Football's Social Responsibility

FOOTBALL’S SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY – BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER THE FIFA WORLD CUP IN QATAR

TIME FOR ACTION Contents

Introduction 3 Summary 4 The Commission’s recommendation concerning a boycott 4 The Commission’s recommendations for demands that FIFA take action to improve the situation in Qatar and avoid future sports-washing 5 The Commission’s recommendations concerning the need to strengthen the platform underpinning NFF’s human rights activities 6 Human rights and labour rights challenges linked to the World Cup in Qatar 7 How NFF can contribute to permanent change in Qatar and FIFA 9 NFF and FIFA’s duty to contribute to permanent change in Qatar 9 NFF must work for permanent change within FIFA 11 How NFF can combat sports-washing in football 12 Need to strengthen NFF’s platform for working with human rights 13 Recommended initiatives to effect change 16 Boycott 16 Dialogue and demands 19 On-site demonstrations 19 With the Extraordinary Congress into the future 20 Timelines for developments in Qatar, FIFA and NFF from 2010 to 2021 21 The Commission’s members 30 The Commission’s mandate 30 Plenary meetings of the Commission 32 Reports/sources/interview list 32

1. Introduction

The Commission considers that the FIFA World Cup (World Cup) should never have been awarded to Qatar in 2010. With this as its starting point, the Commission has been surprised that neither NFF nor FIFA has been willing or able to quickly and clearly demand that the competition’s organisers and the Qatar authorities ensure improvements in the situation for migrant workers in the country. FIFA has adopted a new policy intended to ensure that human rights and labour rights are upheld going forward, but they have not lived up to these standards with respect to taking responsibility for improving the situation for workers in Qatar. The absence of adequate action in solidarity with migrant workers has for a long time been a collective failing on the part of the international footballing community.

The immense international attention surrounding the World Cup has contributed to international pressure for legal reforms in Qatar. For the Commission, it has been important to illuminate how Norwegian football can contribute to the World Cup being used to implement these reforms so that they will benefit as many migrant workers as possible, as effectively as possible.

The Commission has sought to bring together relevant information and, on this basis, arrive at recommendations which NFF’s Extraordinary Congress must now discuss and vote on. The objective is that this report will assist the sport’s elected representatives to decide how best Norwegian football can help international football to take greater responsibility before, during and after the 2022 World Cup in Qatar. The Commission has interpreted the mandate it was given by NFF’s governing board to mean that we, in this report, should provide the Extraordinary Congress with a basis for deciding:

1. What is the problem with awarding the World Cup to Qatar, and what do we want changed? 2. Initiatives to succeed in achieving the desired changes. 3. How to avoid “sports-washing” and strengthen Norwegian football’s platform for human rights compliance and enhancement.

For the Commission, it has been important to see how Norwegian football can in future strengthen its engagement to prevent football being misused for political whitewashing, and instead exploit its full potential as a positive force for Norway and the international community.

Given the relatively short time between the Commission started its work and the report was due to be delivered to NFF’s governing board and its Extraordinary Congress, the Commission decided to break into working groups with specific tasks to achieve the most effective collection and processing of relevant information. In addition to various working group meetings, the full Commission has met 18 times.

The award of the World Cup to Qatar has prompted national and international debate, with strong views being expressed. In its endeavours, the Commission has sought to be fact-based, but some of the recommendations inevitably rest on subjective assessments. This is particularly evident in the recommendations concerning the initiatives Norwegian football must implement to reach the objectives that the Commission is agreed on.

As for most football matches, the outcome of sports diplomacy is uncertain. Just as in football, success depends on thorough preparation, competence, good judgement and helping each other to play well. In its assessments, the Commission has emphasised the importance of proposing measures that encourage as many as possible to concerted action. In sports diplomacy, going it alone quickly descends into empty posturing.

The Commission hopes that it will be possible to bring Norway’s whole sporting community together in support of a shared platform and shared goals with respect to these ethical issues. Norwegian sports have a total of 250 representatives in international positions, but they lack a unified understanding of what our international efforts should achieve.

In conclusion, the Commission would like to pay tribute to the individuals who have taken the initiative to put this debate high on the national and international agenda. You have made a vital difference and have helped make human rights an integral part of football and not a separate issue that sport can influence from the outside. Now it is up to the democratic process and NFF’s Extraordinary Congress to decide which ethical choices Norwegian football shall make. Choices which will have an impact for a long time to come and far beyond Norway’s borders. 3 2. Summary

The Commission’s recommendation concerning a boycott A majority of the Commission, comprising 12 of 14 members, considers that boycotting the World Cup would not be the most effect way of strengthening human and labour rights in Qatar. Nor would a boycott be the most effective way of persuading FIFA to introduce permanent changes to promote greater respect for human rights. This view is based on a review of the facts, interviews and expert assessments.

The majority rests its conclusion on the fact that while there is little likelihood that a boycott would contribute to permanent changes in either Qatar or FIFA, there is a risk that it could cause Norwegian football to lose opportunities to exert its influence at a time when international football’s ethical foundations are under pressure.

The majority gives weight to statements by international human and labour organisations asserting that further dialogue, with clear demands, is necessary for the reforms to be implemented and benefit all migrant workers.

The Commission’s majority therefore recommends that NFF’s Extraordinary Congress vote to send a clear message to FIFA and the organisers in Qatar demanding the implementation of the important reforms that will ensure all migrant workers in Qatar a working environment that is neither dangerous nor injurious to their health, as well as acceptable pay and living conditions. The majority considers that this is important to help ensure the reforms adopted in Qatar are implemented, which should be a precondition for the entire international football community’s participation in the World Cup.

The Commission’s majority points out that it is the responsibility of NFF’s governing board to implement the decisions taken by the organisation’s Annual Congress. The majority considers that the NFF Ethics Committee will be an important factor in verifying whether Congress decisions regarding human rights activities have been satisfactorily implemented by NFF. Through dialogue with the major international human and labour rights organisations with a presence in Qatar, the committee will also be able to assess the situation in the country on an ongoing basis. Important indicators will be:

• That the workers’ demands are met, including the payment of accrued wages. • That members of the free press are permitted to enter the country. • That the implementation of the reforms intended to strengthen migrant workers’ rights in Qatar are not reversed.

The Ethics Committee must submit written quarterly reports to NFF’s governing board, which must publish it on www.fotball.no. The Ethics Committee must also report on its assessment of NFF’s human rights activities at each Annual Congress, starting in March 2022.

Given the highly censurable and insecure situation for migrant workers in Qatar, commission members Kjersti Løken Stavrum and Tom Høgli consider that a separate assessment of conditions in the country must be made immediately prior to the start of the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 tournament. The risk of new revelations of censurable conditions in the run-up to December 2022 is very real. These members consider that this could cause further embarrassment to the World Cup tournament itself and the wider football community. Given the weakness that FIFA and NFF have hitherto exhibited, and therefore the lack of confidence in their efforts going forward, it is natural that the Ethics Committee should lead this assessment and submit its conclusions in a publicly available report shortly before the tournament begins.

A minority of the Commission, comprising two of its 14 members, want NFF’s Extraordinary Congress to vote in favour of boycotting the World Cup if it takes place in Qatar. If the tournament is relocated to another host country, where systematic and gross human rights violations have not been documented, Norway will take part if we qualify. It is important that Norway does not accept the use of football to legitimise the abuse of human rights and violation of football’s values, or whitewash dictatorships.

4 minority consider that there are no indications that Qatar will succeed in, or is willing to, implement good enough changes for us to consider it acceptable to participate in the World Cup in Qatar. The minority considers it clear that the reforms adopted in Qatar have not been implemented on the ground. The minority disagrees with the majority’s view that a boycott would place Norway on the sidelines with respect to changes in FIFA. The minority view a boycott as the most powerful weapon we have and will attract massive international attention. It is their opinion that a boycott could therefore help to demand a new standard for what football can accept both within FIFA and outside it.

The minority finds it worrying to experience that, step by step, international football is moving its ethical position away from what should be our moral standards. They find that workers’ rights are particularly poor, while financially strong actors have their interests enhanced. The 2022 World Cup and the European Super League are examples of incidents where money and powerful people are able to shape football to far too great an extent. That is why the protests against the 2022 World Cup send a clear message that enough is enough. That is why it is now vital that Norway takes a clear stand and sets the political agenda for international football going forward.

The Commission’s recommendations for demands that FIFA take action to improve the situation in Qatar and avoid future sports-washing The award of the World Cup to Qatar challenges football’s ability to take its social responsibility seriously. Many migrant workers in Qatar live and work under unacceptable conditions. According to international labour rights organisations, the biggest challenges in Qatar today relate to construction sites that are not part of the World Cup infrastructure programme. Nevertheless, the Commission considers that football has a responsibility to extend the standards applicable to World Cup-related building work to the whole of the construction industry and other parts of working life in Qatar. Since 2010, the authorities in Qatar have adopted important reforms, which are intended to help achieve this. However, international human and labour rights organisations agree that the challenge going forward lies in the implementation of these reforms.

For a long time, FIFA’s view was that they had no responsibility for working conditions linked to the construction of stadiums in host countries. In 2015, a complaint was filed against FIFA in Switzerland, under the OECD’s established grievance procedure, citing abuse of migrant workers’ rights in Qatar. This was the start of a great many changes in FIFA’s policies. These included adoption of a human rights policy and changes in the criteria for the award of championship competitions. Clear criteria for the award of competitions, as well as procedures to secure compliance therewith, are a necessary precondition for the prevention of sports-washing. In 2016, FIFA decided to include an article on human rights in its Statutes, and announced that human rights would be integrated into the criteria for the award of the 2026 World Cup.

An important initiative that FIFA implemented in the period 2017–2020 was the establishment of an independent advisory committee on human rights. The committee’s final report set out important recommendations for FIFA’s further endeavours, and the Commission has attached importance to these in its own assessment.

The Commission expects that NFF will: • Immediately contact FIFA when NFF becomes aware of serious new incidents in Qatar. NFF must ask FIFA to exert its influence with the Supreme Committee and the authorities in Qatar to achieve the fastest possible change. • Ask FIFA to engage with the authorities in Qatar to secure the establishment of enhanced inspection mechanisms to enable abuses against workers to be quickly uncovered and stopped. • Be more explicit in demanding that FIFA actively takes responsibility for ensuring that the workers who are building stadiums and other World Cup-related infrastructure in Qatar receive what they are entitled to. FIFA should also use its influence generally on behalf of migrant workers in Qatar. This includes efforts to establish the right to unionise. • Support the start-up of a resource centre for migrant workers, which is currently being established, by contributing initial capital. NFF should strongly encourage FIFA to do the same. • Demand that the authorities in Qatar implement adequate measures to ensure that members of the LGBTQI+ community feel welcome and safe as participants or guests during the World Cup. • Demand that FIFA incorporate a permanent, independent human rights committee as a key part of the FIFA organisation, with members nominated by internationally recognised human rights organisations. In addition, a greater focus on independence is crucial in connection with nominations to all independent bodies in FIFA.

5 • Secure a binding assurance from FIFA that the award criteria adopted in 2016 will apply to all future FIFA championship competitions, for men and women and at the club level. NFF should also work for the adoption of a provision that future awards will be withdrawn if host countries fail to meet specific demands for change within a specific timeframe. • Ask FIFA to demand a guarantee from the authorities in Qatar that members of the free press will be allowed to enter the country and access the facilities before, during and after the World Cup. This is particularly important to verify the quality of the information and follow-up of conditions in the country, and involves easy access to a visa for any journalist who wants one. • Demand that FIFA issues quarterly reports to all football associations about the preparations for the competition, with clear performance indicators. • Invite the Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports to engage in an inclusive process to agree on how we can jointly build and rebuild trust in sport’s international ethical foundations through tangible steps and measures to prevent sports-washing and help to strengthen human rights.

The Commission’s recommendations concerning the need to strengthen the platform underpinning NFF’s human rights activities The Commission finds that there is remarkably little focus on human and labour rights in general in the work NFF does, despite the wide international network that Norwegian football is part of. There is a considerable risk that national teams and clubs play matches or hold training camps in countries where there are serious human rights challenges. It is therefore astonishing that NFF does not seem to have a stronger focus on due diligence methodology and risk analysis. Norwegian football’s efforts to boost respect for human rights must permeate all levels in the organisation, but the greatest responsibility lies with its leadership.

The Commission considers that NFF’s leadership will in future have to have a stronger focus on how it can give Norwegian football interests greater impact in UEFA and FIFA. If Norway is to have legitimacy and power in the international effort to influence FIFA, UEFA and other associations, the Commission believes it is important that Norwegian football adopts guidelines for how Norwegian football, in the form of its associations, leagues, clubs and leaders, should address issues relating to human rights.

The Commission will also recommend a review of the Ethics Committee’s mandate and function, to give it responsibility for verifying that the measures NFF’s Annual Congress adopts to strengthen its human rights activities are actually implemented. The Ethics Committee should also be given responsibility for reporting to NFF’s Annual Congress on developments in Qatar and whether necessary reforms there are being reversed.

The Commission expects that NFF will: • Put endeavours to promote human rights far higher on its own agenda. This means, for example, embedding respect for human rights as a key aspect of Norwegian football’s international interests in NFF’s strategy. Work on this topic must also been reported to the Annual Congress and included in the annual report. • Develop a comprehensive strategy for how Norwegian football can strengthen its own participation in and ability to influence international forums and committees, in order to increase acceptance of Norwegian football’s priorities, particularly work to promote human rights, participation and equality, and to combat sports-washing and corruption. NFF should establish a committee to propose guidelines for Norwegian football on matters relating to human rights. • Review the Ethics Committee’s mandate and function, and give it responsibility for verifying that the human rights-related measures adopted by NFF’s Annual Congress are actually implemented. This means reporting to the Annual Congress on the implementation of decisions, starting with the Annual Congress in 2022. To ensure the Ethics Committee has the capacity and competence needed to perform this additional task, the Commission urges the forthcoming Extraordinary Congress to consider a resolution to increase the Ethics Committee’s membership. • Become a member of the UN Global Compact and work for FIFA to do the same. • Ensure that NFF acts as a “responsible consumer” in connection with Norwegian participation in international events, by choosing suppliers who can demonstrate that they are working actively to avoid involvement in gross human rights and/or labour rights abuses.

6 • Introduce procedures to offer players and support staff linked to national and club teams a thorough introduction to the human rights situations prevailing in the countries they are going to visit, to build trust and pave the way for informed, individual choices concerning, for example, the exercise of free speech.

3. Human rights and labour rights challenges linked to the World Cup in Qatar

Link to background memo on working conditions in Qatar

BWI The Building and Wood Workers’ International (BWI), is an international labour organisation that promotes the interests for workers in the construction and wood-processing industries. BWI is made up of 351 trade unions representing 12 million members in 127 countries. BWI has been working inside Qatar to improve migrant workers’ living and working conditions since 2010.

Labour rights Protecting human rights, including labour rights, is primarily the responsibility of the state. This is established in international law through a series of conventions, agreements that states choose to sign up to or not. Compliance is meant to be secured by the states adopting laws and establishing courts and authorities that work to protect human rights. These rights are not restricted to the state’s own citizens, but apply to everyone inside its territory. Members of the International Labor Organization (ILO) have decided that when a state becomes a member of the ILO, it is automatically bound by all eight of the ILO’s core conventions (on child labour, forced labour, freedom from discrimination, freedom of association and collective bargaining). Qatar is a member of the ILO.

The most important measures introduced in Qatar since 2015 The most important measures introduced by the authorities in Qatar since 2015 are: • “The Domestic Workers Law”, which limits working hours and mandates daily rest breaks, one day off a week and paid holiday. • More than four workers are no longer permitted to be accommodated in the same room. • Labour Committees have been established to resolve work-related disputes and increase workers’ protection under the law. • The introduction of fines and prison sentences for the withholding of wages (wage theft), as well as a fund to support and accelerate the payment of unpaid wages. • A non-discriminatory new minimum wage (to be implemented in 2021). • The adoption of legislation to remove the most problematic and restrictive aspects of the kafala system, including the requirement that workers obtain exit permits and no-objection certificates if they wish to change to a new employer. • Ratification of two key international human rights conventions, even though Qatar has reserved the right to ignore some of their key obligations, including the right of workers to form and join trade unions. • The adoption of new legislation to ensure workers are better protected from heat stress during the summer months.

7 The kafala system The kafala system is used in the Gulf states to control migrant workers, primarily in the building and construction sector. The system requires all unskilled workers to have a sponsor in the country, usually the employer, who is responsible for visa matters and the workers’ legal status. This system has been fiercely criticised by human rights organisations as exploitative because employers can confiscate workers’ passports and exploit them with very little risk of legal consequences.

FIFA’s 2010 decision to award of the World Cup to Qatar has been criticised particularly on the grounds that legal protections in the country are inadequate, that the award was not based on sporting criteria and that it was part of a “sports-washing” effort to boost Qatar’s standing in the eyes of the world. It has also been alleged by various media that corruption was involved in the award.

The Commission has examined conditions relating to the construction of the World Cup venues and other competition-related infrastructure. In the opinion of the Commission, conditions at these sites are better than in the rest of the country. The authorities in Qatar assert that there were 37 fatalities directly linked to the construction of World Cup stadiums in the period 2010 to 2019, 34 of which were recorded as not work-related.

Conditions for migrant workers in Qatar were highlighted by The Guardian newspaper in an article published in February 2021. Here, the total number of migrant workers who have died in Qatar in the same period was estimated at 6,500. Medical experts have pointed out that the large number of non-work-related deaths ascribed to cardiopulmonary disease among young men is probably due to fatal heat stroke caused by working in high temperatures, and that such deaths are therefore linked to the censurable conditions in which many workers live and toil.

It is unfortunate that a number of different figures for work-related deaths are being circulated, and that they do not provide a basis for comparison with other countries and situations. The ILO’s statistics for 2020 indicate that there were 43 work-related deaths in Qatar in a 10-month period. This figure is considerably lower than The Guardian’s claim, though it is substantially higher than the figure stated by the authorities in Qatar.

Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International and the UN, through the International Labor Organization (ILO), are among those who have repeatedly warned of censurable conditions for many migrant workers in Qatar. This includes long-hours and demanding work at dangerously high temperatures, low or missing wages, failure to recognise trade unions, and poor living conditions. In addition, the workers have been subject to the so-called kafala system, like other migrant workers in the Gulf region. This system prevents them leaving the country or changing jobs, without first obtaining their employer’s permission. These challenges are reinforced by the fact that migrant workers make up approx. 99 per cent of the workforce in Qatar’s construction industry. The Commission has found that the legislative amendment giving workers the right to change their employer has had an impact. Since the law went into effect in September 2020, over 70,000 people have made use of this right, according to official figures. The ILO confirms that a large number of employees who have changed jobs since the change in the law. Even though this must be considered an indication of extreme discontent, such job swaps create a powerful incentive for employers to treat their workers well – to secure continuous operations and prevent costly employee churn. In this way, the competition for workers generates positive change.

The Commission recognises that Qatar has introduced tangible measures and important legislative changes to improve conditions for migrant workers and abolish the kafala system. Nevertheless, it considers that there is a long way to go before this has been implemented nationwide, as organisations like Amnesty have underlined. The need for enhanced implementation is also emphasised strongly by the World Cup organiser in Qatar (Supreme Committee).

The Commission has given weight to BWI’s reports that international efforts to influence the World Cup organisers have produced results, and that inspections have confirmed improvements in health and safety at the stadiums. Deaths linked to the construction of the World Cup stadiums are therefore far lower than in Qatar as a whole. This confirms BWI’s conclusion that the World Cup organisers have secured better working conditions for migrant workers than is the standard in the rest of the country. At the same time, the Commission would like to point out that both the organiser and FIFA must take responsibility for the conditions experienced by migrant workers engaged in the construction of other World Cup-related infrastructure.

8 Although the biggest challenges in Qatar relate to construction sites that are not part of the World Cup programme, the Commission considers that football and FIFA have a broader social responsibility. Several of the Commission’s recommendations to NFF’s Extraordinary Congress are therefore measures that are intended to “transfer” the standards applying to World Cup-related construction projects to the entire construction industry and other parts of Qatar’s working life.

In the face of this challenge, it is reassuring that BWI, ILO, the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) and Amnesty are unanimous not only in their view of the importance of the improvements that have been introduced in Qatar since the World Cup was awarded, but also in their assessment of the most important challenges going forward. All the experts that the Commission has talked to have pointed out that implementation of and compliance with the reforms and improvements that have been initiated to date will be the main challenge going forward. The Commission wishes to underline that FIFA has both the opportunity and the responsibility to ensure that these reforms do not remain simply words on a page, but lead to better conditions for all workers in the country – also after the World Cup’s floodlights have been turned off. This must include a working environment that is neither dangerous nor injurious to the health of the workers, as well as acceptable pay and living conditions. NFF must here take a clearer responsibility and work actively with specific initiatives to support the joint international pressure being brought to bear by actors both within football and outside it.

4. How NFF can contribute to permanent change in Qatar and FIFA

Link to memo on FIFA’s processes for compliance and handling human rights challenges

NFF and FIFA’s duty to contribute to permanent change in Qatar

Organiser of the 2022 FIFA World Cup. The Supreme Committee for Delivery and Legacy (SC) was created in 2011, and is responsible for planning the tournament on behalf of Qatar. This includes building stadiums and other necessary infrastructure. One aspect of the SC’s responsibility is to ensure that the first World Cup in an Arab country leaves behind the impression of a region characterised by a sustainable economy, education and social development.

Immediately after Qatar was awarded the 2022 World Cup, the international trade union movement became involved and issued five specific demands for Qatar’s continued staging of the tournament:

1. Abolition of the kafala system 2. Respect for trade union rights 3. Introduction of a minimum wage 4. Introduction of a mediation service 5. Cooperation with responsible international recruitment agencies

The trade union movement’s objective was to bring about permanent change in the entire country, though its initial focus was on cooperation with the World Cup organisers. After more than two years of negotiation, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed in November 2016 between the Building and Wood Workers’ International (BWI) and the Supreme Committee (SC) organising the competition. The agreement gave the BWI the right to perform health and safety inspections at the building sites. BWI’s entitlement has gradually been expanded to cover more general labour rights.

For a long time, FIFA’s view was that they had no responsibility for working conditions during the construction of stadiums in host countries. The turning point came in 2015, when a complaint was filed against FIFA in Switzerland, under the OECD’s established grievance procedure, citing abuse of migrant workers’ rights in Qatar. This is an example of how FIFA’s policies have been altered in several key areas following external pressure. 9 In January 2020, FIFA and the competition organiser in Qatar, World Cup Qatar 2022 LLC (Q22), launched a joint plan to prevent human and labour rights abuses before, during and after the 2022 World Cup. Under this plan, FIFA will ask critical questions, while the SC and Q22 are the entities that will actively implement the policies by setting standards for suppliers, as well as monitoring and dealing with non-compliant working conditions. An important part of the plan is the mapping of risks relating to various deliveries to the 2022 World Cup.

In the Commission’s opinion, FIFA has taken too little responsibility for the conditions experienced by the workers in Qatar, including those workers directly involved in the construction of the stadiums. Despite the fact that FIFA is responsible for the tournament, there are grounds to question the extent to which the positive changes made on behalf of migrant workers can be ascribed to FIFA. Instead, changes seem to have occurred primarily at the initiative of the Supreme Committee in Qatar following pressure from the international community.

The Commission finds it extremely unfortunate that NFF’s senior leadership endorsed the award to Qatar in 2010, and that it was not until 2013 that NFF first expressed concern about the lack of respect for human and labour rights in Qatar. The Commission wishes to underline that although the resolution passed by NFF’s governing board in 2016 concerning collaboration with the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (LO) and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in order to influence migrant workers’ conditions was important, it came too late. The Commission also considers that NFF could and should have been clearer in its demands to FIFA. The strategy of working closely with Nordic counterparts to exploit the contacts others have with UEFA and FIFA was correct, but also showed that NFF has not given priority to building its own relationships and positions in the past decade.

The Commission considers that NFF, both in conjunction with its Nordic counterparts and in its own clear voice, must demand that FIFA works actively vis-à-vis the authorities in Qatar to oblige them to implement, continue and expand the reforms after the World Cup. This will also be important if the positive development in Qatar is to continue to have a ripple effect in the region, as several of the Commission’s interviewees have pointed out. To succeed in permanently strengthening human and labour rights, FIFA must contribute actively in a broad and unified engagement with various international actors, such as Amnesty, the international trade union movement, the UN and the business community.

The Commission recommends that NFF: • Immediately contacts FIFA when it learns of serious new incidents in Qatar, to request that FIFA exerts its influence with the Supreme Committee and the authorities in Qatar to achieve the fastest possible change. • Asks that FIFA works vis-à-vis the authorities in Qatar to establish enhanced inspection mechanisms to quickly identify and stop the abuse of workers. • Works to persuade FIFA to demand that the authorities in Qatar improve migrant workers’ legal protection through mechanisms that ensure abusive employers are held to account. • Challenges FIFA to take further steps to ensure respect for workers’ right to unionise. • Supports the start-up of a resource centre for migrant workers, which is currently being established, by contributing initial capital. NFF should strongly encourage FIFA to do the same. • Demands that FIFA take an active role in helping to ensure that workers engaged in the construction of stadiums and other World Cup-related infrastructure in Qatar receive what they are entitled to. This means, for example, that FIFA must be kept informed by the Supreme Council of any non-conformances, and must follow up the Supreme Committee’s activities with respect to the workers concerned. • Asks FIFA to demand a guarantee from the authorities in Qatar that members of the free press will be allowed to enter the country and access the facilities before, during and after the World Cup. This is particularly important to verify the quality of the information and follow-up of conditions in the country, and involves easy access to a visa for any journalist who wants one. • Demands that the authorities in Qatar implement adequate measures to ensure that members of the LGBQTI+ community feel welcome and safe as participants or guests during the World Cup.

10 NFF must work for permanent change within FIFA

The principle of due diligence Since companies often have a huge impact on people’s lives, standards have been established at the international level for companies’ responsibilities with respect to human rights. In 1999, the UN Global Compact was established. This sets out a number of key principles for companies’ ethical responsibilities, which companies can choose to endorse. The UN and the OECD (which are two intergovernmental organisations) have subsequently established a shared framework for how companies (like FIFA) should work to ensure that they do not cause or contribute to human rights abuses, including labour rights violations. The methodology, which is internationally recognised, builds on the principle of due diligence, and involves a continuous process containing five elements: establish a policy; perform a risk assessment to identify where in the organisation the risk of serious abuses is greatest; ensure compliance and that incidents that have occurred are dealt with; appoint someone in the company to be explicitly responsible for this area; ensure that measures and processes are working through regular follow-up. Reports must also be submitted internally to the board, while external reporting must describe how the organisation addresses risk, which risks have been identified and how they are dealt with. The process is dynamic, in that all the phases are interlinked, with changes being made when failings are discovered, and the changes subsequently reported.

FIFA’s criteria for awarding championship competitions have been modified since Qatar was awarded the World Cup in 2010 (See the section on “sports-washing” in Chapter 5 below). In FIFA’s assessment of Qatar’s application in 2010, neither human rights nor the risk of human rights abuses was adequately addressed. At that time, the issue was not on FIFA or Qatar’s radar.

In 2017, FIFA adopted a human rights policy. It is ambitious and builds on the due diligence methodology recommended by the OECD and UN. The policy has been adopted at the highest level in FIFA and states that human rights must be an integral part of all processes within FIFA through risk assessment and follow-up, and that internal structures to ensures this happens will be established. Furthermore, human rights has become a fixed agenda item for the annual FIFA Congress. Despite FIFA having an established policy and award criteria that protect human and labour rights, it has subsequently awarded other FIFA-related championships without making any demands. It is important that FIFA, in its future practice, demonstrates a willingness and an ability to implement these changes.

One of FIFA’s most operative measures is that it had an independent Human Rights Advisory Committee in the period 2017–2020. The committee’s mandate was to work to strengthen FIFA’s efforts to secure respect for human rights. The now defunct committee comprised eight experts on human rights, labour rights, the protection of children in sports and the fight against corruption. Committee members were drawn from the UN, trade unions, academia, civil society and business. The committee published its final report in February 2021, in which it concluded that FIFA had initiated many important measures during the four-year period. The committee disclosed that FIFA had acted on 60 per cent of its recommendations and that 40 per cent are, completely or partly, in the process of being initiated. However, the committee also made several criticisms, including the fact that FIFA had not included human rights requirements in the award criteria for all championship competitions, but only for the award of the for men’s and women’s World Cup.

The committee also said that even though FIFA has achieved much in Qatar, there is still a considerable risk of serious human rights abuses, particularly against migrant workers in the construction sector and other sectors linked to the World Cup, such as hotel operations, but also with respect to protecting the rights of ticket-holders and other visitors during the World Cup itself. With respect to the situation facing workers in Qatar, the committee considers that it takes far too long to give workers the help they need when abusive conditions are discovered. FIFA should therefore take a more active role to change this.

The Commission would like to point out that even though FIFA has made important changes to the award criteria and adopted a human rights policy, they have done too little to ensure that these new standards have any kind of retroactive effect. FIFA should have assumed a far greater responsibility for ensuring that all migrant workers directly or indirectly associated with the World Cup preparations receive what they are entitled to. Nor, in the Commission’s opinion, has FIFA used the opportunities the competition affords to make unqualified demands that the authorities in Qatar fully implement the adopted reforms for the benefit of all the migrant workers in the country. 11 The Commission expects that NFF will: • Demand that FIFA incorporate a permanent, independent human rights committee as a key part of the FIFA organisation, with members nominated by internationally recognised human rights organisations and other relevant and independent actors, such as the UN, trade unions, academia, civil society and the business community. • Work actively to ensure FIFA establishes a system to ensure transparency and independence in connection with nominations to all independent bodies in FIFA.

5. How NFF can combat sports-washing in football

Sports-washing The term “sports-washing” is used when a state organises, sponsors or takes ownership of high-profile sporting events or sports organisations for the purpose of diverting attention away from conditions for which that same state has been heavily criticised. Sports-washing is a tactic that has been and is still used particularly by states that commit or permit human rights abuses or crimes against humanity. According to Amnesty, sports-washing is really a PR campaign to enhance the country’s international reputation.

An important way of preventing sports-washing is to establish good criteria for the award of championships, as well as procedures to ensure the criteria are applied. FIFA has listed a great many criteria that countries seeking to host championships must address. The criteria cover, for example, infrastructure, arena facilities and training camps, as well as guarantees relating to security, financial matters, etc, from all governing levels. The award criteria contained no items specifically relating to human rights until May 2016. In other words, the championship that was eventually awarded to Mexico/USA/Canada was the first in which weight was given to human rights.

In 2016, FIFA decided to include an article on human rights in its Statutes, and announced that human rights would be integrated into the award criteria for the 2026 World Cup. Applications to host major championships must therefore now contain an independent report on the applicant country’s human rights situation, with an assessment of risk, a description of how stakeholders’ views have been taken into account when preparing the report, and a plan for how human rights challenges in the country concerned will be handled with the approval of its governing authorities. The human rights aspects detailed in the application documents will then be assessed by an independent third-party before FIFA’s members proceed to a vote.

In connection with the 2018 award of the World Cup to Canada/Mexico/USA, these procedures were followed, and the process showed that the criteria and the intention to carry out a transparent assessment of the applicant countries’ human rights status worked as intended. The Commission considers that FIFA’s award of the FIFA Club World Cup to China in 2019 shows the importance of applying the award criteria and procedures adopted for the World Cup to other types of FIFA-related competitions. FIFA has argued that the short time they had available in connection with the 2019 award meant that they had to “modernise” the award process through a simplified and accelerated procedure, where they involved a number of potential “host member associations” before they concluded by proposing the Chinese Football Association to the FIFA Council meeting. Nevertheless, FIFA claims that they are retaining human rights requirements both in the award and execution of FIFA championship competitions, and always expect host countries to guarantee and pledge to uphold human rights in their tournament-related activities in accordance with internationally recognised human rights standards and FIFA’s own human rights policy. The Commission points to FIFA’s independent human rights committee which, in its 2020 report, sharply criticised the fact that FIFA did not apply the award criteria demanding documentation of the potential host country’s human rights situation when it awarded the Club World Cup to China in 2019. The Commission therefore considers that it is absolutely necessary for the criteria to apply to all types of championship competition under FIFA’s auspices, and that UEFA and the other confederations introduce the same standards.

12 The Commission expects that NFF will: • Demand that FIFA commit to following the procedure and award criteria it adopted in 2016 in the award of all future FIFA-related championships. • Take the initiative to ensure that UEFA’s award criteria and procedures have the same minimum requirements as FIFA. • Obtain a commitment from FIFA confirming that in all future championships they will draw up detailed strategies for the actual execution of the championship. While the award criteria and policy have been made permanent in FIFA, the framework for the actual execution applies only to the World Cup in Qatar. • Work to ensure that future awards are withdrawn if the host country has not met FIFA’s specific change requirements within a specific timeframe. • Demand that all championships are predicated on members of the free press being granted entry to the country and access to the facilities before, during and after the competition. This must also include Club World Cups that have already been awarded. • Demand that FIFA issues quarterly reports to all football associations about the preparations for the competition in Qatar, with clear performance indicators. • Ensure that FIFA’s rules relating to human rights requirements when awarding championships are complied with in connection with all votes at the FIFA Congress, and that no championship is awarded outside this regime. • Invite the Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports to engage in an inclusive process to agree on how we can jointly build and rebuild trust in sport’s international ethical foundations through tangible steps and measures to prevent sports-washing and help to strengthen human rights. This also means that members of the free press must have access to all championships and Olympic Games.

6. Need to strengthen NFF’s platform for working with human rights

FIFA/UEFA FIFA is currently made up of 211 different associations, which are all entitled to attend and vote at the annual FIFA Congress, FIFA’s highest decision-making body. The FIFA Council comprises the president and 36 members. FIFA also has a number of different committees, the majority of which are appointed by the FIFA Council, and where geographic representation plays an important role. While FIFA’s president is elected directly by the FIFA Congress, the other members of the Council are appointed by the six different confederations. UEFA is the largest confederation, with seven members on the FIFA Council. The most effective way for European football associations to attempt to influence FIFA is through UEFA. At the same time, the confederations have a large degree of autonomy and are, among other things, responsible for the World Cup qualifying competitions.

In its work and strategy, NFF focuses internationally on practical human rights activities, particularly the right of women and girls to participate in football. The Commission finds that there is remarkably little focus on human and labour rights in general in the work NFF does, despite the wide international network that Norwegian football is part of. There is a considerable risk that national teams and clubs play matches or hold training camps in countries where there are serious human rights challenges. It is therefore astonishing that NFF does not seem to have a stronger focus on due diligence methodology and risk analysis. The Commission considers that NFF has a particular responsibility to raise awareness and ensure good routines among all actors in Norwegian football, but that membership of FIFA also conveys an obligation to work actively vis-à-vis UEFA and FIFA.

Norwegian football’s efforts to boost respect for human rights must permeate all levels in the organisation, but the greatest responsibility lies with its leadership. This leadership responsibility means building a clear institutional platform for this type of value-related issues. The NFF’s current strategy contains a chapter entitled “Norway

13 will influence football’s development internationally”, in which it states that Norway wishes to play a role in the development of international football. The importance of promoting the status of women’s football and preventing any further widening of the gap between the clubs/countries with the greatest resources and the smaller leagues/ nations is particularly highlighted. The Commission will recommend that the strategy plan more clearly describes Norway’s ambitions as a standard-bearer for human rights, but also equality in football, as well as the fight against corruption. Such a goal will have considerable legitimacy given the decades-long efforts NFF has made in the area of development cooperation and women’s right to participate in the Middle East, North Africa, Southeast Asia and the Balkans. The inclusion of human rights activities in the strategy will be an important factor in raising Norwegian football’s awareness and ensuring that the governing board and Annual Congress regularly discuss these kinds of issues. It is unfortunate that at the many Annual Congresses since 2010, Qatar is mentioned only twice, and only once at the initiative of the governing board.

The Commission considers that NFF’s leadership should in future have to have a stronger focus on how it can give Norwegian football interests greater impact in UEFA and FIFA both by giving higher priority to its own international participation and through strategic alliances with other associations. FIFA’s committee structure is extensive, with many committees comprising representatives from associations worldwide. NFF does not currently have a single member on any of FIFA’s decision-making committees and bodies. NFF currently has seven representatives on different UEFA committees. It is worth noting that six of these are men. The Commission considers that NFF should mobilise to obtain political appointments and positions in both UEFA and FIFA, in order to gain acceptance for Norwegian football’s interests, as well as secure a correct balance among the holders of all international offices.

It is today’s practice for the NFF’s governing board to nominate representatives to the various international committees. A mentoring and training programme should be established, which can prepare candidates for membership of international bodies, including adequate training in how best to promote the human rights perspective. It must be an explicit objective to obtain positions in UEFA/FIFA, and there must be a specific goal relating to the proportion of women on international committees and subcommittees. In the Commission’s view the Nomination Committee must prioritise the proposal of candidates to NFF’s governing board with international competence, who can represent NFF internationally and promote Norwegian football’s interests. The top clubs should have similar ambitions and goals with respect to international influence in both the men’s and the women’s game.

The Commission further recommends that today’s procedures for NFF’s decision to support host countries be made known, reviewed and, if necessary, revised. A good argument can be made for a broader, democratic process involving the entire Norwegian football organisation before this type of choice is made. Clear procedures and transparency surrounding the decision will help raise awareness of and strengthen the importance of the choice of host venue, and a thorough process and broad support will also give Norwegian football leaders a clearer mandate in their dialogue with FIFA and FIFA’s members.

If Norway’s efforts to influence FIFA, UEFA and other associations are to have legitimacy and be successful, the Commission believes it is necessary to start with ourselves. Norway is seen as having a strong value platform and a wide-ranging humanitarian engagement, with support from the country’s Foreign Ministry. However, we have very few guidelines for how Norwegian football, its associations, leagues, clubs and leaders, ought to address issues relating to human rights. Agreement on a platform that Norway’s entire footballing community can get behind would be extremely valuable.

The Commission therefore proposes that a broadly encompassing committee be set up in the autumn of 2021 to propose an entirely new set of guidelines or “Code of Conduct”, which will address the issues and dilemmas Norwegian football encounters in the area of human rights. Such a policy document should be presented to the NFF’s Annual Congress in 2022, and must be seen in light of the similar work that the Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports is carrying out.

The Commission will also recommend a review of the Ethics Committee’s mandate and function, with an emphasis on how its real independence can be enhanced. According to its mandate, the committee shall be an autonomous and independent body, appointed by and reporting to NFF’s Annual Congress. This is important to secure institutional learning on the part of football’s highest decision-making body. The Commission recommends that the Ethics Committee be given greater authority. This means having responsibility for verifying that the measures adopted by NFF’s Annual Congress with a view to strengthening the organisation’s human rights activities are actually carried out. Such a responsibility includes reporting on developments in Qatar, based on the

14 assessments of international trade union and human rights organisations. It will also include reporting on NFF’s efforts to implement all the decisions taken by the Extraordinary Congress. Reports should be made to all Annual Congresses and in writing between Congresses. This will require the Ethics Committee to increase its capacity and competence. The Commission will therefore recommend that NFF’s Extraordinary Congress resolve to increase the committee’s membership and that the governing board ensures that the committee has sufficient administrative resources to accomplish its work. In line with NFF’s general principle of transparency, the committee should have the opportunity to speak freely to the media, as well as publish meeting agendas and those parts of the minutes it feels should be made available to the wider Norwegian footballing community.

Operating sustainably means taking responsibility for human and labour rights, the climate/environment and anti-corruption activities. By continuing its work under the UN’s Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, as well as endorsing the UN Global Compact (UNGC), FIFA will commit to including the ten UNGC principles in its own strategies and action plans. FIFA can report on its efforts within these areas annually through the UNGC. This will necessitate clear commitments and transparency with regard to their implementation, and FIFA will set a positive example for other organisations and business entities.

The Commission expects that NFF will: • Make more explicit in NFF’s strategy that respect for human rights is a key aspect of Norwegian football’s international interests. • Draw up a strategy for how Norwegian football can strengthen its participation and influence in international forums and committees, in order to gain acceptance for Norwegian football’s adopted priorities, particularly efforts to promote human rights, participation and equality, and to combat sports- washing and corruption. • Review Norwegian football’s procedures for deciding which candidate to host championship competitions NFF should support. • Establish a committee to propose guidelines for how Norwegian football should address human rights issues. Reviews the Ethics Committee’s mandate and function, and give the committee responsibility for verifying the implementation of the measures adopted by the Annual Congress to strengthen NFF’s human rights activities. This means reporting to the Annual Congress on the status of implementation, initially at the Annual Congress in 2022. To ensure that the Ethics Committee has sufficient capacity and competence to undertake these additional tasks, the Commission urges the Extraordinary Congress to consider a resolution to expand the committee’s membership. • Become a member of the UN Global Compact and work to get FIFA to do the same. • Ensure that NFF acts as a “responsible consumer” in connection with Norwegian participation in international events by choosing suppliers who can demonstrate that they are working actively to avoid involvement in gross human rights and/or labour rights abuses. • Introduce procedures to offer players and support staff linked to national and club teams a thorough introduction to the human rights situations prevailing in the countries they are going to visit, to build trust and pave the way for informed, individual choices concerning, for example, the exercise of free speech. • Report to each Annual Congress on human rights activities in general and the follow up of the specific human rights-related measures adopted by the Annual Congress in particular.

15 7. Recommended initiatives to effect change

Link to report from Group 2

Link to Loland’s report

The Commission is united in its view that the FIFA World Cup should never have been awarded to Qatar in 2010. When considering various initiatives, the Commission has attached weight to those that will make the biggest contribution to achieving the objectives of:

• permanent improvements for migrant workers in Qatar, and • desired institutional changes within FIFA.

Furthermore, the Commission has presumed that Norwegian football’s greatest chance of affecting the situation facing migrant workers in Qatar is primarily through FIFA’s influence, and it is therefore to FIFA that Norwegian football must direct its demands.

In its assessment of potential initiatives, the Commission has found it natural to give weight to the historical success of various measures in effecting change, as illustrated by Profession Sigmund Loland in the report “Major sporting events and human rights: limitations and opportunities” (Store idrettsarrangement og menneskerettigheter: begrensninger og muligheter).

The recommendations below presume continuation of the positive developments in both Qatar and FIFA since the World Cup was awarded in 2010. Pre-competition revelations of unacceptable conditions that neither FIFA nor the organisers show any willingness or ability to address could alter the premises on which the recommendations rest.

Boycott The Commission considers a boycott to be a powerful, principled initiative that would send a clear message and attract immediate international attention. It would be a clear signal from Norwegian football that FIFA’s behaviour and practice, and/or that of Qatar, are so unacceptable that interaction is excluded. International reactions so far could indicate that the threat of a boycott has also attracted international attention.

The Commission has found it important to assess a boycott’s effectiveness in achieving the desired changes. The historical analyses of the criteria for success, which have been performed by Professor Loland, are clear. The most important factor seems to be the degree of active, multilateral support from other actors, in this case other football associations and other influential actors, such as the UN, Amnesty, ILO, BWI, businesses, states and civil society. Discussion about a boycott in Norway has attracted international attention, but so far no other associations have signalled that they are thinking along the same lines. Nor has a boycott so far received support from international trade unions. Organisations like the ILO, BWI, ITU and Amnesty have all pointed to the importance of trade union and human rights organisations being present in Qatar to monitor the situation, assist migrant workers and exert pressure on the authorities to help achieve implementation of the reforms.

Other success criteria are that a boycott is combined with diplomatic initiatives and that there is a dependency between what is being boycotted and those who are doing the boycotting. In addition, the objective of the boycott must be explicit, limited and focused on permanent change.

The majority considers that it is only the objective of an eventual boycott that meets the outlined success criteria – that we want to improve conditions for workers in Qatar. There is no critical mass of other associations who have, to date, expressed support for a boycott, nor are there any indications that many others would follow Norway into the breach. Nor would a Norwegian boycott create major direct problems for Qatar as a state, and there is therefore little reason to believe that it would force any changes to be made. The Commission’s majority therefore

16 fears that a boycott would have no impact on conditions for migrant workers in Qatar. Nor is it likely to have any effect on FIFA and the institutional changes the Commission considers are right for international football. On the contrary, there are grounds to fear that this could leave us sidelined with respect to the debate and the decisions. In the majority’s opinion, that would be particularly unfortunate at a time when discussions in international football underline that the direction international football chooses to take could have major consequences, including consequences for both elite and grassroots football in Norway. In this ideological discussion, Norwegian football has a voice that should and must be heard.

The Commission’s minority agrees that a boycott would probably not have any major direct impact on conditions in Qatar, but would also like to point out that NFF’s dialogue-based approach has not led to any changes in the country, and that there is little reason to believe that this will change in the run-up to the tournament. For the minority, it has been important to underline that there is a limit to what Norwegian football can allow itself to take part in, and that the World Cup in Qatar has crossed that line. NFF is not presently represented on any committees or succeeded in setting the agenda within FIFA. A boycott could focus a great deal of attention on the censurable conditions in FIFA. Nor are there any indications that a boycott of the World Cup in Qatar would prevent NFF from being heard in FIFA’s political discussions.

The Commission underlines that it is the overarching goals of improving conditions in Qatar that have guided its recommendations. Nevertheless, the Commission believes that highlighting the financial and sporting consequences for Norwegian football is important. NFF has calculated that the loss of revenue from television rights and ticket sales could be substantial if Norway does not play the qualifying games. There is also reason to expect compensation claims from FIFA, UEFA and opposing teams for their lost revenues. However, it is not certain how much this might amount to. The impact on sponsorship revenue is also uncertain.

The Commission points out that it is NFF’s Annual Congress that approves the budget, with the consequences that will have. NFF considers that a boycott of the qualifying matches will have an impact on NFF’s elite and grassroots activities in both the short and long term. According to NFF, there is also a substantial risk that Norwegian elite football and Norway’s international competitiveness will be impaired if the national team does not take part in the World Cup qualifying matches, primarily due to the impact on player development and the loss of the foremost showcase for Norwegian players and clubs.

NFF points out that the negative consequences for elite football will probably have a knock-on effect for the grassroots game, given the mutual dependence between elite and grassroots levels that has always been an important underpinning of Norwegian football. Substantial cuts in NFF’s finances will also mean reduced appropriations to the district organisations and less funding for various support structures. The Commission expects NFF to present the Extraordinary Congress with a more detailed impact assessment than the one it has provided to the Commission, in order to provide the best possible basis for the Extraordinary Congress’s decision.

Link to NFF’s one-page impact assessment

FIFA has been unable to provide a conclusive assessment of the potential legal consequences of a boycott. These will be decided by the Disciplinary Committee once a decision to boycott the competition has been made. There is no precedent which could provide clear indications of what the outcome will be. Under FIFA’s rules, a boycott may be met with a fine, exclusion from future tournaments and demands for compensation to FIFA, the organisers and other associations. The Commission recommends that NFF consider how the potential legal consequences of a boycott could best be elaborated before the Extraordinary Congress.

Link to the letter from FIFA

The Commission has also attached weight to the surveys that have been carried out among Norwegian football players, both at the national team level and among elite league clubs, where the majority did not support a boycott. A boycott can also have major consequences for those Norwegian players who have no opportunity to play and therefore no opportunity to show off their skills, with the consequences that could have for them personally, but also for Norwegian clubs they play for. The sale of players is an important source of income for Norwegian football clubs, along with sponsorships, media deals and match-day revenues. 17 The Commission’s majority (12 of 14), comprising Tore-Christian Gjelsvik, Pia Rudolfsson Goyer, Erlend Hanstveit, Cato Haug, Tom Høgli, Hege Jørgensen, Steinar Krogstad, Gro Langdalen, Kari Lindevik, Sven Mollekleiv, Kjersti Løken Stavrum and Magnus Sverdrup, considers that a boycott of the World Cup is not the most effective way of strengthening human and labour rights in Qatar. Nor would a boycott be the most effective way to get FIFA to introduce lasting changes to promote greater respect for human rights. This view is based on a review of the facts, interviews and expert assessments.

The majority presumes that while there is little likelihood that a boycott would contribute to permanent changes in either Qatar or FIFA, there is a risk that it would cause Norwegian football to lose opportunities to exert its influence at a time when international football’s fundamental values are under pressure.

The majority emphasises the statements made by international trade union and human rights organisations to the effect that further dialogue, with clearer demands, is necessary for the reforms to be implemented and be of benefit to all migrant workers.

The Commission’s majority therefore recommends that NFF’s Extraordinary Congress issue clear demands and expectations to FIFA and the organisers in Qatar with regard to the implementation of the reforms intended to provide all migrant workers in Qatar with a working environment that is neither dangerous or injurious to their health, as well as acceptable pay and living conditions. The majority considers this is important to help ensure the adopted reforms in Qatar are implemented, which should be a precondition for the entire international football community’s participation in the World Cup.

The Commission’s majority points out that it is the responsibility of NFF’s governing board to implement the decisions taken by the association’s general meeting. In the opinion of the majority, the Ethics Committee will play an important role in verifying whether those aspects of the general meeting’s decisions relating to human rights activities have been adequately implemented by NFF. Through continuous dialogue with the major international trade union and human rights organisations that are in place in Qatar, the committee will also be able to assess the situation in the country. Important factors will be:

• That workers receive what they are entitled to, including unpaid accrued wages. • That members of the free press are allowed to enter the country. • That the implementation of the reforms intended to strengthen migrant workers’ rights in Qatar are not reversed.

The Commission considers that the Ethics Committee must report quarterly in writing to NFF’s governing board, which must make this report publicly available on www.fotball.no. The Ethics Committee must also present its assessments at each Annual Congress, starting in March 2022.

Given the highly censurable and insecure situation for migrant workers in Qatar, the Commission’s members Kjersti Løken Stavrum and Tom Høgli consider that a separate assessment of conditions in the country must be made immediately prior to the start of the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 tournament. The risk of new revelations of censurable conditions in the run-up to December 2022 is very real. These committee members consider that this could cause further embarrassment to the staging of the World Cup itself and the football community. Given the weakness that FIFA and NFF have so far exhibited, and therefore the lack of confidence in their efforts going forward, it is natural that the Ethics Committee should lead this assessment and publish its conclusions in a publicly available report shortly before the competition.

A minority of the Commission’s members (2 of 14), comprising Gina Barstad and Ole Kristian Sandvik, want NFF’s Extraordinary Congress to vote in favour of boycotting the World Cup if it takes place in Qatar. If the competition is relocated to another host country, where systematic and gross human rights violations have not been documented, Norway will take part if we qualify. It is important that Norway does not accept the use of football to legitimise the abuse of human rights and violation of football’s values, or whitewash dictatorships.

Norwegian football has an independent responsibility to stand up for what is right. There are limits to what Norwegian football can a participant in. The minority considers that neither Qatar nor FIFA have implemented changes good enough to make it morally defensible to participate in the tournament if it takes place in Qatar. The minority consider that there are no indications that Qatar will succeed in, or is willing to, implement good enough changes for us to consider it acceptable to participate in the World Cup in Qatar. The minority considers it clear

18 that the reforms adopted in Qatar have not been implemented on the ground. The minority disagrees with the majority’s view that a boycott would place Norway on the sidelines with respect to changes in FIFA. The minority view a boycott as the most powerful weapon we have and will attract massive international attention. It could therefore help to demand a new standard for what football can accept both within FIFA and outside it.

Dialogue and demands A majority of the Commission’s members considers that dialogue combined with clear demands is the most effective way of securing permanent changes in both Qatar and FIFA. This is also a common theme for the majority of the measures the Commission has proposed in this report. This form of dialogue and negotiation with the sport as a framework is defined by Loland (2021) as sports diplomacy, a diplomacy that is attracting growing interest among sportsmen and women, sports organisations, public authorities, NGOs and international intergovernmental organisations.

As for diplomacy in general, sports diplomacy relies on soft power – in other words, the exercise of influence through dialogue and pressure. It is therefore claimed that the ideals of diplomacy and sport coincide. The growing interest in sport as a platform for dialogue means that we now use the term “modern sports diplomacy” or network diplomacy. This is characterised by a tightly woven network of actors inside and outside of the sport, who cooperate or form alliances to achieve shared goals. These may be changes inside or outside of the sport. In this context, the achievement of goals or changes cannot be understood as the result of a single actor’s endeavours. It is the result of the network’s collective long-term efforts, where different actors have played different roles and where dialogue, combined with pressure and demands, is used as a methodology. A precondition for the exercise of influence is to take part in the network through cooperation, and to play an active role.

This also applies to Qatar and FIFA. The goals that the Commission believes Norwegian football should set itself with respect to this work are complex and can be achieved only in partnership with other associations, other Norwegian sports, supporters, sponsors, private companies, public authorities and civil society. Football, with its extraordinary popularity, has a unique opportunity to reach a great many people with its message. A best possible starting point is to have NFF’s clear support for a broad mobilisation of its own membership and an awareness that success will only be achieved through a long-term process.

The Commission considers that patient impatience must characterise Norwegian football’s approach to dialogue with UEFA and FIFA on conditions in Qatar. Lasting social change is not accomplished overnight. It demands active engagement over a period of time. The migrant workers do not have the time to wait for us to take action, but it would be failing them if one did not have a sufficiently long-term perspective to continue the effort until lasting change had been achieved. NFF therefore has a duty to work for greater respect for human rights in Qatar through engagement and dialogue regarding its demands, even if Norway does not qualify for the World Cup.

On-site demonstrations The Commission is proud of the initiatives the national teams have taken to demonstrate their support for human rights. This is a way of showing the Norwegian standpoint clearly and effectively, and has inspired others to take a stand. NFF should identify opportunities for a significant strengthening of on-site demonstrations by involving more parts of its own organisation, football supporters and relevant partners, such as sponsors.

The Commission finds it unfortunate that, externally, it appears as though responsibility for on-site demonstrations has been left up to the national teams’ players. If a perception is created internally among the players and externally in society at large that the players are responsible for fronting actions, football’s leadership has failed to shoulder the political responsibility it has been given by the Annual Congress. This raises various questions about the extent to which it is right to expect elite players to take part in the social debate in general, and take responsibility for the situation in Qatar in particular. Players cannot shoulder this responsibility alone, though they must have an independent right to take initiatives for greater social responsibility.

19 The Commission considers that future on-site initiatives by players must to a greater extent be fronted by a united NFF. When national team players wear t-shirts, NFF’s leadership must do the same.

In the Commission’s opinion, the players have so far taken considerable responsibility in the public debate about Qatar, a responsibility that should rest with Norwegian football’s highest level of leadership. When sport and politics become a social question, it is important that the players do not feel pressured to come up with the right answer. Football is a team game, involving a large number of players who may have different opinions on both message and method. The Commission urges NFF’s leadership to engage in a dialogue with players’ representatives to agree an overarching set of “rules” relating to future player demonstrations. Agreement is needed on how the consultation processes should be organised, how any internal disagreement should be handled within the players’ group and what should be demanded of NFF in connection with player demonstrations, etc.

To be better equipped in the struggle against sports-washing and other value-based issues, we need players to voice their well-considered opinions. But initiatives from individual players and sports must be followed up over time, and here players cannot be left standing by themselves. This is first and foremost a leadership responsibility. A responsibility that leaders at all levels must take seriously. The Commission is keen to have active players, who dare to use their positions, and endorses the Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports’ position that all Norwegian representatives have full freedom of expression – in other words, the freedom to express themselves and the freedom not to express themselves. If players wish to advertise their opinions, it is crucial that they have a good support organisation around them that can offer advice and protect the player after their demonstration. Players must never be allowed to stand alone on matters relating to the community’s fundamental values. The Commission urges NFF, and Norwegian sport in general, to work in a structured way to ensure that we – as a sporting nation – can offer our elite athletes a good, tailored educational programme, or other measures that will properly equip players to address important social issues.

8. With the Extraordinary Congress into the future

The award of the World Cup to Qatar and the subsequent lack of focus on the substantial challenges relating to human and labour rights must act as a major wake-up call for the football community. The coming weeks, months and years will show whether Norwegian football’s explicit vision of “Football for all – enjoyment, dreams and fellowship” is something more than a vision for football itself. Norwegian football must decide whether it will set standards for the rest of society or itself be part of the problem.

The FIFA World Cup will take place in 2022 – with or without Norway. But new championships and new challenges will come after. The Qatar World Cup has given Norwegian football greater awareness of international social responsibility. NFF’s Extraordinary General Meeting should also use this opportunity to prepare for the next challenge.

The 2022 World Cup takes place at a time when football’s fundamental values are under severe pressure, and when the focus on financial issues undermines the ethical platform that football has historically built on. Equality, fellowship, voluntary engagement, close ties to the club, sports democracy and sports criteria are expressed through the clubs’ day-to-day activities and engagement with society, both on and off the pitch. These are values that are threatened by developments in which the entertainment product and commercial interests are given ever greater weight.

By being at the forefront, we have a greater opportunity to set the agenda and succeed in making changes. By securing local and national compliance with human rights and respect for human dignity in Norway, we acquire greater credibility when we work for the same ends outside Norway’s borders. For many years, Norwegian football has also engaged internationally through solidarity programmes for children and young people in numerous countries. Together, this gives Norwegian football leaders a good starting point to engage in important social issues in international football. Here, Norway can be a pioneer.

A year in the throes of a pandemic has made the world even more vulnerable and in even greater need of football’s

20 ability to make a positive difference and thereby contribute to achieving the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals for eradicating poverty, fighting inequality and stopping climate change.

The fact that Norwegian football is holding an Extraordinary Congress to see how it can help alleviate human rights challenges in another country clearly shows that there is a desire to spearhead greater international social responsibility. A united Norwegian football community that challenges FIFA and the authorities in Qatar, but also the rest of the sporting community in Norway. These challenges are not unique to football. The rest of the sporting community should also grapple with these issues as thoroughly as football is now doing, so that we can – together – constitute a stronger force for change.

Norwegian football has a social responsibility before, during and after the World Cup in Qatar. But this is a social responsibility that stretches far beyond Qatar, both in space and time. It is a signal Norwegian football’s leadership must take seriously.

The Commission wishes all the delegates a good Extraordinary General Meeting.

9. Timelines for developments in Qatar, FIFA and NFF from 2010 to 2021

The table shows only a selection of incidents, initiatives and changes in FIFA, NFF and Qatar. Several of the dated legislative amendments, policy resolutions and initiatives are the result of processes initiated long before their final adoption and the commencement of implementation. Some measures have also been initiated that, at the time of writing, have not been completed. These are not highlighted in the table.

For more extensive information about Qatar, FIFA and NFF, see: ILO: https://www.ilo.org/beirut/projects/qatar-office/WCMS_760466/lang--en/index.htm BWI: https://www.bwint.org/ Amnesty: https://amnesty.no/ SC: https://www.qatar2022.qa/en/historic-journey FIFA: https://www.fifa.com/search/?q=human+rights NFF: https://www.fotball.no/fotballens-verdier/fotball-vm-i-qatar-2022/

FIFA NORWEGIAN FOOTBALL QATAR ASSOCIATION (NFF)

2010 December: NFF’s president December: FIFA awards the speaks out in favour of the 2022 World Cup to Qatar. award of the World Cup to Qatar (Aftenposten)

2013 November: NFF’s president March: The Qatar World publicly criticises the human Cup’s organising committee rights situation in Qatar “The Supreme Committee (Aftenposten) for Delivery & Legacy” (SC) publishes a “Workers’ Welfare Charter”.

21 FIFA NORWEGIAN FOOTBALL QATAR ASSOCIATION (NFF)

2014 February: The SC publishes the “Workers’ Welfare Standards” for companies involved in the construction of stadiums and other World Cup-related projects. These are more stringent that Qatar’s own labour laws.

April: The UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Migrants urges the Qatari authorities to abolish the country’s “sponsorship system”

May: Qatar says it will abolish the kafala system through legislative reform.

2015 April: NFF’s general secretary addresses the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council on Europe (PACE) on NFF’S stance on Qatar.

May: NFF and LO write a joint letter to FIFA expressing concern about conditions in Qatar.

August: Qatar introduces a new “Wage Protection System”, a digital system created to monitor the payment of wages to workers.

October: The Building and Wood Workers’ International (BWI) files a complaint against FIFA with the Swiss National Contact Point, citing violation of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises/ human rights in connection with the construction of stadiums and infrastructure in Qatar. FIFA has previously said it is the host countries and not FIFA that are responsible for workers’ welfare in connection with the construction of facilities (see May 2017 for more).

22 FIFA NORWEGIAN FOOTBALL QATAR ASSOCIATION (NFF)

2016 Mars: The SC publishes “Workers’ Welfare Standards” (2nd edition).

April: Professor John Ruggy April: NFF’s governing board submits his “Report for the adopts a strategy for NFF’s Game. For the World. FIFA & further engagement vis-à-vis Human Rights”. The report Qatar: a. closer collaboration contains 25 proposals for how with the Norwegian Ministry human rights can be included in of Foreign Affairs and LO/ FIFA’s work. UFTU, b. work to harmonise the positions of the Nordic football April: Human rights are associations, c. help to develop included in FIFA’s revised standards for how FIFA should statutes (Article 3). respond to labour issues in various countries.

May: FIFA a announces that Mai: Petter Eide (former gen. human rights have been sec. of Amnesty) is hired as a included in the award criteria for consultant and helps NFF with the 2026 World Cup. the Qatar issue.

August: Qatar is a separate item at the Nordic presidents’ meeting. Denmark is given responsibility for coordinating the effort and enters into a partnership with Amnesty International Danmark.

September: FIFA’s newly September: NFF sends a appointed Human Rights letter to FIFA’s president Manager is tasked preparing a asking FIFA to attend the next human rights strategy. board meeting to discuss its position and efforts to improve conditions for guest workers in Qatar.

September: Fani Misailidi, FIFA’s Manager Public Affairs, attends the board meeting to answer NFF’s questions on the situation in Qatar.

November: NFF visits Qatar along with the Nordic football associations, partly to study conditions for migrant workers in the country. LO participates, Amnesty International Danmark helps with the preparations for the trip.

23 FIFA NORWEGIAN FOOTBALL QATAR ASSOCIATION (NFF)

2016 December: Qatar introduces a new labour law, which will abolish the kafala system. But workers can still not leave the country without their employer’s consent, and they are still bound by the term of their employment contract.

2017 March: FIFA establishes an independent Human Rights Advisory Board tasked with reporting on the implementation of FIFA’s human rights responsibilities.

April: FIFA becomes a member of the Mega-Sporting Events Platform for Human Rights.

May: FIFA launches its new “Human Rights Policy” with Reference to the UN’s Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.

May: The Swiss National Contact Point hears the case against FIFA, which was accused of violating the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. The case ends with FIFA acknowledging that they must share responsibility with the host country.

June: FIFA invites various actors June: Start of a political crisis to submit proposals for how in the Gulf. Saudi Arabia, human rights can be included UAE, Bahrain and Egypt cut in FIFA’s new World Cup award off diplomatic relations with criteria. Qatar. Financial sanctions and closed borders create additional challenges for guest workers.

24 FIFA NORWEGIAN FOOTBALL QATAR ASSOCIATION (NFF)

2017 August: Qatar introduces a new law to regulate the rights of guest workers in the country (were previously not protected under Qatari law). The “Domestic Workers Law” sets maximum working hours, mandatory daily work breaks, a weekly day off and paid holiday leave.

October: Qatar and the International Labor Organization (ILO) agree to cooperate on the establishment of new reforms.

November: FIFA publishes November: Qatar introduces a the new award criteria, with minimum wage of USD 206 per requirements that applicants month. must submit an independent human rights report and strategy.

November: The Human Rights Advisory Board submits its first annual report (incl. recommendations for FIFA).

2018 February/March: Applicants for February/March: Qatar the 2026 World Cup (Morocco establishes Committees for the and USA/Canada/Mexico) Settlement of Labour Disputes, submit their human rights which improve workers legal reports and strategies to FIFA. rights. BSR™, an independent actor, is tasked with evaluating the reports/strategies.

April: BSR™ submits an April: The International Labor independent Organization (ILO) opens an evaluation report to FIFA. office in Qatar.

May: FIFA launches a May: Qatar ratifies two key complaints mechanism for international human rights human rights activities and conventions. Qatar reserves the members of the media whose right to ignore some of the key rights are abused in connection obligations, including workers’ with work relating to FIFA’s right to form and join trade activities. unions.

25 FIFA NORWEGIAN FOOTBALL QATAR ASSOCIATION (NFF)

2018 July: USA/Canada/Mexico defeat Morocco to win the award of the 2026 World Cup, which becomes the first championship to be planned and executed on the basis of FIFA’s new human rights criteria and the host nation’s human rights strategy.

August: NFF publicly expresses concern about the situation for guest workers in Qatar (Aftenposten)

October: Qatar abolishes the system requiring an “Exit Permit” and a “No-Objection Certificate”, which makes it possible for migrant workers to leave Qatar and change jobs without their employer’s consent. Does not apply to all categories of worker.

November: Qatar establishes the “Workers Support and Insurance Fund”, to provide support and accelerate payment of unpaid wages. Fines and prison sentences are introduced for the withholding of wages (wage theft).

2019 January: NFF visits Qatar along with the Nordic football associations, UFTU and LO. The objective is to see whether there are any changes in the conditions for foreign workers in the country.

February: NFF’s president writes an op-ed article on conditions for migrant workers in Qatar (fotball.no).

July: Qatar establishes the “Human Care Home”, a series of state-run centres for the victims of abuse. These are also open to migrant workers.

26 FIFA NORWEGIAN FOOTBALL QATAR ASSOCIATION (NFF)

2019 July: New legislation passed to ensure better protection for workers against heat stress during the summer months.

2020 January: FIFA and Qatar’s January: Qatar expands the Supreme Committee for abolition of the Exit Permit Delivery & Legacy publish a system to apply to all employee joint sustainability strategy categories. and policy. Human rights are included in the plans. January: The SC and FIFA publish a joint sustainability strategy and policy. Human rights are included in the plans.

August: A non-discriminatory minimum wage for migrant workers, including guest workers, is introduced (USD 275 per month, an allowance of USD 83 for food and USD 137 for accommodation if this is not already paid for by the employer). The new rules apply with effect from March 2021 and will be re-evaluated annually.

August: Qatar entirely abolishes the “No-Objection Certificate” system. This allows workers to change jobs without any form of employer consent or other previous restrictions.

October: FIFA and the SC October: The Nordic presidents publish “FIFA World Cup Qatar and general secretaries meet 2022™ First Sustainability FIFA’s highest administrative Progress Report”. leadership. The associations express concern and want changes for guest workers in Qatar.

2021 January: A Nordic working group is established to plan and draw up a joint strategy for the Nordic presidents’ visit to Qatar in December 2021.

27 FIFA NORWEGIAN FOOTBALL QATAR ASSOCIATION (NFF)

2021 February: FIFA’s Human Rights February: The SC and FIFA Advisory Board publishes its fifth sign a Memorandum of and final annual report before it Understanding (MoU) with is disbanded. the Qatar National Human Rights Committee. They will collaborate to raise awareness of human rights challenges and ensure that human rights permeate all aspects of the World Cup event’s execution.

March: NFF’s president and the chair of Norsk Toppfotball (NTF) write a joint op-ed article about Qatar (fotball.no). March: A general meeting of elite clubs, with the participation of, among others, FIFA’s general secretary.

March: NFF’s Annual Congress decides to establish a commission to examine what Norwegian football should do in response to Qatar’s handling of human rights issues in the country, analyse and recommend initiatives Norwegian football should adopt in response.

March: Norway’s men’s national team players and support staff meet with the general secretary of Amnesty International Norway ahead of the team’s World Cup qualifying games.

March: The Norwegian men’s national team demonstrate during the three World Cup qualifying games (t-shirts bearing the legend “Human rights on and off the pitch”).

March: The men’s national team coach and a couple of the players meet with supporters before the match with Montenegro to discuss a potential boycott. March: NFF organises a panel debate on the World Cup in Qatar.

28 FIFA NORWEGIAN FOOTBALL QATAR ASSOCIATION (NFF)

2021 April: The Norwegian women’s national team demonstrate during friendly matches against Belgium and the Netherlands.

April: NFF sends a letter to FIFA containing critical questions about the working conditions for migrant workers, women’s rights, the number of alleged fatalities cited in The Guardian, freedom of the press, the possibility of demonstrating during the championship and the safety of sexual minorities.

May: FIFA invites UEFA to a meeting to discuss the questions raised in letters sent by NFF and the other Scandinavian football associations. Amnesty International, BWI, ITUC and the SC attend the meeting.

29 10.The Commission’s members

Gina Barstad, Supporters’ representative

Tore-Christian Gjelsvik, Chair, NFF Hordaland/chair of the district leaders’ working group

Pia Rudolfsson Goyer, Human rights lawyer, formerly senior advisor in the secretariat to the Council on Ethics for the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG)

Erlend Hanstveit, Director, NISO

Cato Haug, Chair, Norsk Toppfotball (NTF)

Tom Høgli, Elite football clubs’ representative

Hege Jørgensen, CEO, Toppfotball Kvinner (TFK)

Steinar Krogstad, Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (LO)/United Federation of Trade Unions, with experience of international trade union activity

Gro Langdalen, Chair, NFF Akershus

Kari Lindevik, Chair, Divisjonsforeningen (DF)

Sven Mollekleiv, Commission chair

Ole Kristian Sandvik, Spokesperson, Norsk Supporterallianse (NSA)

Kjersti Løken Stavrum, CEO of Stiftelsen Tinius, social commentator, former leader of the Norwegian Press Association, member of the board of KFUM

Magnus Sverdrup, Head of the International Department at the Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports

11. The Commission’s mandate

The Commission shall analyse and assess which initiatives are best suited to promote human rights in connection with football tournaments in countries that violate international conventions on civil, political, economic, social and cultural human rights. Initiatives that must be assessed include clear demands to states applying to host events, boycott actions, “on-site” demonstrations and efforts to exert influence before, during and after events. The assessments must build on historic experience of the various initiatives.

The Commission shall analyse and propose guidelines for how NFF and the entire footballing community in Norway should undertake all football activities (clubs and national teams) on the basis of a shared and binding platform for compliance with and enhancement of human rights. The Commission shall analyse and recommend how NFF and Norwegian football, together with the Norwegian authorities and other Norwegian sports, can play an even clearer role in the struggle to combat so-called sports-washing.

On the basis of its assessments, the Commission shall submit proposals to Norwegian football on measures that are best suited to strengthen the work to improve fundamental human rights in Qatar. Any decision regarding a boycott of the World Cup in Qatar is presumed to have significant sporting and financial consequences for both the national teams (both adult and age-related), elite clubs and grassroots clubs. The Commission shall illuminate the consequences. 30 12. Plenary meetings of the Commission

Commission meetings: 1. 26.03.21, 09:00-11:00 2. 07.04.21, 09:00-11:00 3. 19.04.21, 09:00-10:30 4. 27.04.21, 20:00-22:00 5. 04.05.21, 20:00-22:00 6. 10.05.21, 09:00-11:00 7. 12.05.21, 18:00-20:00 8. 14.05.21, 11:00-12:30 9. 16.05.21, 11:00-12:30 10. 18.05.21, 09:.00-09:30

Subject-specific meetings: 1. 09.04.21, 09:00-10:45 2. 16.04.21, 09:00-10:45 3. 23.04.21, 09:00-11:00 4. 26.04.21, 11:00-12:35 5. 28.04.21, 09:00-10:00 6. 03.05.21, 09:30-11:00 7. 11.05.21, 11:00-12:00 8. 12.05.21, 09:00-10:00

Group meetings: The Commission has also divided into three groups, which have worked to obtain relevant information on various topics. These have held a number of group meetings.

31 Reports/sources/interview list

Aftenposten (2018, 17. august) Fotballpresidenten varsler nye Qatar-grep. https://www.aftenposten.no/sport/fotball/i/P9vbEb/fotballpresidenten-varsler-nye-qatar-grep

Amnesty International (2020). Reality Check 2020: Countdown to the 2022 World Cup – Migrant Workers’ Rights in Qatar Research Qatar. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE2232972020ENGLISH.PDF

BBC (2017, 26. juni). World Cup 2022: Claims of corruption in Qatar bid published in Germany. https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/40412928

Business & Human Rights Resource Centre (2017, 2. Mai). Outcome of the OECD Guidelines Case brought by BWI on FIFA and Qatar: FIFA Accepts Responsibility. https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/outcome-of-the-oecd-guidelines-case-brought-by-bwi-on- fifa-and-qatar-fifa-accepts-responsibility/

Business & Human Rights Resource Centre (2020, 28. januar). FIFA issues joint World Cup 2022 sustainability strategy with host Qatar. https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/fifa-issues-joint-world-cup-2022-sustainability-strategy-with- host-qatar/

Business & Human Rights Resource Centre (2020, 23. februar). Qatar: Guardian investigation finds 6,500 migrant workers have died in World Cup host country since 2010; incl. comments from FIFA. https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/qatar-guardian-investigation-finds-6500-migrant-workers- have-died-in-world-cup-host-country-since-2010/

Business & Human Rights Resource Centre (2020, 1. september). Qatar: Campaigners & unions welcome “historic” labour laws that could end exploitative Kafala system. https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/qatar-ends-requirement-for-migrant-workers-to-obtain-their- employers-permission-to-change-jobs-introduces-non-discriminatory-minimum-wage/

Business & Human Rights Resource Centre (2020, 3. september). UN human rights experts welcome Qatar’s improvement of migrant rights. https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/un-human-rights-experts-welcome-qatars-improvement-of- migrant-rights/

Business & Human Rights Resource Centre (2021, 8. februar). Qatar: World Cup organisers sign MOU with human rights body to raise awareness of rights issues. https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/qatar-world-cup-organisers-sign-mou-with-human-rights- body-to-raise-awareness-of-rights-issues/

Business & Human Rights Resource Centre (2021, 25 mars). FIFA response to Amnesty International letter re action on human rights responsibilities in Qatar. https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/fifa-response-to-amnesty-international-letter-re-action-on- human-rights-responsibilities-in-qatar/

BWI (2019). BWI Report on Qatar. Analysis and Recommendations. (Hentet 12. april 2021). https://www.bwint.org/web/content/cms.media/2551/datas/BWI%20Qatar%20Report_EN.pdf

BWI (2019, 14. juni). BWI Legal Clinic: Report and Recommendations. https://www.bwint.org/web/content/cms.media/1858/datas/BWI%20Legal%20Clinic%20REPORT_EN.pdf

BWI (2021, 7. april). BWI Progress Report from the Ground – On migrant construction workers situation in Qatar.

BWI (2021, mai). Dribble or Goal? Tracking the Score for the Decent Work Legacy in Qatar.

32 Centre for Sports and Human Rights (2018, 27. April). The Mega-Sporting Event Lifecycle - Embedding Human Rights from Vision to Legacy. https://www.sporthumanrights.org/library/the-mega-sporting-event-lifecycle-embedding-human-rights-from-vision- to-legacy/

Conn, Davis (2017, 27. juni). Michael Garcia’s Fifa report eases Russia and Qatar World Cup. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/jun/27/fifa-secret-report-world-cup-2022-leaked

DBU (2016, desember). Report: Nordic Delegation Visit to Qatar 21-21 November 2016.

DBU (2019, januar). Report: Nordic Delegation Visit to Qatar 7-8 januar 2019.

DBU (2021). VM i Qatar. (Hentet 12. april 2021). https://www.dbu.dk/samfundsansvar/vm-i-qatar/

Drabløs, Øystein Tronsli og Morten Langfeldt Dahlback (2021, 17. mars). Dette vet vi om dødstallene fra VM- forberedelsene i Qatar. https://www.faktisk.no/artikler/nkA/dette-vet-vi-om-dodstallene-fra-vm-forberedelsene-i-qatar

FIFA (2010) 2011 FIFA World Cup. Bid Evaluation Report. (Hentet 14. april 2021). https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/fd4w8qgexnrxmquwsb7h.pdf

FIFA (2017, 2. mai). FIFA welcomes outcome of NCP mediation process on workers’ welfare in Qatar. https://www.fifa.com/who-we-are/news/fifa-welcomes-outcome-of-ncp-mediation-process-on-workers-welfare- in-q-2881935

FIFA (2017, mai). FIFA’s Human Rights Policy. https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/kr05dqyhwr1uhqy2lh6r.pdf

FIFA (2017, november). Guide to the Bidding Prosess for the FIFA World Cup. https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/hgopypqftviladnm7q90.pdf

FIFA (2018, februar). Bidding Nation Morocco. Human Rights Strategy in Connection with the 2026. FIFA World. https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/eujdlitnn7b5frcwobvv.pdf

FIFA (2018, februar). Study on the Human Rights Situation in Marocco. https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/w4c2teiinm4ucgmik6qh.pdf

FIFA (2018, 16. mars). Proposal for a United Human Rights Strategi. https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/proposal-for-a-united-human-rights-strategy-united-2026-bid. pdf?cloudid=s2xnrvfjg9kp0zelhxnt

FIFA (2018, mars). Independent Report Human rights in Canada, Mexico and the USA in the context of a potential FIFA 2026 World Cup competition. https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/independent-human-rights-assessment-united-2026-bid. pdf?cloudid=ywklipdfwenjx8kwfunj

FIFA (2018, april). Evaluation Report of the Human Rights Strategy Submitted by 2026 FIFA World Cup Bidders. https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/ipqfpksgjofqncmrnptg.pdf

FIFA (2018, april). Evaluation Report of the HumanRights Strategy Submitted by 2026 FIFA World Cup Bidders. https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/tvla2wi13tskrliql4cs.pdf

FIFA (2018, 1. juni). 2026 FIFA World Cup: evaluation report published – bids submitted to FIFA Council. https://www.bsr.org/en/our-insights/news/bsr-helps-put-human-rights-on-agenda-at-fifa-world-cup

FIFA (2018, August). FIFA Statutes. https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/the-fifa-statutes-2018.pdf?cloudid=whhncbdzio03cuhmwfxa

33 FIFA (2019) Guide to the bidding process for FIFA Women’s World Cup 2023. (Hentet 14. april 2021). https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/guide-to-the-bidding-process-for-the-fifa-women-s-world-cup-2023tm. pdf?cloudid=gfuxttuixv3s10jvidbn

FIFA (2020, januar). Fourth report by independent FIFA Human Rights Advisory Board. https://www.fifa.com/who-we-are/news/fourth-report-by-independent-fifa-human-rights-advisory-board-published

FIFA (2020, 21. Oktober). FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022TM First Sustainability Progress Report https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/fwc-2022-first-sustainability-progress-report. pdf?cloudid=qlsdbl7ipsax0ndjqyup

FIFA (2020, desember). FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022TM Sustainable Sourcing Code. https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/q22-sustainable-sourcing-code.pdf?cloudid=gbxx1kg4mzujqb6qfcff

FIFA (2021, februar). Fifth Report by the FIFA Human Rights Advisory Board. https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/vforeieiz1fh06ld4a36.pdf

Garcia, Michael J. og Cornel Borbély (2017). Report on the Inquiry into the 2018/2022 FIFA World Cup Bidding Process. https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/wnr43dgn3yysafypuq8r.pdf

Harris, Rob (2018, april 17). Morocco World Cup bid masks homosexuality ban. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/99fa19f7a87c423e9610dc4f85e93687

Human Rights Watch (2017, 26 juli). Letter to FIFA Regarding Human Rights Requirements. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/07/26/letter-fifa-regarding-human-rights-requirements

Human Rights Watch (2019, 27. november). China: FIFA Broke Own Rules for Club World Cup. https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/11/27/china-fifa-broke-own-rules-club-world-cup

Impactt (2020, februar). Annual External Compliance Report of the Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy’s Workers’ Welfare Standards Building a legacy: laying the foundations for lasting impact. https://impacttlimited.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/IMPA09-2020-Qatar-Annual-Reportv12-Digital.pdf

International Labour Organization (2018). Project Office for the State og Qatar. Expected outcomes. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---arabstates/---ro-beirut/documents/briefingnote/wcms_648005.pdf (Hentet 12. april 2021)

International Labour Organization (2020, 9. oktober). Progress report on the technical cooperation programme agreed between the Government of Qatar and the ILO. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_757599.pdf

International Labour Organization (2021). Overview of Qatar’s achievements supported by the ILO (Hentet 12. april 2021) https://www.ilo.org/beirut/projects/qatar-office/WCMS_760466/lang--en/index.htm

Loland, Sigmund (2021). Store idrettsarrangement og menneskerettigheter; Begrensninger og muligheter. Grunnlagsrapport til Qatar-utvalget.

Media Business Human Rights (2015, 13. oktober). Specific Instance regarding the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) submitted by the Building and Wood Workers’ International (BWI). https://media.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/files/documents/Swiss_NCP_-_Initial_Assessment_FIFA_13- 10-2015.pdf

NFF (2016, 20. april). Forbundsstyresak 71/16. Fotball-VM Qatar 202220. Hva er NFFs rolle med hensyn til menneskerettigheter og arbeidsforhold ved internasjonale mesterskap? Forslag til prosess.

34 NFF (2016, september). Forbundsstyresak 162/15 Qatar og FIFA 2022 (innlegg Fani Misailidi, manager Public affairs i FIFA). NFF (2021). Fotball-VM i Qatar 2022. https://www.fotball.no/fotballens-verdier/fotball-vm-i-qatar-2022/#Toppen

OECD (2015, 28. mai). Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and Building and Wood Workers’ International (BWI). https://mneguidelines.oecd.org/database/instances/ch0013.htm

Pattisson, Pete og Niamh McIntyre (2021, 23. februar). Revealed: 6,500 migrant workers have died in Qatar since World Cup awarded. The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/feb/23/revealed-migrant-worker-deaths-qatar-fifa-world- cup-2022

Saltbones, Fredrik (2015, 22. mai). Dette brevet viser Norges Qatar-bønn til FIFA-presidenten. Aftenposten. https://www.aftenposten.no/sport/fotball/i/dOJwpz/dette-brevet-viser-norges-qatar-boenn-til-fifa-presidenten

Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy (2020, 21. januar). FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022TM Sustainability policy. https://www.qatar2022.qa/sites/default/files/docs/FWC-2022-Sustainability-Policy_EN.pdf

Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy (2020, 21. januar). FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022TM Sustainability strategy. https://www.qatar2022.qa/sites/default/files/documents/FWC-2022-Sustainability-Strategy.pdf

The Guardian (2014, 2. desember). Sepp Blatter: Qatar World Cup workers’ welfare is not Fifa’s responsibility. https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/dec/02/sepp-blatter-fifa-responsibility-workers-qatar-world-cup

The Guardian (2018, 2. juni) Fifa report favours North America’s 2026 World Cup bid over ‘high risk’ Morocco. https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/jun/02/fifa-2026-world-cup-report-north-america-morocco

Thorkildsen, Glenn Frode (2013, 18. november). Fotballen kan ikke leve med dette. Aftenposten. https://www.aftenposten.no/sport/fotball/i/8m9xp1/fotballen-kan-ikke-leve-med-dette

Worden, Minky (2019, 24. mai). FIFA Expansion Plan for 2022 World Cup Halted. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/05/24/fifa-expansion-plan-2022-world-cup-halted

Aas, Odd Inge, Yasmin Sunde Hoel (2010, 2. desember). Semb er overrasket over VM-tildelingen. Aftenposten. https://www.aftenposten.no/sport/fotball/i/LA6qGV/semb-er-overrasket-over-vm-tildelingen

35 Eksterne innledere på møter • Alf Hansen, Director, Football Development department • Andreas Selliaas, Freelance journalist, sport and politics • FIFA: Joyce Cook (Chief Education and Social Responsibility Officer), Nodar Akhalkatsi (Head of FIFA Member European Football Associations), Alessandro Gramaglia (Development Programmes Manager - Europe), Andreas Graf (Head of Human Rights & Anti-Discrimination). • H.E. Hassan Al Thawadi, General Secretary, Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy • Jens Frølich Holte, State Secretary, Minister of foreign affairs • John Peder Egenæs, Director, Amnesty International Norway • Jørgen Hanson (CSR Manager, Norsk Hydro) • Kai-Erik Aarstad, Director, Economic Department/Deputy General Secretary, NFF • Kjetil Siem, Former FIFA director/advisor and former NFF General Secretary • Lise Klaveness, Technical Director, NFF • Maren Mjelde, Captain, the Norway women’s national football team • Max Tuñón, Officer in charge, The International Labour Organisation office in Qatar • Trond H Glomnes Rudi, Minister Counsellor and Deputy Head of Mission, Norwegian Embassy in Abu Dhabi • Per Ravn Omdal, Honorary president, NFF • Pål Bjerketvedt, General Secretary, NFF • Sigmund Loland, Professor, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences • Ståle Solbakken, Head coach, Norway men’s national football team • Terje Svendsen, President, NFF • William Rook, Deputy Chief Executive of the Centre for Sport and Human Rights