DOCSLIB.ORG

English Grammar and Composition for Senior Secondary Classes” We Aim to Develop the Communicative Abilities of the Students from Rural As Well Urban Background

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
English Grammar and Composition for Senior Secondary Classes” We Aim to Develop the Communicative Abilities of the Students from Rural As Well Urban Background ixqvsr2qewwe exh gywyssyx @por2enior2eondry2glssesA PUNJAB SCHOOL EDUCATION BOARD © Punjab Government First Edition 2018-19 .................... 43,000 copies All rights, including those of translation, reproduction and annotation etc., are reserved by the Punjab Government Written by : Major Pardeeep Kumar (Retd.) Vetted by : Ms Prabhjot Kaur Co-ordinator : Ms. Surabhi Jaikwal Cover Design : Mr. Manjit Singh Dhillon WARNING 1. The Agency-holders shall not add any extra binding with a view to charge extra money for the binding. (Ref. Cl. No. 7 of agreement with Agency- holders). 2. Printing, Publishing, Stocking, Holding or Selling etc., of spurious Text- books qua text-books printed and published by the Punjab School Education Board is a cognizable offence under Indian Penal Code. Price : Rs. Published by : Secretary, Punjab School Education Board, Vidya Bhavan Phase-8 Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar-160062 printed by Tania Graphics, Srabha Nagar, Santokhpura, Jalandhar. FOREWORD Punjab School Education Board has always endeavoured to provide the students with most contemporary and appropriate content through regular review. This book aims to develop four basic skills of English language teaching : Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing, along with the necessary elements of grammar and vocabulary. The present book has been designed in such a way so as to promote the much-needed skills, along with developing cultural awareness, dictionary skills and promote reading of supplementary materials. The Punjab School Education Board has been instrumental in providing the best platform for English language teaching to the entire populace of school students. New and updated syllabi has been prepared for classes I to X. New textbooks prepared on the basis of revised syllabi are presently being used by all the schools in Punjab. The book, in hand, is a composite book for Senior Secondary classes XI and XII. The language teaching for class XI And XII includes course books, ‘The Panorama of Life’ for class XI and ‘A Rainbow of English’ for class XII. Through “English Grammar and Composition for Senior Secondary Classes” we aim to develop the communicative abilities of the students from rural as well urban background. The topics have been carefully chosen to match the interests of the current generation of learners who are globally aware and sufficiently exposed to the contemporary trends. The book covers a wide range of topics from international areas as well as those closer to home. Emphasis has been on providing the students with variety of expressions to use the language as a tool of effective communication in their academic as well as professional field. For practice, the exercises are given at the end of each chapter. This book has been prepared under the guidance of Director Academics, written by Major Pardeep Kumar (Retd.), Recognised Trainer- Department of Personnel and Training, New Delhi (Lecturer English-Govt. Senior Secondary School, Bhim Nagar, Moga). It has been vetted by Mrs. Prabhjot Kaur, Deputy Director SCERT, Punjab. We would gratefull welcome comments and suggestions from teachers, experts and students as well to improve this books further. Chairman Punjab School Education Board (iii) PREFACE 'English Grammar and Composition for Senior Secondary Classes' is intended for students of Senior Secondary Classes. I hope that the learners as well as the teachers find it useful. This book is a comprehensive illustration of various aspects of English grammar in very clear, modern and contemporary English with numerous examples. This book is prepared to help the students to use the language as an effective tool of communication. This book will cater to the needs of the Senior Secondary school students who pursue their studies in their native language. Grammar and vocabulary items are explained through relevant contexts, rather than in isolation. The tasks and activities are extremely motivational and encouraging, and cater to a mixed ability group of learners. This was done to sensitise our learners as to where they go wrong while using the language. Activities are built in such a way as to encourage real-life use of the language. There are ample numbers of exercises on almost each point discussed and explained. Extensive end-of-chapter exercise sets provide the opportunity to practice style & composition principles and encourage readers to apply them to their own writing. This book has been an honest effort to come up as a trustworthy friend, who comes to you, sits with you and speaks to you in intimate terms, explains what all you should know to use the language as a natural flow of your thoughts. I wish to express my gratefulness to the Chairman, Punjab School Education Board, for being a pillar of strength through his consistent motivation and encouragement.I would also thank Mrs. Manjit Kaur, Director Academic, P.S.E.B. Mohali and Mrs. Prabhjot Kaur, Deputy Director, SCERT, Punjab for their valuable guidance and fruitful insights in drafting this book. I would like to acknowledge the valuable contribution of all members of the Textbook Development Committee and many other teachers for their inputs in the prepration of this grammar. Suggestions for improvement by large hearted readers and well-wishers shall be gratefully accepted. Major Pardeep Kumar (Retd.) (iv) TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE WRITER : Major Pardeep Kumar (Retd.), RT-DoPT (GOI), Lecturer English GSSS, Bhim Nagar, Moga. VETTER : Ms Prabhjot Kaur, Deputy Director, SCERT MEMBERS 1. Ms Navneet Kaur, Subject Expert, SCERT 2. Ms Farzana Shamim, Lecturer English, GSSS, Chand Baja, Faridkot. 3. Ms Anurag Sidhu, Lecturer English, GSSS, Ramgarh Bhudda. 4. Ms Varinder Sekhon, Lecturer English, GSSS, Machhali Kalan, S.A.S Nagar. 5. Ms Bindu Gulati, Principal, GSSS, Rurki Khas, Hoshiarpur. 6. Ms Maninder Kaur, Lecturer English, GSSS, Khamano Kalan, Fatehgarh Sahib. 7. Ms Rosy Mehta, Social Science Mistress, GSSS, Attati Firozpur. 8. Ms Sunita Singh, English Mistress, GHS Mansoorwala Dona, Kapurthala. 9. Mr. Deepak Sharma, Lecturer English, GSSS, Naseshra, Amritsar. 10. Mr. Indu Prakash, Rtd. English teacher. (v) SYLLABUS ENGLISH-XI Sr. No. Name of the Topic GRAMMAR (a) Prepositions (b) Determiners (c) Use of the same word as noun, verb and adjective (d) Modals (e) Tenses (f) Removal and Use of ‘Too’ (g) Voice (h) Narration COMPOSITION (a) Note Making (b) Message Writing (c) Notice Writing (d) Advertisements (e) Letter Writing (Social, Personal Only) (vi) SYLLABUS ENGLISH-XII Sr. No. Name of the Topic GRAMMAR (a) Determiners (b) Use of Non-finites (Infinitives, Gerunds, Participles) (c) Transformation of Sentences (d) Voice (e) Narration COMPOSITION (a) Precis Writing (b) Letter Writing (Official/Business/To Editors and Applications) (d) Explaining Newspaper Headlines (e) E-Mail Writing (vii) CONTENTS ENGLISH-XII Sr. No. Name of the Topic Page No. GRAMMAR 1. Parts of Speech 1 - 7 2. Determiners 8 - 36 3. Prepositions 37 - 61 4. Modals 62 - 81 5. Use of Non-Finites 82 - 115 (Infinitives, Gerunds and Participles) 6. Transformation of Sentences 116 - 144 (Including Removal and Use of ‘Too’) 7. Use of the Words as Nouns, Verbs 145 - 156 and Adjectives 8. Change of Voice 157 - 177 9. Change of Narration 178 - 201 10. Advertisements 202 - 209 11. Notice Writing 210 - 219 12. Note Making 220 - 233 13. Message Writing 234 - 239 14. Letter Writing 240 - 262 15. E-mail Writing 263 - 272 16. Precis Writing 273 - 283 17. Newspaper Headlines 284 - 288 18. The Art of Translation 289 - 309 19. Unseen Comprehension 310 - 324 (viii) 1 PARTS OF SPEECH Learning After the completion of this chapter, the learner will be Objectives able to : * Explain various parts of speech and use them. * Noun * Verb * Adverb * Pronoun * Preposition * Conjunction * Adjective * Interjection ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Words perform different functions in a sentence. They convey different meanings as per their position in the sentence. Based on their use and functions, words are categorised into several types or parts of speech. 1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Adjective 4. Verb 5. Adverb 6. Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Interjection NOUN Nouns are the simplest among the parts of speech. A Noun refers to words that are used to name persons, things, animals, places, ideas or events. In simple words, nouns are naming words. Manav, boys, class, Chandigarh, cattle, happiness, marriage are examples of nouns. Let us look at some of these for clear understanding. For Example : 1. Shakespeare was a great dramatist. The underlined word is a noun that refers to a person. 2. This book is new. The underlined word is a noun that refers to a thing. 3. Moga is my beloved city. The underlined word is a noun that refers to a place. 1 4. Love is the best feeling. The underlined word is a noun that refers to an idea. 5. Sympathy can be extremely helpful. The underlined word is a noun that refers to an idea. 6. Lion is the king of the jungle. The underlined word is a noun that refers to an animal. 7. I celebrated my anniversary. The underlined word is a noun that refers to an event. We can categorise nouns as given below: a. Proper Nouns : They always start with a capital letter and refer to specific names of persons, places, or things. For Example : The Adi Granth, The Vindhyas, Bharat b. Common Nouns : They are just generic names of persons, things, or places. For Example : house, school. c. Concrete Nouns : They refer to nouns which you can perceive through your five senses. For Example : mud, cement, wood. d. Abstract Nouns : These are nouns which you can’t perceive through your five senses. For Example : sadness, happiness. e. Countable Nouns – Anything that is countable, and has a singular and plural form is a countable noun. For Example : dogs, bats. f. Uncountable Nouns : Anything that cannot be counted and needs to have ‘counters’ to quantify it with terms like kilo, cup, meter, etc. For Example : dust, sand, water, a sack of sand, a pail of water.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • FROM the HAIR of SHIVA to the HAIR of the PROPHET … and Other Essays
    FROM THE HAIR OF SHIVA TO THE HAIR OF THE PROPHET … and other essays SAUVIK CHAKRAVERTI The soft parade has now begun, Listen to the engines hum, People out to have some fun, Cobra on my left, Leopard on my right! JIM MORRISON The Doors 2 DEDICATION To travel and travelers. And to the fond hope that, someday soon, travel in my great country will be safe, comfortable and swift. May Shubh Laabh and Shubh Yatra go together. Bon Voyage! 3 FOREWORD I am a firm believer in the social utility of enjoyable politico-economic journalism. Economists like Frederic Bastiat and Henry Hazlitt have set alight the minds of millions with the fire of freedom, not by writing dissertations, but by reaching out to lay people through jouernalism. These include dentists, engineers, architects and various other professionals who really need to know political economy in order to vote correctly, but have never had the opportunity to study it formally; or rather, in school, they have been MISTAUGHT! They are thus easily led astray by economic sophisms that justify protectionism and other damaging forms of state interference in economic life. It is for such people that I have penned this volume and I offer it to the general reading public so that they may not only enjoy the read but also appreciate the importance of Freedom: Freedom From The State. In this I have attempted to be extremely simple in my arguments – there are no ‘theories’ presented. There are also a series of travelogues which explain reality on the ground as we see it, and contrast East and West.
    [Show full text]
  • Voices of India's Partition, Part II: Mr. SM Mehdi
    Voices of India's Partition, Part II: Mr. S.M. Mehdi - Not Even Past Not Even Past 652 New Edit Post Howdy, Gilbert Borrego BOOKS FILMS & MEDIA THE PUBLIC HISTORIAN BLOG TEXAS OUR/STORIES STUDENTS ABOUT 15 MINUTE HISTORY "The past is never dead. It's not even past." William Faulkner NOT EVEN PAST Tweet 0 Like THE PUBLIC HISTORIAN Voices of India’s Partition, Part II: Mr. S.M. Mehdi Making History: Houston’s “Spirit of the Interviewed by Amber Abbas Confederacy” Alig Apartments, Shamshad Market, Aligarh (June 15, 2009) Transcript: Context Notes: I arrived at the home of S.M. Mehdi without an appointment, having been referred to him through a chance encounter with a University official. Though he was never a student of Aligarh, he has moved to the town after his daughter did her Medical degree there and is now practicing in Aligarh. S.M. Mehdi was surprised to see me, but agreed to answer my questions though he cautioned he could not be May 06, 2020 considered an expert on Aligarh. He told me, instead, of his experiences during partition as a Communist in Bombay. He worked for thirty years in the Soviet Embassy in New Delhi and has been a lifelong More from The Public Historian Communist. He is a very friendly and engaging person. He is tragically losing his vision and was eager for conversation. Though I met him only briefly, I felt very comfortable during my few visits to his home and looked forward to them. BOOKS SMM: There is another interesting incident I will tell you about that period.
    [Show full text]
  • A STUDY of SOUTH ASIAN BAR DANCERS by NAIRRUTI JANI Presen
    EXPLORING VULNERABILITY AND CONSENT TO TRAFFICKING RELATED MIGRATION: A STUDY OF SOUTH ASIAN BAR DANCERS by NAIRRUTI JANI Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON December 2009 Copyright © by Nairruti Jani 2009 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I acknowledge the participants who shared their life stories with me. If it was not for those tears hidden behind the smiling faces of bar dancers, I would not have a reason to conduct this research. I cannot thank you enough but can certainly admire your selfless sacrifices. I could not have achieved this in isolation. This dissertation was possible only because of the support and love I had from everyone who I would like to thank at this point. My husband who stood by me at every step of this research including my overnight visits at dance bars. My mum and dad for being by my side and teaching me the values I believe in. I thank my brother and uncle for their patience and belief in the long process of Ph.D. program. I would also like to thank my mother in law who encouraged me to conduct this research. I have another family as close to me that helped me at several stages of this research. I sincerely thank my chair Dr. Scannapieco for everything she has done to help me complete this dissertation. Thank you so much for believing in me. I thank Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • October 28 Page 1
    Evening daily Imphal Times Regd.No. MANENG /2013/51092 Volume 5, Issue 272, Saturday, October 28, 2017 www.imphaltimes.com Maliyapham Palcha Kumshing 3415 2/- Fitting PM Modi stresses the need to Supreme Court asks Centre to tribute paid to Th. develop true democratic values explain the reasons for delay in Iboyaima on among the political parties appointment of Judges st 1 Death Agency Addressing the media on the one year decisively. He said Agency this regard came in 2015 and provide a mechanism so that New Delhi, Oct 28: Prime occasion of Diwali Milan held the government has tried to New Delhi, Oct 28: Supreme nearly two years have passed appointments of regular Chief Anniversary Minister Narendra Modi has at BJP headquarters in New solve the problems in the Court has said that it will since then, the apex court Justices of High Courts are said, development of true Delhi today, he thanked country with people’s examine the issue relating to asked Attorney General KK not unduly delayed. democratic values in the media for making the Swachh participation. He also said delay in finalising the Venugopal to respond on the The Centre and the Collegium political parties of the country Bharat Abhiyaan a that India is entering into the Memorandum of Procedure issue. The court also have long been at loggerheads is important for the country nationwide mission. new year with a positive (MoP) for the appointment of appointed senior advocate KV over the finalisation of the as well as for the future of Speaking on the occasion the atmosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Train Stations
    ROUNDTABLE: THE FUTURE OF TRAIN STATIONS THE FUTURE OF TRAIN STATIONS The rail industry continually strives to identify ways to ensure that train users have the best possible experience, and travelling through train stations plays a huge part in this. Although train stations are understandably much quieter at the moment, passengers will eventually return – so, how will train stations adapt and improve what they currently offer in order to accommodate the changing requirements and needs of travellers? This ‘roundtable’ brings together key industry personnel and those passionate about sharing their opinions on the importance of train stations to the overall rail journey experience, and how these spaces might look in the future when considering the changing demands of tomorrows’ passengers. WITH PARTICIPATION FROM: @GlobalRailway 1 ROUNDTABLE: THE FUTURE OF TRAIN STATIONS PARTICIPANTS: CHARLENE MORGANE SANJEEV KUMAR MARK ALAN WALLACE CASTANIER PATRICK LOHIA GRISDALE RILEY Director of Freight, Head of Customers, GODDARD MD & CEO, Indian Strategic Account Head of Stations, National Passenger and Marketing & Digital President, Railway Stations Manager, LNER Customer Experience, Technology, SNCF Gares Brightline Development Corporation UK – EIM, Qognify Network Rail & Connexions Limited (IRSDC) In what ways do you think that the coronavirus pandemic will shape the way that train stations are used and managed in the future? RILEY: In the short-term, we expect that, as customers a business customer on their daily commute. It’s begin to return to rail, they will have a greater focus how we understand these differences and model on cleanliness and social distancing, so we need our facilities to ensure that the experience meets to have systems in place that will reassure them.
    [Show full text]
  • Dignity in Development Projects
    DEVELOPMENT AS DIGNITY Frontline Stories from Development Experts in the Global South Edited by ‘Dapo Oyewole, Andrew Quinn and Holly Kearl Copyright © 2018 by The Aspen Institute The Aspen Institute 2300 N Street, NW Suite 700 Washington, DC 20037 Published in the United States of America in 2018 by The Aspen Institute All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 18/007 ISBN: 978-0-692-11772-9 DEVELOPMENT AS DIGNITY Frontline Stories from Development Experts in the Global South Edited by ‘Dapo Oyewole, Andrew Quinn and Holly Kearl Contents Preface Andrew Quinn 3 Introduction ‘Dapo Oyewole 4 Dignity and Work Dignity in Development Projects Anjali Sarker 8 Dignity and Economic Opportunity Misan Rewane 14 Dignity and Agriculture Edward Mabaya 19 Dignity and Women Farmers Ranjitha Puskur 24 Dignity in Medicine and Science Dignity and Pain Serufusa Sekidde 32 Dignity and Maternal Health Mary Mwanyika Sando 40 Dignity and Research Ify Aniebo 44 Dignity and Eliminating Diseases Thumbi Mwangi 51 Dignity and Advocacy Dignity and Information Oluseun Onigbinde 58 Dignity and Gender-Based Violence ElsaMarie D’Silva 62 Dignity and Women’s Equality Rasha Jarhum 68 About the Authors 73 DEVELOPMENT AS DIGNITY Preface Andrew Quinn The world is at an inflection point. Increasingly, the Global South drives health and development innovation — pioneering exciting medical, scientific, financing and policy breakthroughs that open the door to healthier and more fulfilling lives for billions of people. But the media and policy makers too often fail to recognize this global change — which slows progress. The global health and development narrative is reflexively depicted as a Western story, skewing our collective understanding of where and how development breakthroughs occur and preventing those breakthroughs from helping those who need them.
    [Show full text]
  • Oliphant Dec 2020 Founders
    The Oliphant / Edition 389 / 2020 / Issue 6 / December / Founder’s / Online Editor-in-Chief Sanshray Ghorawat Senior Editors Prakhar Dixit Sanniddhya Aggarwal Editorial Shreyansh Jindal Editors Viraj Lohia Aarav Upadhaya We got here sooner than we expected, didn’t we? It’s funny year away from school, that whatever you have experienced, how we all try and delay the inevitable in the hope that it will and all that you still have to experience becomes even more Samanyu Malik eventually become easier. But here we are, and let me just say, extraordinary when you have people who share it with you - or writing this wasn’t easy. Then again, what even is easy when even have something else to say about it. Mrinank Chandar you’re at Welham Boys’ School? I may be biased by personal experience, but there truly is Creative Editors CONTENTS In my very first editorial I wrote about how everyone wants nothing more satisfying than having poured your heart out on to do something to be remembered, to live through something pages and pages of words; nothing more fulfilling than having Samyak Jain and to form legacies. In hindsight, I should have been careful written something with true emotion and seeing others feel the of what I wished for. People are going to remember this year same way. All the hard work becomes worth it once you realise Ayaan Suhail Editorial 01 for foiled plans and ambitions, for the distance, and everything that your words managed to touch a soul - even if it’s only a Welham Now 02 in between.
    [Show full text]