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Student's Library STUDENT’S LIBRARY A History of Classical Sociology Edited by Prof I. S. Kon Translated by H. Campbell Creighton, M.A. (Oxon) PROGRESS PUBLISHERS MOSCOW Student‘s Library Editorial Board: F. M. Volkov (Managing Editor), Ye. F. Gubsky (Deputy Managing Editor), V. G. Afanasyev, Taufik Ibrahim, Zafar Imam, I. S. Коn, I. M. Krivoguz, A. V. Petrovsky, Yu. N. Popov, Munis Reza, N. V. Romanovsky, V. A. Tumanov, A. G. Zdravomyslov, V. D. Zotov Коллектив авторов (отв. редактор И. С. Кон) История социологии XIX-начала XX века На английском языке Редактор русского текста Рокотян Н. С. Редакторы английского текста Пономаренко С. В., Шафранов В. П. Художник Гордон В. Б. Художественный редактор Красовский С. В. Технический редактор Юханова М. Г. ИБ № 17103 Сдано в набор 01.08.88. Подписано в печать с РОМ 18.04.89. Формат 84x108 1/32. Бумага офсетная № 1. Гарнитура Пресс Роман. Печать офсетная. Условн. печ. л. 19,74. Усл. кр.-отт. 39,88. Уч-изд. л. 22,65. Тираж 15230 экз. Заказ №1147. Цена 1 р. 70 к. Изд. №45235. Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени издательство ―Прогресс‖ Государственного комитета СССР по делам издательств, полиграфии и книжной торговли. 119847, ГСП, Москва, Г-21, Зубовский бульвар, 17. Можайский полиграфкомбинат В/О ―Совэкспорткнига‖ Государственного комитета СССР по делам издательств, полиграфии и книжной торговли. 143200, Можайск, ул. Мира, 93. © Издательство «Наука», 1979 English translation © Progress Publishers 1989 Printed in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ISBN 5-01-001102-6 CONTENTS Page Introduction (by Igor Kon) ........................................................................................................... 5 1. From Social Philosophy to Sociology (by Igor Kon) .................................................................. 9 2. Auguste Comte and the Origin of Positivist Sociology (by Elena Osipova) ............................ 22 3. Herbert Spencer‘s Sociological Conception (by Igor Kon)....................................................... 43 4. Naturalism in Sociology of the Turn of the Century (by Alexander Hofman and Alexander Kovalev) ......................................................................................................................................... 57 5. The Psychological Sociology of the Turn of the Century (by Igor Kon) .................................. 96 6. Empirical Social Studies in the Nineteenth Century (by Marina Kovaleva) .......................... 122 7. The Crisis of Evolutionism and the Antipositivist Trends in Sociology at the Turn of the Century (by Igor Kon) ................................................................................................................. 151 8. K. Ferdinand Tönnies‘ Sociological Conception (by Leonid Ionin) ....................................... 173 9. Georg Simmel‘s Sociology (by Leonid Ionin) ........................................................................ 189 10. Emile Durkheim‘s Sociology (by Elena Osipova) ................................................................ 206 11. The Sociology of Max Weber (by Piama Haidenko) ............................................................ 255 12. The Sociological System of Vilfredo Pareto (by Elena Osipova) ......................................... 312 13. Sociology in Prerevolutionary Russia (by Igor Golosenko) .................................................. 337 Conclusion (by Igor Kon) ............................................................................................................ 357 Subjet Index ....................................................................................................................................... Name Index........................................................................................................................................ This is a study of the shaping and development of sociology in Western Europe, the United States, and Russia at the turn of the century, a period particularly important for the establishing of sociology as an independent discipline. The authors examine its development from social philosophy to sociology proper, and discuss how it grew from the rather vague programme it was, for example, in the conceptions of Auguste Comte, into a leading social science at the beginning of the twentieth century. They trace how it developed its conceptual apparatus, and how it began a systematic treatment of problems of the methodology and techniques of research. The contribution to sociology of the great spokesmen of its classical period, like Tönnoes, Simmel, Durkheim, Max Weber, and Pareto, are examined in detail. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 8 Notes .................................................................................................................................... 9 1 FROM SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY TO SOCIOLOGY ............................................................ 11 1. The Ideological and Theoretical Premisses of Sociological Knowledge .......................... 11 2. The Social and Class Premisses of Sociology ................................................................... 14 Notes .................................................................................................................................. 17 2 AUGUSTE COMTE AND THE ORIGIN OF POSITIVIST SOCIOLOGY........................ 19 1. Comte and His Time .......................................................................................................... 19 2. The Classification of the Sciences ..................................................................................... 20 3. The Subject-matter and Tasks of Sociology ...................................................................... 21 4. The Methods of Sociology ................................................................................................ 22 5. Social Statics ..................................................................................................................... 24 6. Social Dynamics ................................................................................................................ 25 7. The Positive Polity ............................................................................................................ 27 8. Comte‘s Place in the History of Sociology ....................................................................... 28 Notes .................................................................................................................................. 29 3 HERBERT SPENCER‘S SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTION .............................................. 31 1. Spencer and His Time........................................................................................................ 31 2. The Subject-matter of Sociology ....................................................................................... 32 3. Organicism and Evolutionism ........................................................................................... 33 4. Spencer‘s Place in the History of Sociology ..................................................................... 36 Notes .................................................................................................................................. 37 4 NATURALISM IN SOCIOLOGY OF THE TURN OF THE CENTURY .......................... 39 1. Evolutionism — the Basis of the Naturalistic Schools of Sociology ................................ 39 2. The Mechanistic School .................................................................................................... 40 3. The Geographical School .................................................................................................. 41 4. The Racial, Anthropological School ................................................................................. 46 5. The Bio-Organic School .................................................................................................... 48 6. The Social Darwinist School ............................................................................................. 51 *** ............................................................................................................................................. 57 Notes .................................................................................................................................. 58 5 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIOLOGY OF THE TURN OF THE CENTURY ............... 61 1. Psychology and Sociology in the Nineteenth Century ...................................................... 61 2. Psychological Evolutionism .............................................................................................. 62 3. Instinctivism ...................................................................................................................... 63 4. Folk Psychology ................................................................................................................ 65 5. Group Psychology and the Theory of Imitation ................................................................ 66 6. The Birth of Interactionism ............................................................................................... 71 7. Psychological Sociology in the Historical Perspective ..................................................... 73 Notes .................................................................................................................................. 74 6 EMPIRICAL SOCIAL STUDIES
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