Quick viewing(Text Mode)

Roads: Keeping It Real

Roads: Keeping It Real

Mexican Settlement AND RULE

ROADS: KEEPING IT REAL

FROM MISSIONS TO TO CITIES GOT GOAT MILK?

IN PARTNERSHIP WITH

Mexican_Settlement_Cover2.indd 1 1/30/17 12:08 PM 2 When Spanish missionaries set down roots in Alta , or Upper California, life as the native people The Daily had known it disappeared. They no longer hunted and gathered food in the same way. They didn’t travel the Grind of routes they had followed for hundreds of years. Even their religion changed. Many “California Indians,” as they came to be called, Mission Life adapted to new ways of life on the missions, making the

A CALIFORNIA soldiers from mission was the the nearby center of life for fort, traders miles around. seeking furs, It hosted many and others. visitors: men and These travelers women of wealth saw the people arriving from leading busy or , lives.

TOYS AND GAMES d INDIANWOMEN gave people a wove cloth, sewed, chance to enjoy a made soap, cooked, bit of their former, and cleaned. They precolonial life. tended gardens. They played hide- Sometimes they and-seek and used made adobe bricks. acorns for games like marbles. Of course, just about everyone liked swimming!

SENIORSHELPED u CHILDRENWENT a boys’ or girls’ watch grand- to school and to dormitory. If you children and did church. If you were were a boy, you chores. They told one of these kids, worked in the fields stories of life you lived with your or learned a trade. before the family until you If you were a girl, missionaries were eight. Then, you helped the arrived. They you moved into women. helped keep the native people’s l INDIANSWERE culture and made to build new history alive. missions, houses, and forts along the El Camino Real. This 600-mile-long road connected all of the missions.

mexican_settlement_sp1_B.indd 16 1/30/17 12:10 PM r THE NATIVE most of what they had. Others rebelled against the peoples of California newcomers, choosing to fight them or run away. spoke more than Despite its hardships, mission life became familiar. 100 languages. They passed It provided a degree of security. Cattle were raised; down their history, crops were harvested. A stronger economy developed as knowledge, and beliefs by telling traders came to exchange goods for cowhides and tallow. stories, giving Communities grew around the missions as California’s advice, and this one on stone. population increased. recalling events. To communicate They didn’t write; with other groups, they did draw they used sign petroglyphs like language.

Catholicism and moved to a mission. The padre was also their boss and their judge. He was often the captor who made them stay. To the Spanish, the padre was the person sent to gather loyal subjects for “New A PADRE, ORPRIEST, Spain,” as they was the religious called the colony. leader and teacher To traders and to “neophytes,” settlers, he was native Californians the area’s business who converted to leader.

DOGS AT THE missions herded livestock and protected their homes. Though the Indians had dogs of their own, the mission dogs may have arrived on Spanish ships. u INDIANMEN adobe and built worked on the houses. Others mission farms learned to work and nearby cattle with wood, leather, ranches. Some or metal. made bricks of

mexican_settlement_sp1_B.indd 17 1/30/17 12:10 PM 4 Imagine you lived in a community where you were forced to work. Your leader would not let you leave. People you knew Culture grew sick and died. You were given food and shelter, but you never earned a penny. Your grandparents talked about places you might never visit. Clash How long would it take before you wanted to escape? If you succeeded in leaving, would you try to become like the wealthy traders and (Spanish-speaking people of ) who had visited your mission home? Would you search for your grandparents’ people, and try to live off the land as they had?

l THE SPANISH ranches. These needed more first laborers than soldiers and were natives supplies to secure who had chosen California: they mission life – needed settlers a decision most who were loyal would come to Spain. To make to regret. the territory more Eventually, as appealing, the disease killed Spanish put more native their converts Californians, to work. The soldiers forced California Indians most Indians built missions, they could find forts, farms, to convert to villages, and Catholicism.

r MOSTOFTHE Indians who decided to convert had no idea of the life that was in store for them. The missionaries gave them glass beads and brightly colored cloth. They told them that they would be safe and well fed. But once California Indians were baptized, they were forced to abandon their customs and tra- ditions. The men were made to wear shirts and trousers. The women had to wear blouses and skirts. They could be punished for holding traditional ceremonies.

mexican_settlement_sp2_B.indd 16 1/30/17 12:11 PM 5 r WHENTHE no longer worth- brought, like barley Russian American while. In Sonoma, and oats, com- Company arrived and peted with native in 1809, seals, Californios hunted grasses. Giant otters, and beavers tule elk. The herds herds of cattle and were plentiful. By shrank and left sheep grazed the the , trap- the area. Tule elk meadows. Once pers had killed so were not reintro- livestock had eaten many critters for duced to Marin the native plants, their valuable furs County until 1979. non-native plants that business was Plants that settlers took over.

l WHENAMISSION or (village) grew, the padre would ask Indians to appoint (mayors). Alcaldes were often men who had been chiefs or wealthy members of a native people. They managed the Indians and enforced rules. Other Indians in important roles included trans- lators, who were u IF YOU COULD In fact, singing in usually men. play an instrument the boys’ choir Older women well, you might be was one of the few oversaw dormito- picked to play in ways a young ries where girls and the orchestra. If person could hold young women lived you could sing, you an important posi- while single. might join the choir! tion at a mission.

r WHAT KILLED SO many California Indians? The Indians caught , small- pox, and other diseases from the newcomers. Homes on missions and in pueblos were crowded and dirty. Indians led hard lives. They had been forced to adapt to a life totally unlike the way they had existed for hun- dreds of years.

mexican_settlement_sp2_B.indd 17 1/30/17 12:11 PM 6 soldiers needed food and supplies. The padres forced the natives to and Pueblos build pueblos, or farming villages, near Converting Indians to Christianity was only the missions, to meet the soldiers’ needs. one reason that the Spanish built missions. The pueblo people were diverse: some Equally important was defending Spain’s had Spanish, Indian, or African ancestors. claim to the territory. The government Promise of profit at the pueblos helped to needed presidios, or forts, staffed with draw more people to Alta California. soldiers to defend the coastline. Soldiers also provided labor. They forced people from the region to join the mission community.

A RANCHO WAS A independence r MOSTPUEBLO tools, and mon- cattle ranch. Its might belong to residents were ey. In return, the owner had been Mexican, American, farmers, but settlers agreed to granted a tract or European set- store owners, sell extra crops to of land by the tlers. Most ranchos innkeepers, and soldiers from the government. Early included the craftspeople presidio. Progress ranchos belonged owner’s house also lived there. was slow, but to Californios, while and homes for To encourage col- eventually, a few ranchos granted workers, plus fields onists, the Spanish pueblos grew into after Mexican and pastures. offered free land, towns and cities.

EACHPUEBLOHADAN , or mayor. At the center of each pueblo was an open plaza where people could meet. A church and other important buildings surround- ed the plaza.

mexican_settlement_sp3_B.indd 16 1/30/17 12:13 PM r SOLDIERS years. They were stationed at the still ordered to presidios arrived farm, hunt, build, from Mexico deliver mail, and expecting the supervise Indian full support of workers. Some the government. soldiers had joined Instead, they often the military will- went without pay ingly and stayed or supplies for loyal to their long periods. The cause; others had presidios were been forced to join. uncomfortable Some had even places to live. been sent to the When Mexico presidios as pun- decided to fight for ishment. Soldiers independence from were sometimes Spain, the soldiers quite cruel to were left alone for California Indians.

A PRESIDIO WAS A areas, storage, and A HACIENDA WAS A MISSION WAS claimed the land fort built to defend the commander’s a large estate. the spiritual, and its citizens for Alta California for home. Soldiers It might include business, and Spain. Local Indians Spain. It was built protected the fort. ranchos, mines, political headquar- lived, worked, and in the shape of a Each presidio was and other busi- ters of a region. A worshipped there. square. A court- placed to have nesses. The owner Franciscan mis- A mission was also yard inside was a clear view of of a hacienda was sionary from Spain a way station for surrounded by a approaching ships. called a patrón. ran it. The mission travelers. chapel, sleeping Wealthy patróns often lived far away.

mexican_settlement_sp3_B.indd 17 1/31/17 9:47 AM 8 A Cry for Freedom If you were a criollo, born in Mexico of Spanish parents, your rights were restricted. If you were a , with both European and American Indian par- ents, your rights were even more limited. Native people had very few rights at all. It’s easy to see why many residents of Mexico longed for freedom. In 1810, Father made the famous “El Grito de Dolores” (The ) speech. He delivered it in a place called Dolores (now Dolores Hidalgo). It is called the start of the independence movement. When the criollos, , and Indians united, a chain of events was set in motion. These events took a while to reach Alta California. Eventually, they changed Spain, Mexico, and the forever.

l SEPTEMBER Alta California Gains Its 16, 1821: Spain acknowledges Mexican Independence Mexico’s independence. l SEPTEMBER 16, 1810: Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla rallies criollos, mestizos, and Indians against the Spanish.

r 1810–1821: Alta California carries on with mission life, though with little help from Spain.

mexican_settlement_sp4_B.indd 16 1/30/17 12:20 PM 9 l ASACOLONY, criollos could not ’s hold the same government had jobs their fathers been unfair from had held. The 13 the start. Anyone American colonies born outside had recently won Spain was treated their freedom as lower class. from Britain. Many This made people people in Mexico born in Mexico decided their very angry. best hope was Even though to win freedom their parents from Spain. were Spanish,

r EXCEPTFORTHE attack the fort lack of Spanish at Monterey. The support, life in Alta locals had been California changed warned, so they’d little during the left with their valu- war. Only one ables. After a short attack against the battle, the attack- Spanish there took ers burned the place. Hippolyte fort and the town. Bouchard, a They returned to French-born on December Argentine, said considered him a 1 and attacked the he was fighting pirate. On November town of San Juan for Mexican inde- 21, 1818, he arrived Capistrano two pendence. Many with two ships to weeks later.

l SEPTEMBER r APRIL 1822: Spanish 16, 1821: Spain governor Pablo Vicente acknowledges de Solá (right) trans- Mexico’s fers authority over independence. Alta California to Luis Antonio Argüello, a Californio.

l 1822: Alta l 1834: Californians learn Governor José that Mexico has Figueroa orders won the war. that all missions Agustin de Iturbide become pueblos is crowned as within 15 years. Emperor Agustin I of Mexico.

mexican_settlement_sp4_B.indd 17 1/30/17 12:20 PM “Viva México! Viva la Independencia! Vivan los héroes!” Each year, the calls out these words. The president stands on the steps of the . The proclamation is broadcast on the eve of Mexican Independence Day. The call celebrates the nation’s freedom from Spanish rule. It is a reminder of “El Grito de Dolores”: the battle cry that parish priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla first used to rally the Mexican people on September 16, 1810.

mexican_settlement_sp5_B.indd 16 1/30/17 12:38 PM mexican_settlement_sp5_B.indd 17 1/30/17 12:38 PM 12 News of Mexico’s independence traveled Californios Seize the more slowly through Alta California than the world’s slowest game of telephone. There weren’t any phones, after all! Day (and the Land) Before many weeks had passed, Mexican officials arrived. New Spain, including Alta California, had become the new country RUSSIA, BRITAIN, of Mexico. Its borders extended from what the United States – these were just some of the countries that sent trading ships once the Spanish trade bans were lifted. The economy began to expand. Merchants, trad- ers, and sailors began to see that California could be a good place to live. Soon, the population explo- sion that Spain had never achieved was underway . . . at last!

mexican_settlement_sp6_B.indd 16 1/30/17 12:37 PM 13 oversaw the issued many is now to the Pacific conversion of the grants of land. Northwest. The mission leaders were sent missions to pueb- The Spanish away. New governors worked with wealthy los, and he helped government had remove the given only about ranching families to rewrite the laws. Spanish padres 20 land grants. Nearly everyone agreed that the Spanish from their posi- The Mexican tions of power. government, missionaries had held too much power and Figueroa began to eager to increase land. But not everyone came out ahead separate the mis- the population once the missionaries were gone. u THEGOVERNOR sions from their and promote of Alta California church leader- the economy, from 1833 to ship. This process gave about 500 1835 was José was called “sec- land grants to Figueroa. He ularization.” He individuals.

l FIGUEROA, A natives much mestizo, opposed more land. It a plan to divide was the first remaining mission book printed lands among col- in California. onists. Figueroa Unfortunately, felt it did not Figueroa died include enough before he could land for California put his plan into Indians. Although action. The men the padres had he had trusted set aside land to carry out his for the Indians. plan split the Figueroa was lands among their worried it would friends and be taken away. He powerful people. wrote Figueroa’s The natives lost Manifesto, a out again. proposal to give

very little of the land they had been promised. They didn’t have the resources to farm the land they did have. Some tried to return to the villages. They found that their lands had been taken, disease had destroyed villages, or life had changed so much that they could not return. New u THEMISSIONS native Californians settlers were turned into who had been arriving. Many pueblos, and forced onto resented Indians the era of the missions found for using land and Spanish padres themselves with resources that came to a close. new problems. they wanted. Descendants of They were granted

mexican_settlement_sp6_B.indd 17 1/30/17 12:37 PM 14 Getting Ahead in the Rancho Economy Like many eras, the golden age of the a . To apply, you had to write a ranchos (1822–1846) favored the rich letter explaining why you wanted a certain and well connected. But what if you were an piece of land. With it, you would send a American or European settler or a mestizo diseño, or hand-drawn map, that showed from Mexico? What if you were a woman? the plot’s boundaries. The years after Mexican independence Most land grants still went to white might have given you a rare chance to get men . . . but not all.

l JOHN A. SUTTER Sutter became a his property when r WHEN REQUESTING was a Swiss Mexican citizen. news got out: land from the gov- immigrant. He Sutter got the land at Sutter’s Mill! ernment, people arrived in Monterey grant and made In 1848, the Gold sent these small, and asked the laborers build a Rush trampled his hand-drawn maps. governor, Juan giant settlement farming efforts. But diseños were Bautista Alvarado, he called “New Sutter gave his often full of errors. if he could settle Helvetia.” His fort property to his son, As a result, they territory near the became popular who developed led to many land . with travelers. He it into the city of disputes among Alvarado granted was trying to Sacramento. neighbors. him nearly 50,000 build a city on acres, but only if

mexican_settlement_sp7_B.indd 16 1/30/17 12:36 PM 15 woman with many El Camino Real Trade Route all areas where kids, Juana Briones traders arrived bought land and with ships full a house in Yerba San of goods. They Francisco Buena (now San bartered, or Sierra ALTA CALIFORNIA r o Rive NORTH Francisco). She ad r exchanged, them

r e o AMERICA v

Col i

sold goat milk R for animal skins, and produce. She San Santa Fe produce, and Diego Tucson i healed the sick p materials the

p El Paso i s s with herbs and i settlers made. del Norte s R s io i St.

u FEW M A delivered babies. Trading with G Augustine ra successful busi- She was known for nde American ships ness families were her dedication to strengthened run by women. As the poor. Briones Mexico’s ties with Pacific a young, married purchased another Ocean the United States. rancho from two So did the flow of Native Americans, pioneers crossing a 4,400- New Spain the El Camino Real rancho in Santa Mission mountains. Clara. She and Settlement her children lived on and ran that rancho for many u WHEN ALTA the ports became , years. California opened valuable. Most San Jose, Santa to trade and the land requests Barbara, Los population began were for property Angeles, and San growing, land near around Sonoma, Diego. These were

THEBIGGEST ranchos were typically large farms and cattle ranches. Still, their size made them excellent for large enterprises of many sorts. The lands could be vast; they could hold the owners’ homes and farms, plus entire com- munities. Some big ranchos had their own chapels, midwives, and stores.

mexican_settlement_sp7_B.indd 17 1/30/17 12:36 PM 16 At Work and Play on a Rancho For native Californians who moved from a mission to a rancho, life was much the same. Like the Indians’ homes on the missions, living quarters on the ranchos were crowded and dirty. And as before, workers weren’t allowed to leave. Most were in debt to the rancheros (owners) who paid them nothing or next to nothing. Native Californians provided the majority u tagged. Cattle began well before were cowhands. sometimes ate all dawn every of the labor. They herded cattle, tended They roamed the the grass in one morning and gardens, and harvested crops. unfenced ran- corner of the ran- didn’t end until But love and laughter made rancho life chos looking for cho. So vaqueros sunset. Once a escaped cattle, would take them year, the herds better. On the missions, family members which they to better grazing would be counted had often been separated. lassoed and grounds. Work and sorted.

A REATA WAS A leather lasso, riding on horse- sometimes up to back. It took lots 80 feet in length. of practice to get Vaqueros used good at lassoing reatas to control a reata around an animals while animal’s neck.

mexican_settlement_sp8_B.indd 16 1/30/17 12:36 PM 17 r CALIFORNIOS and settlers took the lion’s share of land. The , on the other hand, were granted small sliv- ers of land next to the ranchos. These small plots were called rancherias. They lived there, in adobe huts placed close together, while working for landowners nearby.

u ROLESFORWOMEN on the ranchos were much like l IFRANCHOS d RANCHOSDIDN’T their roles on the were more fun have fences. missions: cooking, than missions, it Livestock from dif- sewing, and gar- was because of ferent farms could dening. Once in a the fiestas and easily mix together. while, a woman celebrations. Indian Vaqueros were might hold down a families cele- skilled at branding “man’s job.” Some brated religious livestock. A black- women herded milestones, like smith created a cattle from place baptism, commu- rancho’s design. to place as part of nion, and marriage. Once an animal had their daily duties. Neighbors would been branded with Some could mount come from miles that rancho’s mark, a horse, throw a around for good nobody would mis- reata, and become food, music, take it for someone excellent vaqueras. and dancing. else’s property. Even so, they Guests might rarely received any stay days for a pay beyond food fiesta, or a week and shelter. for a wedding!

mexican_settlement_sp8_B.indd 17 1/30/17 12:35 PM 18 Activities

Imagine that you are a Californio living in Alta California. TELL YOUR Write a story in which you ask the Mexican government for a land grant. Include a diseño to illustrate your story, and explain STORY what you will do if the land is granted to you.

HOT OFF THE PRESS Suppose you are a journalist assigned to write a feature story about the changes the new Mexican government is bringing to California. Your job is to focus on three topics: missions, the rancho life, and the California Indian experience. Begin by writing notes on each topic. Then pause to figure out how the topics are connected. Explain the connection in your lead paragraph. Finally, draft the body of your article. Be sure to keep the information organized and your sentences clear.

mexican_settlement_sp9_B.indd 18 1/30/17 12:39 PM 19 MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THESE RELATED TITLES

Bear Flag Republic: Cultural Development and Road to Statehood Gold, how it glittered in the sunlight! What Diversity effect did this brilliant metal have on What does the phrase “bear flag California is one of the most diverse California? How did it change the politics, republic” have to do with California? states in our country. This is your chance the environment, and the lives of the Investigate the pushes and pulls that to explore the cultural people who came to live there? Explore brought people here in the first place. – why immigration and migration explod- the effect of sudden wealth – and con- Discover when, why, and how we ed between 1840 and 1900 and how cul- flicts – the Gold Rush brought. became a state in record time. Uncover tural influences from the world over play the controversies, the characters, and out in California. the conflicts along the way.

CALIFORNIA STANDARDS

HSS 4.2 Students describe the social, political, cultural, and economic life and interactions among people of California from the pre-Columbian societies to the Spanish mission and Mexican rancho periods. 4.2.5 Describe the daily lives of the people, native and nonnative, who occu- pied the presidios, missions, ranchos, and pueblos. 4.2.6 Discuss the role of the in changing the econo- my of California from a hunter-gatherer economy to an agricultural economy. 4.2.7. Describe the effects of the Mexican War for Independence on Alta California, including its effects on the territorial boundaries of . 4.2.8. Discuss the period of Mexican rule in California and its attributes, including land grants, of LEARN MORE ONLINE! the missions, and the rise of the rancho economy.

4.3.1 Identify the locations of Mexican • Pablo Tac, a • The pueblos • Why did the num- • Humans have an settlements in California and those of Luiseño Indian, at the heart of ber of California environmental other settlements, including Fort Ross and Sutter’s Fort. kept a journal several major Indians living impact on the about life on California cities at the missions land they settle. the Spanish mis- had a lot to do drop? Analyze What does the Historical and Social Sciences sions. Why are with how the the difference history of Fort Analysis Skills: journals import- cities became between cause Ross tell us Historical Interpretation ant sources so big today. and effect. about our rela- 3. Students identify and interpret the to study? Discover why! tionship with the multiple causes and effects of historical environment? events.

mexican_settlement_sp9_B.indd 19 1/30/17 12:40 PM hmhco.com

EDITOR: Jennifer Dixon FACT-CHECKER: David Stienecker ART DIRECTION: Brobel Design DESIGNERS: Ian Brown, Ed Gabel, AUTHOR: Janice Ridenour David Ricculli, Jeremy Rech AUTHOR TEAM LEAD: Barak Zimmerman PHOTO RESEARCH: Ted Levine, Elisabeth Morgan PRESIDENT AND CEO: Ted Levine ACTIVITIES WRITER: Whitney Davidson CHAIRMAN AND FOUNDER: Mark Levine PROOFREADER: Margaret Mittelbach

GRADE 4 TITLES p.13 bottom center (José Figueroa’s Manifesto). David Rumsey Historical Map Collection: Gerald A. Eddy: p. 17 top right (largest ranchos in California). Getty Images: California: Places and Regions Civil Rights Stock Montage: p.19 top left (Bear Flag Revolt); UIG: pp.12–13 (merchant ships in San Francisco). Granger Collection: p.5 left center (Indian elder), p.4 left (Mission San Pre-Columbian People of California Cultural Development and Diversity Diego), p.7 top right (presidio soldiers), pp.8–9 top (The Cry of Dolores), p.8 bottom Spanish Exploration and Colonization California: Becoming an Economic right (mission life), p.8 right middle (Mexican independence), p.9 lower left (Emperor Augustín I), p.16 top right (vaqueros roping the bear), p.7 left center (female ). Power Mexican Settlement and Rule José Gil de Castro: p.9 center (portrait of Hippolyte Bouchard). Library of Congress: Bear Flag Republic: Road to Statehood A Plan for Government p.8 bottom left (Miguel Hidalgo). The Los Altos History Museum: p.15 top left (Juana American Government: Briones). Shutterstock: Kris Wiktor: p.5 top right (beaver); Hintau Aliaksei: pp.10–11 Gold Rush (Mexican flag); Everett Historical: p.14 left (), p.19 top right (Japanese- Federal, State, and Local Americans); FlyBMW: p.17 bottom right (cattle branding); Eli Maier: p.19 top center (gold nuggets). University of California Press: Historical Atlas of California: pp.14–15 center (diseño of the Scott Tract of Rancho, San Rafael). ON THE COVER: Agustin de Iturbide enters Mexico City, September 1821, with the Army of Three Guarantees: Granger Collection. ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS: Brobel Design: Map of Early Missions and El Camino Real, p.15. PICTURE CREDITS: Alamy: North Wind Picture Archive: p.5 lower right (Catholic mass); Spring Images: p.9 lower right (Mission San Carlos); Richard Ellis: p.16 left (reata); Michael Kline Illustration: Roads: Keeping It Real, Got Goat Milk?, cover; Clothing, Louis Choris: p.17 lower left (rancheria). Bridgeman Images: American School: p.3 Before and After, p.4; Orchestra and Choir, p.5; Criollos Protesting, p.9. center (mission priest); Dorling Kindersley: p.3 top right (Chumash cave art); Underwood Archives: p.2 bottom left (adobe brick-making); John Hauser: p.6 right (pueblo life); Wood Ronsaville Harlin, Inc.: Carol Schwartz: The Daily Grind of Mission Life, pp.2–3. Edwin Hopper: p.13 top right (mission Indians). California State Library: Jim Heaphy: Matthew Frey: Presidios and Pueblos, pp.6–7. Rob Wood: Rancho, pp.14–15.

Copyright © by Kids Discover, LLC

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner unless such copying is expressly permitted by federal copyright law. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be submitted through our Permissions website at https://customercare.hmhco.com/ contactus/Permissions.html or mailed to Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, Attn: Intellectual Property Licensing, 9400 Southpark Center Loop, Orlando, Florida 32819-8647.

Printed in the U.S.A.

ISBN 978-1-328-80044-2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 XXXX 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17

4500000000 A B C D E F G

If you have received these materials as examination copies free of charge, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company retains title to the materials and they may not Possession of this publication in print format does not entitle users to convert this be resold. Resale of examination copies is strictly prohibited. publication, or any portion of it, into electronic format. 4 1686943

Mexican_Settlement_p20_v2.indd 2 1/30/17 12:01 PM

Top View