaminobutyricimonas massiliensis strain FF2T sp. nov.» ............. 165 Article 9: « High-quality genome sequence and description of Bacillus ndiopicus strain FF3T sp. nov.» .......................................................... 179 Article 10: «Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Haemophilus massiliensis sp. nov.» ............................. 193 Article 11: «Genome sequence and description of Pantoea septica strain FF5» .......................................................................................... 225 Conclusion et Perspectives générales de la thèse...............................241 Références.............................................................................................243 ϳ Avant-Propos Le format de présentation de cette thèse correspond à une recommandation de la spécialité Maladies Infectieuses et Microbiologie, à l’intérieur du Master des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé qui dépend de l’Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de la Vie de Marseille. Le candidat est amené à respecter des règles qui lui sont imposées et qui comportent un format de thèse utilisé dans le Nord de l’Europe et qui permet un meilleur rangement que les thèses traditionnelles. Par ailleurs, la partie introduction et bibliographie est remplacée par une revue envoyée dans un journal afin de permettre une évaluation extérieure de la qualité de la revue et de permettre à l’étudiant de commencer le plus tôt possible une bibliographie exhaustive sur le domaine de cette thèse. Par ailleurs, la thèse est présentée sur article publié, accepté ou soumis associé d’un bref commentaire donnant le sens général du travail. Cette forme de présentation a paru plus en adéquation avec les exigences de la compétition internationale et permet de se concentrer sur des travaux qui bénéficieront d’une diffusion internationale. Professeur Didier RAOULT ϵ Résumé Le répertoire des bactéries est mal connu en Afrique du fait des méthodes d’étude essentiellement basées sur des techniques de culture sur milieux simples associées à des tests biochimiques, ce qui ne permet pas son exploration. Il a néanmoins été récemment bouleversé par l’usage systématique de la spectrométrie de masse de type MALDI-TOF MS. Au cours de nos travaux de thèse de doctorat, nous avons utilisé deux types de spectromètres de masse: le MALDI-TOF Vitek MS, nouvellement installé à Dakar; le MALDI-TOF Microflex LT, installé à Marseille. Au Sénégal, les souches étudiées ont surtout été isolées à l’Hôpital Principal de Dakar (HPD) et, ou parfois, dans les dispensaires partenaires de l’Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD). Après culture sur milieux gélosés, elles sont d’abord testées avec le MALDI-TOF Vitek puis envoyées à Marseille où l’identification est confirmée avec le MALDI-TOF Microflex LT, ou complétée par l’amplification couplée au séquençage du gène de l’ARN 16S ribosomique et/ou des gènes de ménages comme le rpoB. Quant à l’ADN total des génomes des nouvelles espèces bactériennes, il est extrait et entièrement séquencé par des techniques de biologie moléculaire. Les résultats que nous avons obtenus ont montré, pour la première fois, que la technique du MALDI-TOF est efficace et tout à fait adaptée en Afrique pour le diagnostic spécifique de routine. Cette performance a conduit le laboratoire clinique de
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