Australian Animal Welfare Strategy Final report - Animals in the Wild Sector Review of Existing Animal Welfare Arrangements
AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL WELFARE STRATEGY
FINAL REPORT
ANIMALS IN THE WILD SECTOR
ANIMAL WELFARE ARRANGEMENTS
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Index Page Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 Definition of ‘animals in the wild’ 4 Priorities 4 Value Statement 5 Progress against Australian Animal Welfare Strategy Tasks 9 Conclusion 33 Appendix 1 Acronyms used in the report 34 Appendix 2 Wild Animals Working Group members 36 Appendix 3 Some thoughts on sentience 38 Appendix 4 Task 3 – review committee structures, functions and 41 membership at national, State/Territory and local government levels Appendix 5a-e Task 6 - explore animal welfare performance measures 59 not covered by Animal Health Australia Appendix 6a-q Task 9 - consultancy to review current Australian 96 legislation, produce a needs analysis report Appendix 7a Task 12 – review/collate websites promoting animal 163 welfare legislation, codes, etc Appendix 7b Task 12 – review/collate extension work promoting 208 animal welfare legislation, codes, etc Appendix 8a,b Task 16 – research/monitor community attitudes to, 209 and behaviours about, animals in the wild Appendix 9 Task 29 – review current literature, operating procedures 214 and guidlelines for care of captive and non-captive Australian wildlife Appendix 10a,b Tasks 31 and 32 - review practices/procedures for 216 humane control of pest animals and develop national standard operating procedures Appendix 11 Task 33 - review APVMA processes regarding animal 221 welfare assessment for new/existing control techniques Appendix 12 Task 34c - outline inconsistencies in Australian 223 legislation Appendix 13 Task 54 - review existing/proposed training and quality 229 assurance programs for animal care and welfare content Appendix 15 Task 67 - review national/international animal welfare 235 websites and promote dialogue through the AAWS communication strategy
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Executive Summary
The working group members are highly skilled in the animals in the wild sector and have excellent linkages to other sectors and wider networks. They willingly committed to compiling the inventory of existing animal welfare arrangements as a first step in progressing the welfare of all animals in the wild. The available inventory was documented in the 15 May 2006 draft report, was considered by the working group and identified gaps were addressed, as far as possible, for this final report.
Initial working group tasks were to define the sector, identify its priorities and develop a value statement. Priorities, not in order, for the animals in the wild sector are: 1. To encourage all Australians to be aware of, and have commitment to, the welfare of animals in the wild 2. To consider the best possible outcomes for wild animals in ten, twenty and more years and plan to achieve those goals 3. To ensure the welfare of animals in the wild is core business of the Primary Industries Ministerial Council and the Council of Australian Governments 4. To ensure that legislative inconsistencies between jurisdictions are removed 5. The establishment of nationally accepted and enforceable Codes of Practice and Standard Operating Procedures for the humane and feasible control of: vertebrate pest* animals overabundant native** animal species native animals, both within and affected by, programs relating to the rehabilitation, relocation and reintroduction to the wild of native species 6. The establishment of policies which reinforce community understanding and responsibility through compliance, education and enforcement 7. To ensure there is secure, ongoing research and development that enhances welfare for animals in the wild, including innovation in tools, techniques and delivery of practical management and control measures 8. To support sustainable land use planning and management that accommodates the needs of wildlife and addresses wild animal welfare 9. To identify and develop responses to future threats, for example global warming and continuing urban development 10. To develop contingency planning for episodic events and creeping disasters such as floods and droughts 11. To ensure wildlife tourism and similar ventures promote wild animal welfare.
Four major risks, again not in order, have been identified for the animals in the wild sector and the Australian Animal Welfare Strategy:
Major risk 1: currently there are no nationally supported or agreed Codes of Practice for vertebrate pest animal control. The community would expect that these are already in place. Work is underway in this area however, until completed, the risk remains
*Pest – an animal that causes significant damage to a valued resource. The pest status of an animal can change with time, between areas or according to perception. Native animals such as kangaroos and possums can be pests in some situations **Native – an animal that is indigenous to Australia
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Major risk 2: lack of continuing, dedicated resources and expertise to undertake basic and applied research and to implement programs for animals in the wild
Major risk 3: there is general public ignorance and/or apathy regarding the welfare of animals in the wild. This could continue if the Australian Animal Welfare Strategy is not presented in a manner that is readily understood and accepted by its audiences
Major risk 4: Australian jurisdictions often act independently and could resist a perceived ‗national takeover‘ of their roles by the Australian Animal Welfare Strategy.
Other important considerations for the animals in the wild sector are:
As a unifying concept, all measures must be humane and consider the animal‘s welfare. This requires consistent cross agency, industry and public support The need to have quantifiable, positive and long term outcomes, especially regarding the extent and suitability of habitats for native animal populations The need to engage high level support and prioritise funding to research and remedy major gaps in the information available for this sector Three is a lack of standards and performance measures for protecting the welfare of animals in the wild, including the effects of reintroductions and translocations of native animals and the effects of feeding wildlife To encourage an increasingly more humane and sustainable relationship of indigenous people with wild animals. Opportunities exist for co-management of wild animal resources and activities The need to identify and engage all of the numerous stakeholders in this sector The need to engage community support and provide ready access to information on the management of native and pest animals. The information must use consistent, non-bureaucratic words in plain English and other languages The need to effectively deal with community perceptions of wild animal interventions that can have adverse implications for necessary management and control measures Some tasks (for example relevant websites) have been found to be difficult and repetitive across a number of tasks, both within and across sectors. Consultancies are required to address the quantity and quality of information. Sectoral groups will require ongoing collaboration to achieve meaningful outcomes.
As was expected from diverse and committed people, the Wild Animals Working Group debated many issues. Consequently, views expressed in this report may not have the unanimous support of the members, however their intent does.
The Wild Animals Working Group is privileged to have been part of the vanguard Australian Animal Welfare Strategy. Members welcomed the opportunity to shape its outcomes for the benefit of all animals, in particular those in the wild.
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Introduction
The Wild Animals Working Group (WAWG, see Appendix 2) has a broad range of expertise in animal welfare, research and production, in biological sciences, education, management, invasive animal species and pest control. The group is well qualified to advise and work within the animals in the wild sector of the Australian Animal Welfare Strategy (AAWS).
WAWG cooperatively delivered a substantial inventory of animal welfare arrangements relating to this sector. The inventory is contained in the progress against tasks section of the report and in the attached appendices. WAWG considered and added to the draft to finalise this report, delivered on 21 June 2006.
An initial WAWG task was to define what constitutes animals in the wild, then identify the priorities for the sector and develop a value statement.
Definition
‗Animals in the wild‘ for the purpose of AAWS are wild animals that are: air breathing vertebrates not dependent on humans for their survival.
Wild animals include whales, dolphins, dugongs, seals and sea lions, sea turtles, all terrestrial mammals, reptiles, birds and amphibians. They therefore include pest as well as native Australian species.
Priorities
1. To recognise that the welfare of animals in the wild cannot be considered without attention to optimum habitat for their continuing well being and existence 2. To consider the best possible outcomes for wild animals in ten, twenty and more years and plan to achieve those goals 3. To encourage all Australians to be aware of, and have commitment to, the welfare of animals in the wild 4. To ensure the welfare of animals in the wild is core business of the Primary Industries Ministerial Council (PIMC), the Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council (NRMMC) and the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) 5. To ensure that legislative inconsistencies between jurisdictions are removed 6. The establishment of nationally accepted Codes of Practice (COPs) and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for the humane and feasible control of: vertebrate pest animals overabundant native species native animals, both within and affected by, programs relating to the rehabilitation, relocation and reintroduction to the wild of native species The COPs must be enforceable to achieve the desired welfare aims
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7. The establishment of policies that reinforce community responsibility through compliance, education and enforcement. This will require: communications that address the increasing disconnect of the general Australian population to the existence and concerns of animals in the wild ready access to information on the management of native and pest animals information with consistent use of non-bureaucratic terms and words in plain English and other languages for access by Australians with non-English speaking backgrounds criteria and assessment measuresfor the rehabilitation and/or reintroduction of animals to the wild criteria for translocation programs 8. To ensure there is secure, ongoing research and development that enhances welfare for animals in the wild, including innovation in tools, techniques and delivery of practical control measures. This should include encouraging animal ethics committees (AECs) to facilitate research on wild animals 9. To ensure continuity of expertise in research and operations with wild animals 10. Animal welfare to be integral to all aspects of operator training and any work with animals in the wild 11. To support sustainable land use planning and management that accommodates the needs of wildlife and addresses wild animal welfare 12. To identify and develop responses to future threats, for example global warming and continued urban development 13. To develop contingency planning for episodic events, creeping disasters and similar which includes: ecosystem protection and restoration border protection and agency cooperation definition and assessment of adverse impacts quantification of adverse impact reduction versus number of animals killed 14. To ensure wildlife tourism and similar ventures promote wild animal welfare.
Value Statement
The welfare of all wild animals should be protected and its sustainable improvement promoted. All wild animals should be treated humanely according to sound animal welfare standards and practices.
Within normal variability of resources, native animals must have the opportunity to secure adequate food, water and shelter in order to maintain population dynamics within the normal range for each species.
Wild animals are an important component of the Australian environment and must be considered in the planning and implementation of development and land management practices. If human intervention adversely affects wild animals, humane and effective solutions are required to prevent or minimise the impact of such interventions.
In circumstances where wild animals cause an unacceptable economic, environmental or social impact, strategies to reduce these should be instituted. Any control measures should be humane and as target specific as practical.
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General considerations when dealing with wild animals
Interventions with wild animals should incorporate current knowledge of: the species involved and its welfare requirements the biology and ecology of the species indigenous cultural entitlements and significance and/or use of wild animals rehabilitation procedures required to: 1. return native animals to health and release to the wild or to sanctuaries 2. restore habitat to allow normal species‘ behaviours 3. restore the environment following control measures.
Interventions with wild animals should also take into account any implications of: community attitudes to wild animal management national and international attitudes towards iconic Australian species such as kangaroos, koalas and emus political imperatives at local, State/Territory, national and international levels.
WAWG debated whether native and introduced animals should be afforded the same consideration in the value statement. There was agreement that in dealing with either, considerations of animal welfare are the same and both groups deserve humane treatment consistent with the aim of AAWS to improve the welfare of all animals. From a sentience perspective there is no reason to treat these groups differently - they are both capable of experiencing pain and their welfare needs are the same. The fact that pest animals can seriously and negatively impact on the welfare of native animals requires separate discussion.
The Commonwealth and State/Territories‘ conservation Acts recognise threatened species and key threatening processes, along with Threat Abatement Plans that arise from the Acts and Priority Action Statements. These establish the basis for differentiation between the species that should be preserved and those whose negative impacts should be controlled. Invasive species‘ control is a National Research Priority that aims to counteract adverse impacts through new, practical technologies and by integrating approaches across agencies and jurisdictions.
There are a number of current and previous Parliamentary inquiries into pest animals and environmental damage (see Appendix 10b). 'Taking control - a national approach to pest animals' was released in November 2005 and 'Turning back the tide - the invasive species challenge' was released in 2004. Both recommend leadership and coordination in managing pest species. The need for effective national coordination was also raised in the 2004 ‗Discussion paper on a national approach to humane vertebrate pest control (HVPC)‘.
This paper, which arose from a joint workshop held by the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) Australia, the Animal Welfare Centre (AWC) and the Vertebrate Pests Committee (VPC), recommended that welfare issues should be fully integrated into pest management practices. It is acknowledged that monitoring culling activities and enforcing the law is particularly difficult in remote areas where most of these activities take place.
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According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN or The World Conservation Union), Australia ranks high amongst nations with recent extinctions and has a proportionately large number of endangered species. Recently the Australian Bureau of Statistics reported that between 1995 and 2005 the number of terrestrial bird and mammal species listed as extinct, endangered or vulnerable rose by 41% from 120 to 169.
According to the Australian Academy of Science, extinctions have resulted from the two main threatening factors to species survival (see Appendix 5a). These are loss of habitat and the introduction of alien species that prey on and/or compete with native species and livestock for food and habitat – both of which can rapidly and effectively be lost.
Changes to habitats have significant, long term and insidious effects that can lead to the altered behaviour, health and number of resident native animals. This is evidenced in the Tasmanian Devil with the emergence of facial tumour disease and its devastating effect on that species. Among other problems, changing habitat dynamics can pose a risk of emerging diseases that can be transferred to other species, including humans and production animals. This has been evidenced in native bat populations where altered habitat and ecology have resulted in a number of new emergency zoonotic diseases.
In addition, pest animals can be reservoirs for exotic and endemic diseases that may affect human health and be of welfare, production and trade significance to agricultural animals. In this case, minimising the risk posed by pest animals must be done as quickly and humanely as possible.
The threats above require active measures to address pest animal control and habitat destruction, for example as a result of increasing human development, weed invasion, damming and pollution. Animal species that have the potential to become pests, for example lovebirds and ferrets, require monitoring and action before they pose significant problems. Equally, competition for limited resources by overabundant or translocated native species must be managed. WAWG‘s unanimous emphasis is on humane, effective control measures and their target specificity, with any new measures being increasingly so. Poorly targeted control measures can have serious welfare implications for native animals.
There was lively discussion on whether the animals in the wild brief should cover invertebrates. This revolved around the notion of sentience and which animals are regarded as possessing this. The AAWS definition is: 'A sentient animal is one that has the capacity to have feelings and to experience suffering and pleasure. Sentience implies a level of conscious awareness‘. This is taken to mean vertebrate animals, however, some cephalopods are considered sentient invertebrates. The Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes recently incorporated octopus and squid into its definition of animals, with the 2004 7th edition reflecting technological changes and current community attitudes to the use of animals in science and teaching.
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WAWG considered that the animals in the wild sector would be doing very well if it could encompass the vast range of vertebrate species in its scope. Therefore ‗drawing a line in the sand‘ is a realistic approach to take in the first instance. As the debate regarding sentience is applicable to other AAWS sectors, for interest some comments on sentience are included in Appendix 3.
Debate also occurred regarding the relevance of some considerations relating to interventions with wild animals. This included the attitudes and perceptions of those distanced from the subject as these attributes are not measured, monitored nor given a value. It was put forward that science-based argument should be encouraged to accommodate differing points of view. The value statement promotes an ideal position and it can be argued that some seemingly unrelated considerations can hinder, even halt, desired management outcomes. An example is where community opposition to the culling of kangaroos may impede a program to reduce their overabundance and to mitigate their consequent poor welfare.
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Progress against Australian Animal Welfare Strategy Tasks
Although a final report for stage 1 of AAWS implementation, this report should be considered a work in progress for stage 2. The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF), WAWG and others will modify and substantially add to the report. For these reasons, it is structured around the AAWS action plan‘s goals, activities and tasks. This gives a snapshot of progress to date for this sector‘s work in compiling the stage 1 inventory, whilst retaining focus on the three overarching AAWS goals. The report will easily transfer to the animals in the wild sector‘s action plan in stage 2.
Not all 70 of the AAWS tasks are encompassed in this report as only those detailed are directly relevant to the animals in the wild sector.
AAWS Goal 1 - Achieve an enhanced national approach and commitment to ensure high standards of animal welfare based on a concise outline of current processes Activity 1 - Establish a shared understanding of respective roles and responsibilities across all relevant Commonwealth, State, Territory and local government agencies and non-government organisations. Task 2 - Involve local government and all relevant stakeholders Desired outcomes – Identification of local government authorities and stakeholders to provide local level comment on administrative, legislative and planning mechanisms and their involvement in the AAWS sectoral action plans.
Progress to date AAWS brochures were included in satchels for the International Congress on Zoo Keeping, May 2006 AAWS was an agenda item at the VPC meeting in May 2006 Encouraged VPC to discuss AAWS with local governments DAFF presented on AAWS at the Australian Veterinary Association (AVA) Conference, May 2006 Tony English to present on AAWS at the Dogs People Conference, July 2006 DAFF to present on AAWS at the National Wildlife Rehabilitation Conference, August 2006 Presentation on AAWS at the Urban Animal Management Conference, August 2006 is under negotiation. Information on AAWS will be included in conference material.
Gaps The DAFF survey of local governments on their animal welfare issues (within Task 2) will not be available before 30 June, however local level information was required for the sectoral reports due on 20 June 2006 Inconsistent coverage of local government and stakeholders Communications between State/Territory governments and local governments is not formalised There are many and diverse stakeholders and operators with little formal coordination between them
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Some groups are unlikely to be identified This includes the primary stakeholder group of a great number of landholders who are responsible for private land and public parks. These holdings are significant as they can amount to the greatest area within a jurisdiction The role and needs of landholders must be identified and adequately addressed In general, no information on humane killing or damage mitigation is supplied when applying for firearms licences and hunting permits. An exception is NSW where applicants for Game Council hunting permits are required to sign a statement that they will abide by the COP, with animal welfare information provided in the Council‘s Hunter Education Handbook, see Appendix 14. A number of jurisdictions have COPs for hunting/shooting and some have accreditation processes in place The role of the National Resource Management board and its relationship with the three levels of government are both evolving. At this stage, animal management and welfare is low on the priority list.
AAWS Goal 1 Activity 1 Task 3 – Review all committee structures, functions and membership at national, State/Territory and local government level Desired outcomes – membership and operational procedures of committees at all jurisdictional levels are appropriate for the development of animal welfare policy and processes. Ensure administrative, legislative and planning mechanisms are acceptable to all stakeholders and support effective management of animal welfare throughout Australia.
Progress to date Frank Keenan, with VPC assistance, has complied a draft paper on national, international and Queensland state committee structures. See Appendix 4 Humane Vertebrate Pest Control and the Animal Welfare Matrix. This outlines the complex social network involved in the animal welfare debate. The paper was developed as background to HVPC from a Queensland perspective and can be viewed as applying, in general, to all jurisdictions Established a list of committees relevant to WAWG, including the National Consultative Committee on Animal Welfare (NCCAW), jurisdictional Animal Welfare Advisory Committees (AWAC), VPC, national parks and wildlife services, NRMMC, local conservation groups, hunting clubs etc VPC at its May 2006 meeting was asked to assist in completing the list A coordinated inventory was undertaken.
Gaps As for Task 1, the effectiveness, power of committees etc will not be identified Essential to have DAFF input from Task 1 to feed into the inventory Numerous committees exist with different objectives and structures Inconsistent skills, knowledge and experience in the membership of committees Lack of consistency in dealings between and within States/Territories and local government
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Many stakeholders in the animals in the wild sector do not have peak bodies to advance their views It is not feasible to review committee structures of the great number of non- government organisations, many of which cannot be identified.
AAWS Goal 1 Activity 2 - Facilitate the maintenance of effective animal welfare units in each jurisdiction, recognising inter-agency interests, to assist and coordinate the delivery of animal welfare advice, policy development and support services Task 6 – Explore animal welfare performance measures not covered by Animal Health Australia Desired outcomes – comprehensive data generated, captured and analysed to inform stakeholders and the general public of animal welfare performance outcomes in the animals in the wild sector
Progress to date Coordinated a literature review on animal welfare performance measures that exist or are published in Australia for the animals in the wild sector. Ultimately to include published date, author and version number for all references Some criteria/requirements for animal welfare performance measures in the animals in the wild sector have been identified, see Appendix 5a These include the RSPCA Australia 2002 ‗Kangaroo Shooting Code Compliance. A survey of the extent of compliance with the requirements of the Code of Practice for the Humane Shooting of Kangaroos‘ (currently under review) and the Kangaroo Industry Association (KIAA) paper giving its point of view on the same topic. Appendix 5d provides references and short summaries Appendix 8b Task 16 includes a number of performance outcomes, outlined by KIAA, that apply to kangaroo harvesting Jurisdictions were requested to list their policies, standards, COPs etc for the animals in the wild sector. Responses are still required from WA, NT and NSW The following are some codes, guidelines etc: See Appendix 5c for further additions. Code of Practice for the Humane Shooting of Kangaroos Code of Practice for Hunting, NSW Code of Practice for the Killing of Corellas and Galahs, SA Feral Aerial Animal Shooting Training (FAAST) The Australia and New Zealand Environment Council (ANZEC) guidelines for marine mammal interaction Australian National Guidelines for Whale and Dolphin Watching 2005 http://www.deh.gov.au/coasts/publications/whale-watching-guidelines- 2005.html Wildlife oil spill responses for the Australian Marine Science Association (AMSA) and jurisdictions Information on wildlife research for AECs on the website - www.animalethics.org.au. NSW Agriculture currently have SOPs out for comment on this topic – for details contact Trudy Sharp at [email protected]
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Many other COPs etc exist at Commonwealth and State/Territory government levels. These were sought from all jurisdictions but not identified for all, however it is assumed they would be similar to those received. The Primary Industries Standing Committee (PISC) has commissioned a series of technical reports, COPs and SOPs, published by CSIRO Publishing At: http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/22/sid/11.htm Articles on indigenous hunting of wild animals were sourced and each provides valuable further references. See Appendix 5e The New Zealand National AWAC has developed guidelines on the performance of kill traps and several traps have been tested against these guidelines. Available at www.biosecurity.govt.nz/animal-welfare/nawac/policies/guideline09.htm. This could be considered for Australia The HVPC Discussion Paper is also relevant Review of the Australian Model Codes of Practice for the Welfare of Animals (Neumann Report) http://www.daff.gov.au/content/output.cfm?ObjectID=DEEBA979-A4C6-461C- A4F2C1535CF417A5. Key principles referring to this report and arising from a 2005 workshop are in Appendix 5c ANZCCART paper ―Variables in Animal Based Research: Part 2 Variability associated with experimental conditions and techniques 1998 Vol 11 pp 1-12 – Julie Reilly, University of Queensland S221 of the Native Title Act 1993 preserves the native title right to fish and hunt and has no reference to animal welfare (see Task 34c also) Sydney University Post Graduate Foundation In Veterinary Science, Australian Wildlife, Proceedings No. 104 from the John Keep Refresher Course on Australian Wildlife, 1988 Threatened Species Network (TSN) works with the community to stop plants and native animals from disappearing. TSN brings together science with community needs and national issues with local concerns to help protect threatened species. At: http://wwf.org.au/ourwork/species/tsn/ The Australasian Wildlife Management Society (AWMS) is committed to wildlife management in Australia and New Zealand. It promotes the study and application of scientific wildlife management, discussion and dissemination of information. At: http://www.awms.org.nz The Australian Wildlife Health Network (AWHN) addresses emerging diseases, the need to show absence of evidence of diseases for trade purposes and threatened species by understanding the impacts of wildlife health on human health, biodiversity and trade. The network helps by improving communications, coordination and encouraging surveillance. [email protected] At: http://www.wildlifehealth.org.au/AWHN/ The Australian Veterinary Emergency Plan (AUSVETPLAN) has a Wild Animal Response Strategy (WARS), Edition 3, Version 3.2, 2005, available at: http://www.animalhealthaustralia.com.au/aahc/index.cfm?E9711767-B85D-D391- 45FC-CDBC07BD1CD4#sum The welfare of wild animals can arise indirectly, such as in work aimed at companion and research animals. Effective links to these areas are essential. Gaps
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There are performance measures for government and industry endorsed programs but no performance measures documented for private lands, which can form the majority of a jurisdiction‘s area There are no quality assurance programs to cover this sector At this stage no specific animal welfare performance measures have been found for the animals in the wild sector, this includes for the management and/or control of pest species Any provisions require the ability for enforcement There are very few articles that refer to animal welfare performance measures for animals in the wild. Most articles refer to native animal research Limited science background on the welfare of animals in the wild Limited relevance of (limited) international literature to wild animals in Australia. Further work is required in this area to search for international benchmarks and performance measures Lack of wildlife expertise on some AECs that may impact on setting performance measures within research projects. Occupational health and safety issues associated with wildlife handling may not be identified Need to identify criteria/requirements for animal welfare performance measures in the animals in the wild sector Once criteria are identified, performance measures need to be developed that ultimately specify data necessary, identify current processes and data outputs able to meet requirements, recommend additional processes and/or modification of existing processes to meet requirements and identify resources to maintain ongoing data capture, collection and analysis Need information from the Research and Teaching sector in order to perform a gap analysis of animal welfare performance measures Government websites should link to all relevant reference and resource materials Lack of application of animal welfare measures in indigenous traditional hunting Need to complete the review of the COP for the Humane Shooting of Kangaroos The consultant in Task 9 to ascertain whether indigenous hunting is exempt from State and Territory animal welfare Acts.
AAWS Goal 1 Activity 3 - Facilitate the timely development and revision of codes of practice, standards, guidelines and legislation for the welfare of animals where scientific, social and industry developments justify changes being made to existing practices Task 7a - Identification the management, coordination, prioritisation, financing and resourcing required to develop and revise minimum standards for national aquatic species and non-production animal welfare appropriate to wild animals Desired outcomes - A guaranteed and specified process for regular revision of standards, COPs etc is accepted by appropriate Ministerial Councils. The process will specify: 1. the inclusive manner of development 2. the manner by which the process will be informed by scientific evidence and changing community values 3. a mechanism that guarantees funding sufficient for this work
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Progress to date Some standards that apply to the animals in the wild sector are covered by: the Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care and Use of Animals in Research and Teaching (ANZCAART), the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), along with whale watching guidelines, etc Funding options are identified under Task 48 and, although higher level, could be considered as possibilities. Alternatively, development of minimum standards could be incorporated within larger research and development projects
Gaps Few standards exist in the animals in the wild sector Risks to wild animal welfare in not having standards The community would expect that standards are in already place and that they adequately cater for wild animal welfare Further standards should be developed as a matter of priority Standards that exist have been developed in isolation of other standards Limited coordinated approach for development of codes, standards etc No current mechanism to fund regular review of codes, standards etc Policy development often is reactive rather than proactive Different Acts and different agencies are responsible for animal welfare, conservation and education, consequently animal welfare is not treated in a consistent manner throughout Australia National arrangements and oversight are required to deal with the diversity of animal welfare issues Coordination - government consultation procedures appear exhaustive but often only get to the people who know about the issue already, not to the public. However agencies generally know what others are doing and identified non- government organisations that need to be involved are usually consulted Prioritising – often this can be the result of political or media influence leading to community perception that something is wrong and requires fixing, although this may not be the case Financing - in the current economic climate, one project is usually funded at the expense of another. If priority for funding is given due to political or media influences mentioned above, there needs to be a mechanism to put (perhaps more legitimate) funding priorities back on the agenda Resourcing – consider funded research and/or consultancies in order to dedicate time to discrete projects rather than coopting already busy people to do the job Need to identify existing as well as additional and alternative funding resources The full outcomes of literature reviews and other requests from Task 6 are necessary in order to complete 7a It was considered that this task would require more resources to complete than were available to WAWG.
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AAWS Goal 1 Activity 3 Task 8a - Mechanisms for ongoing work on animal welfare standards, codes of practice and/or guidelines for each of the other sectoral groups determined and presented to PISC, presumably in September/October 2006 Desired outcomes – as for 7a above and recommendation on provision of a reliable funding mechanism and whether existing processes reviewing COPs etc adequately consider impact on the animals in the wild sector
Progress to date To be done in conjunction with 7a Found highly variable quality of standards, COPs etc Identified that VPC, RSPCA Australia, Animals Australia and the Department of Environment and Heritage (DEH) should collaborate with the animals in the wild sector when developing/reviewing their policies etc WAWG to provide a report for PISC/PIMC and other appropriate Ministerial Councils including: mechanisms and recommendations for the management, coordination, prioritisation, financing, and resourcing of development and ongoing revision of minimum standards for the animals in the wild sector and identify whether existing reviews of codes/guidelines adequately consider any potential impact on wild animals Use outcomes of task 6 and 7a to complete this task.
Gaps As for 7a Codes are used inconsistently across jurisdictions. Some are mandatory, others are evidentiary, defensible or advisory.
AAWS Goal 1 Activity 4 – appoint a consultancy to review current legislation and produce a needs analysis report for PISC/PIMC Task 9 and 34 c - Consultancy to review current legislation and produce a needs analysis report for PISC/PIMC and outline inconsistencies
Progress to date Consultant to DAFF appointed in May 2006 WAWG sent a comprehensive list of relevant legislation to DAFF to feed into the consultancy and receive feedback for this sector - see Appendix 6(a-q).
Gaps Some legislation is out of date and requires review and/or revision.
AAWS Goal 1 Activity 5 - Encourage the use of effective consultative and communication mechanisms to engage all animal-use industries, community groups, animal welfare organisations, governments and the community in developing animal welfare policies, standards and education. Publicise the existence and content of existing animal
Lyndy Scott Page 15 Final Report Australian Animal Welfare Strategy Final report - Animals in the Wild Sector Review of Existing Animal Welfare Arrangements welfare legislation, model codes of practice, position statements, standards and guidelines using appropriate media Task 12 - Review and collate existing sectoral stakeholder websites and extension work being undertaken by stakeholders promoting the existence and content of current animal welfare legislation, model COPs, position statements, standards and guidelines Desired outcomes - Report will be useful for the AAWS communication and engagement strategies (tasks 59, 60, 67)
Progress to date: It was considered that the task to collate all websites relevant to animals in the wild was extremely large and may not be the best use of WAWG resources. A major and time consuming problem lies in judging what is a good and what is an unacceptable website A large amount of information generated by a (truncated) Google search is in Appendix 7a and reiterates the first point. WAWG consulted with their networks to identify the most relevant websites and extension work There is virtually nothing on welfare with regards to animals in the wild The search terms ‗universities‘ and ‗animal welfare‘ gave little result Universities appear to piggy-back animal welfare on to AECs. However some universities (for example Melbourne) have Animal Welfare Officers independent of the AEC system It was observed that AECs may make judgemental decisions that can retard progress in wildlife studies. However, since July 2005 the University of Queensland AEC has used wildlife representative(s) when reviewing wildlife studies. The committee is empowered to review both the ethics and scientific merit of applications, however there is still a problem with long processing delays The WA State Education Department has an Animal Welfare Committee that acts collectively for all schools (mostly high schools) under their direction, however there is little live animal material in their curricula. It appears that on most animal welfare issues they liase with the relevant state department handling animal welfare issues. They routinely refer to RSPCA Australia The Catholic Education Commission of WA has an AEC not an animal welfare committee The Association of Independent Schools of WA, for example, does not have any animal welfare committees and believed animal welfare was the same as animal ethics. They appreciated an explanation of the differences and expressed interest in learning more It is considered that all or most of the State and Territory primary and secondary school systems will operate along similar lines to WA Appendix 7b contains summaries of Melbourne University‘s Quality Assurance regarding animal welfare and Flinders University Animal Welfare Charter.
Gaps Many websites vary in content, description, quality and credibility of information Many websites constantly change and are rapidly out of date Suggest appoint a consultant to review and collate the identified websites for all sectors
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Lack of community (and other) distinction between animal welfare and animal ethics. This will need to be addressed with clearly communicated information Animal liberation and animal rights issues will also need addressing Need to identify and include stakeholder groups, other than educational, such as sporting shooters, ecotourism ventures etc.
AAWS Goal 1 Activity 5 Task 16 - research and monitor community attitudes to, and behaviours about, animal welfare Desired outcomes – research that takes into account the diversity in the community and what influences this
Progress to date Public attitudes to be researched as a consultancy project within the scope of the AAWS communications strategy WAWG considered this research task must use a carefully worded survey that takes into account the influences on, and the diversity within, the community A number of research/discussion papers have been identified, see Appendix 8a and a summary of sectoral information from KIAA is in Appendix 8b Information in Michelle Walter‘s PhD thesis, 'The population ecology of wild horses in the Australian Alps', University of Canberra, 2002 The Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) appointed a full time postdoctoral researcher to study social impediments to biological management practices in pest animal control WAWG recommends that the proposed Animal Welfare CRC further researches attitudes to pest animal control and its management Stakeholder attitudes will be canvassed through the Bureau of Rural Sciences (BRS) stakeholder analysis phase 4 project.
AAWS Goal 1 Activity 6 - Undertake a review of the existing animal welfare infrastructure, policies and programs in place in Australia Tasks 17 and 18 – Analyse and compile a concise inventory of current animal welfare arrangements, activities and achievements for WAWG Desired outcomes - A thorough and concise outline of existing processes and planning for the animals in the wild sector is available, including a gap analysis, to inform ongoing work and a list of significant milestones in delivering improved animal welfare outcomes within this sector. This will enable benchmarking for future work in this sector
Progress to date this final report to be incorporated into the AAWS National Implementation Plan.
Gaps Identified gaps have been considered but not analysed
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Need to thoroughly review the sector‘s action plan to identify if relevant items or issues have been missed.
AAWS Goal 1 Activity 7 - PIMC will assume lead responsibility for the monitoring, review and reporting on progress under AAWS and will coordinate the development of an AAWS National Implementation Plan in consultation with key stakeholders. This plan will incorporate specific action plans and nominated lead agencies; identify any additional resources and funding required to deliver the plan and provide a basis for national coordination of AAWS and reporting on implementation progress Tasks 19 and 20 - The six AAWS sectoral working groups to develop action plans, including clarification of consultation processes, defining key outcomes and how they will be measured. Each sectoral group to work with resource providers to establish availability of resources for progression of action plans and advise the AAWS Advisory Committee of identified resource shortfalls Desired outcomes - action plan for the animals in the wild sector is developed. Resources seen to be sufficient to progress the action plan, except for identified shortfalls
Progress to date Universities, non-government organisations, government and other agencies do not directly contribute finances for resources, rather they provide generous in kind contributions through the work of their employees This final report, deadline 20 June 2006, will provide information for the sectoral action plan, due on 30 June 2006.
Gaps Tasks 19 and 20 are considerable with ten days only between 20 and 30 June 2006 It is unlikely that all members of WAWG would be able to fully commit to the tasks within this timeframe There is limited discrete funding for such exercises. Most funding is in kind contributions from those employed by stakeholder organisations.
AAWS Goal 2 - Achieve an enhanced national approach and commitment to ensure high standards of animal welfare based on a concise outline of current processes Activity 9 - Facilitate the development, collection and collation of national statistics on animal welfare Task 23 - Determine existing and future data and data sources on animal welfare, incorporating consideration of community expectations Desired outcomes - Comprehensive data generated, captured and analysed to inform stakeholders and the general public of animal welfare performance outcomes in the animals in the wild sector
Progress to date Work is in train through the Invasive Animals CRC and the National Land and Water Resources audit. This is a mapping project for pest animals to identify their extent, population densities and impact on the environment. The results will allow
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each State and Territory to prioritise control measures based on damage caused by, as well as number of, animals The above project will provide current baseline data as a benchmark for ongoing research and funding to provide periodic updates The wildlife health information system (WHIS) is administered by AWHN. WHIS is a database to capture detailed primary data relating to wildlife health surveillance and investigation in Australia. eWHIS, the web-enabled version, is a database that allows summary data entry and retrieval through the internet Some sectors have national reporting systems and databases exist in different areas All jurisdictions provide information to varying extents, for example data is captured by the Biological Survey of South Australia and the NSW Department of Environment and Conservation has information at www.environment.nsw.gov.au/ and the ‗pests and other threats‘ link at www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/ Statistics are available on legal kangaroo culling and kangaroo populations Recognition, impact and control of threats to wildlife from urban, stray and feral cats, pest animals and community expectations are referred to in many papers on the Urban Animal Management website, at http://www.uam.net.au Must await finalisation of data from tasks 6 and 16 to determine existing and future data and data sources on animal welfare
Gaps Consistency of collection, analysis and presentation across jurisdictions Need for comprehensive jurisdictional and local government state of the environment reporting.
AAWS Goal 2 Activity 11 – Promote acceptable animal welfare practices in the care and management of Australia‘s wildlife Task 29 – Review of current literature and existing operating procedures and guidelines for care of captive and non-captive Australian wildlife
Progress to date Refer to task 6, 19 and use outcomes for this task Sourced ―Australian Mammals Biology and Captive Management‖ by Stephen Jackson. 2003, CSIRO Publishing Noted the Acupuncture Protocol for Sea Turtle Resuscitation and the revised use of acupuncture points in drowned sea turtles. A published review of the use of the GV26 point in resuscitation is at: http://users.med.auth.gr/~karanik/english/articles/gv26.htm Results of a non-exhaustive literature search are in Appendix 9 DAFF advised the Animals used in Work, Sport, Recreation or on Display working group to undertake this task for captive Australian wildlife DAFF to determine how conservation agencies recognise animal welfare in their policies Habitat quality is essential for the survival and welfare of animals in the wild. Some reference to suitable habitat and environment is given regarding the humane
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control of pest animals, see Appendix 10 and in a number of training courses, see Appendix 14 This is a stage 2 project, to be undertaken after 30 June 2006.
Gaps Paucity of available literature Research and management protocols are often not published. Considerable information is contained in course notes on basic husbandry, through anecdotal evidence and the knowledge of wild animal handlers. These resources therefore are generally not accessible Welfare may be included in material where it is not immediately apparent and therefore not readily accessible. Such material can include that on threatened species, exports, zoo husbandry manuals, emergency plans and in subordinate legislation to conservation and other Acts The welfare requirements of many wild animals are unknown due to a lack of information on the animals‘ basic biology, physiological needs, stress profiles etc Need to source details on issues such as: animal relocation policies, procedures and data on their success or otherwise species‘ recovery plans marking and identification options for wild animals Need to review all literature relating to rehabilitation, translocations, habitat quality and restoration.
AAWS Goal 2 Activity 11 Task 30 - Development of national standard operating procedures and guidelines for care of captive and non-captive Australian wildlife
Progress to date There is evidence of increasing rigour in accreditation processes for wildlife carers and others, for example in those run by the University of Sydney Wildlife tourism guidelines exist for some species and in some jurisdictions Identified the National Ecotourism Strategy, 1994 (Allcock et al) Australian Government Printing Service, ISBN 0 644 33241 7.
Gaps Require complete set of COPs, standards etc from Task 6 for Task 29 to review and establish the actions required to fill any identified gaps A further risk to AAWS is of a global perception that it is reprehensible not to have existing standards, in particular for Australian iconic species No consistency between jurisdictions on what can and cannot be held in public animal collections or on the release of these animals. This will pose a significant problem in establishing a national standard that is acceptable to all Need to identify and address the problems posed by ‗hoarders‘ of native animals Many guidelines exist but have little coordination or consistency between jurisdictions in their development and use Inconsistent wildlife tourism guidelines
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Following the review in Task 29 this task can be undertaken. It is therefore a Stage 2 project for work after 30 June 2006.
AAWS Goal 2 Activity 12 - Promote the development and use of humane and effective methods to control pest animals in Australia Tasks 31 and 32 - Review current practices and procedures for humane control of pest animals. Develop, promote and maintain national SOPs for HVPC Desired outcomes - A set of nationally endorsed COPs and SOPs
Progress to date Frank Keenan provided DAFF with a list of COPs for the control of pest animals WAWG members provided a range of information, including: Parliamentary inquiries regarding pest animals Tony English‘s paper: A report on the management of feral horses in national parks in New South Wales Deb Kelly‘s 2005 Report into the camel program in Witjira national park NSW Brindabella and Wee Jasper valleys - co-operative wild dog/fox plans Michelle Walter, The population ecology of wild horses in the Australian Alps, PhD thesis, University of Canberra, 2002 See Appendix 10a and Appendix 10b for this material There is also the COP for Feral Animal Control developed by PISC Gardner Murray wrote to VPC and the National Resource Management Standing Committee encouraging the priority development and uptake of national COPs NSW Department of Primary Industries were contracted by DEH to undertake a Natural Heritage Trust project to develop COPs and SOPs for the humane capture, handling and destruction of feral animals The report is: ―Development of a model code of practice and standard operating procedures for the humane capture, handling or destruction of feral animals in Australia‖ Available at: http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/humane- control/index.html The report was written to be applicable across Australia and is endorsed by the NSW Pest Animal Council. The Commonwealth has adopted it for Department of Defence land, land within the ACT borders under Commonwealth control and The Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM) ACT uses it as a benchmark for the control of pest animals A consultant has been engaged by the Invasive Animals CRC to liaise with States and Territories on the content of the COPs developed by the NSW Department of Primary Industries The COPs and SOPs do not have national endorsement NSW has fully adopted them and other States are considering these as a base for developing COPs and SOPs VPC is working to again coordinate usage of these COPs and SOPs A second similar project by the authors of the above report focuses of research rather than control techniques. The project report is currently in draft form VPC identified future plans and priority areas
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COPs and SOPs were on the VPC agenda in May 2006 with the recommendation that VPC expedite development and sign off of nationally acceptable COPs. Draft terms of reference for the consultancy to develop nationally agreed COPs for HVPC have been developed and VPC will continue to progress this At the meeting VPC agreed to: expand its animal welfare technical group to include representatives from each State and Territory expedite the development of national COPs for HVPC develop recommendations for SOPs for HVPC The Invasive Animals CRC agreed to fund the employment of a consultant to assist with the COPs. The enthusiasm shown by VPC to address the issue of HVPC is welcomed. The issue of fauna was considered outside the terms of reference of VPC at this stage.
Gaps Currently there are no agreed national SOPs for the control of vertebrate pests in Australia. These are essential to ensure best practice pest control is implemented consistently and accountably throughout Australia Jurisdictions generally act independently and can strongly resist a ‗national takeover‘ of their roles Excessive time (up to six years) required to develop and review COPs Priority needs to be given to funding and resourcing work on COPs and SOPs Very large future workload for VPC arising from these tasks Further gaps to be identified with the assistance of VPC At present there are no commercially available, landscape-scale, fertility control methods to reduce damage by browsing animals. In the absence of these techniques, lethal control is often the sole option. Orally-deliverable fertility control measures on a population basis are being developed by researchers, but there is presently no priority given to this research While fertility control is unlikely to be the sole solution, it could be a valuable tool. It is proposed that WAWG identify this as a priority for future research funding.
AAWS Goal 2 Activity 12 Task 33 - Review current Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) processes to see whether an animal welfare assessment for new and existing vertebrate pest control techniques is required
Progress to date VPC are recommending to Animal Health Committee‘s (AHC) Animal Welfare Working Group that there be collaboration between it, the Product Safety and Integrity Committee, APVMA and VPC to consider animal welfare within pest control techniques. A paper outlining recommendations has been presented to AHC and a reply is awaited from its July 2006 meeting RSPCA Australia wrote to NACCAW on 5 April 2006 urging APVMA to fully consider animal welfare in its processes
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WAWG considered the APVMA paper presented to NACCAW In light of APVMA‘s attention to the issue and its current practice, it is proposed that APVMA does de facto include animal welfare assessment in its practices. The APVMA public statement December 2005 includes: The Agvet Code does not specifically mention animal welfare, but the requirement of the Agvet Code that a product be safe and effective when used according to label instructions, does mean that animal welfare outcomes are considered The statement also advises that: APVMA has established an animal welfare liaison team with the Animal Welfare Unit in DAFF. This team provides policy advice to APVMA on animal welfare aspects of registration or review APVMA is a stakeholder in AAWS and has contributed to the development of an AAWS National Implementation Plan. It will continue as a partner in the effective delivery of AAWS, in particular where it relates to the registration and use of agricultural and veterinary chemicals. Full statement at: http://www.apvma.gov.au/about_us/animal_welfare.shtml. See Appendix 11.
Gaps Await AHC reply to recommendations on welfare of pest control techniques No further gaps identified at this stage.
AAWS Goal 2 Activity 12 Task 34 – Priority 1: Key stakeholders to outline barriers to development of better techniques of more humane control techniques
Progress to date Barriers to the development of more humane control techniques are detailed in the RSPCA Australia Humane Vertebrate Pest Control Discussion Paper, available at the RSPCA Australia website - http://www.rspca.org.au/events/seminars03_Discussion.pdf . It is noted that this valuable paper has been used in forming the AAWS action plan Barriers include: Inconsistent level of training for those undertaking humane control methods, an exception is the FAAST course Lack of advances in technology Commercial impediments in the development of new products Social acceptance of pest control methods, particularly for certain species Suggest that to progress issues from the HVPC workshop a meeting/workshop of relevant stakeholders be held to consider the recommendations, priority actions, the AAWS process and how to best achieve real outcomes. Workshop possibly in September 2006 to develop a strategic plan for HVPC Suggest VPC consider a meeting to progress the recommendations of the HVPC paper and report to WAWG on the outcomes Noted the Australian Biosecurity System for Primary Production and the Environment (AusBIOSEC), an initiative of NRMMC and PIMC, which will provide a comprehensive and integrated approach to managing pest species
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Also noted the Australian Pest Animal Strategy and that there is support for development of controls for environmental pests such as cane toads and feral cats This is a Stage 2 action to be undertaken after 30 June 2006
AAWS Goal 2 Activity 12 Task 34a and 34b - Key stakeholders to outline the relative humaneness of current control methods and inconsistencies in use
Progress to date Initial discussions with stakeholders indicate significant work has been done, particularly in the November 2004 report to DEH Development of an agreed code of practice and standard operating procedures for the humane capture, handling or destruction of feral animals in Australia by Trudy Sharp and Glen Saunders. Available at: http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/humane- control/index.html VPC requested the Invasive Animals CRC to undertake a project to finalise and ensure adoption of COPs and SOPs for humane control of pest animals. The Invasive Animals CRC has agreed and the terms of reference for the consultancy project are: identity COPs and SOPs from the NSW DPI/DEH Draft COPs that relate to Humane Pest Animal Control (HPAC) from these COPs and SOPs, identify those where Australian jurisdictions disagree with the HPAC seek resolution of disagreements using VPC‘s Animal Welfare Working Group and the AAWS WAWG as the Reference Committee identify those COPs and SOPs which can be revised so that a consistent national approach is achieved report to VPC as a VPC Decision Paper by 31 October 2006 The expected outcome of this project is a nationally endorsed COP and SOPs for the humane treatment of vertebrate pests by the end of 2007 A further outcome is development of a 10 year action plan for HPVC Need to recognise the relative humaneness of control measures using the ‗tripod‘ approach of 1. the environment in which the measure takes place 2. operator skill and training 3. the methodology to be used VPC is developing a feral horse management strategy subordinate to the draft Australian Pest Management Strategy, currently released for consultation This task will be completed in Stage 2 after 30 June 2006.
Gaps Pages 43-46 of the DEH report (above) contain a list of inconsistencies, anomalies and knowledge gaps in current processes The existing COPs and SOPs still vary between States and Territories.
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AAWS Goal 2 Activity 12 Task 34c - Key stakeholders to outline inconsistencies in legislation across Australia
Progress to date Developed an extensive list of all relevant Acts in all jurisdictions – see under Task 9 Appendix 6(a-q) From this, WAWG compiled a list of the most commonly used legislation Note: it is often regulations, rather than the acts themselves, that have the most impact when it comes to animal welfare issues Compiled a (draft) list of legislation relevant to vertebrate pest control – see Appendix 12 From Task 6 the paper by Dominique Thiriet: Out of the 'Too Hard Basket' - Traditional Hunting and Animal Welfare and submitted to the Macquarie Law Review analyses State, Commonwealth and international legislation pertaining to indigenous hunting and enforcement measures – see Appendix 5e A number of education courses cover legal imperatives, for example the NSW Hunter Education Handbook from the Game Council of NSW which offers accredited training Legislation consultant hired by DAFF in May 2006 (Activity 4, Task 9) Legal consultants have commenced the review of legislation and have requested feedback from WAWG Inquired into the feasibility of incorporating this task into the national legislation review consultancy A ‗wish list‘ relevant to the animals in the wild sector will be developed for the legislation review consultancy.
Gaps The accuracy and relevancy of the legislation in Appendix 12 requires further checking on a jurisdictional basis Identification of inconsistencies will require WAWG members to consider the most relevant legislation. Note that access to all Australian legislation can be gained via www.austlii.edu.au. WAWG members working in government may know of inconsistencies for their States but not all areas are included in the group Native Title legislation has no coverage of animal welfare issues There are large differences and inconsistencies in the way jurisdictions address native title and aboriginal hunting. The legislation consultancy should be requested to consider this issue and arrive at a best practice model.
AAWS Goal 2 Activity 12 Task 35 - Explore ways of including animal welfare as a criterion in the evaluation and funding of research projects
Progress to date Identified that animal welfare is not specifically identified as a target in the National Research Priorities
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Source: http://www.dest.gov.au/sectors/research_sector/policies_issues_reviews/key_issue s/national_research_priorities/default.htm To be undertaken by the Animals used in Research and Teaching Working Group WAWG drafted a letter for the Chair of AAWS Advisory Committee that was sent to the Chair of the Australian Research Council (ARC) highlighting the lack of animal welfare research in the animals in the wild sector.
Gaps Field research is often undertaken by unskilled, unsupervised volunteer and student researchers Need to incorporate the proposed benefit to animal welfare in funding applications Animal welfare representatives should be included on funding decision panels, as is the case in the South Australian DEH.
AAWS Goal 2 Activity 12 Tasks 36 and 36a - Ensure AECs oversee the ethical treatment of animals in research and teaching undertaken in pest animal control methods
Progress to date There are tri-annual reviews of AECs to ensure compliance with the Code, including any work relating to pest species Notified the Animals used in Research and Teaching Working Group of an additional task to ensure AECs oversee the ethical treatment of animals in research and wildlife handling and management.
Gaps Some researchers have limited knowledge and ability in animal handling and manipulation, therefore the welfare of the animals may be compromised Need a resource kit and identified resource experts to advise AECs.
AAWS Goal 2 Activity 13 - Seek effective input from AWACs, AECs and government bodies with input from community and other stakeholders representing the spectrum of use of animals in Australia Task 38 - Examine and review AWACs, AECs, the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), NCCAW and other advisory bodies
Progress to date When available, DAFF will provide terms of reference of the NCCAW review to WAWG NCCAW review to take place in September 2006 At this point, Task 38 is a stage 2 action.
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AAWS Goal 2 Activity 13 Task 40 – Priority 1: Target groups identified as not included in other processes through the AAWS Communication Strategy and Welfare Reporting System
Progress to date WAWG advised DAFF of additional target groups DAFF circulated stakeholder list from BRS stakeholder analysis project WAWG reviewed the stakeholder list once available and Appendix 13 (separate attachment) includes additions from WAWG members To be included in the national section on Zoos is the Australasian Society of Zookeeping (ASZK), web address www.aszk.org.au. Executive Officer Liz Romer and President Carla Srb of Healesville Sanctuary, [email protected] A further addition in the national section is the Field and Game Australia Inc, CEO Rod Drew on [email protected] The additions are to included in the BRS stakeholder list.
Gaps Many wildlife carer groups are not identified in the analysis Further identification of target groups needs to the carried out by WAWG, for example those dealing with tourism (Rottnest Island Board etc) and similar ventures around Australia. Also small businesses such as boutique tourism, for example guided birdwatching tours, tag along 4Wheel Drive tours etc. .
AAWS Goal 2 Activity 14 - Identify possible research and development needs and encourage greater investment in research areas by industry and government through existing funding mechanisms Task 42 - Compile a list of key studies on animal welfare relating to the animals in the wild sector
Progress to date National task to be undertaken by a DAFF consultant.
Gaps There are limited key studies on animal welfare for animals in the wild Much research has been undertaken but there is no coordinated approach for record keeping and access to results No national system/database to monitor, report on and disseminate information Little dedicated maintenance of existing databases A great deal of research is not published and is therefore nor accessible Some welfare study occurs within conservation, threat abatement and other research A great deal of material is missed as literature searches do not reveal items with significant welfare implications, for example the design of handling facilities The word ‗welfare‘ should be used in the literature as a key word for searches
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Need to consider other key words that are likely to produce results Need the consultant‘s findings to progress other tasks.
AAWS Goal 2 Activity 14 Tasks 43 and 44 – Priority 1: Review and summarise existing mechanisms with established processes to assess priorities and deliver research, development, and funding to address animal welfare needs in each sector and across sectors. Organise a workshop with industry and all animal user groups, animal welfare experts, Research and Development Corporations (RDC) and AAWS sectoral working groups to consider areas not covered by existing processes and to prepare a prioritised list of national animal welfare research areas to be addressed
Progress to date Need to determine the current status and funding sources before reviewing WAWG drafted a letter for the Chair of AAWS Advisory Committee which was sent to the Chair of the ARC highlighting the lack of animal welfare research in the animals in the wild sector WAWG to participate in workshop with industry in October 2006.
Gaps Animal welfare is often seen as a separate issue, rather than as an integral aspect of research outcomes Science must underpin the standards and management procedures Further research into biology and physiology is required before undertaking research into the welfare of animals in the wild. Animal welfare parameters should be incorporated into such research and development projects WAWG to consider gaps for task 44 once task 43 is completed.
AAWS Goal 2 Activity 15 - Explore options for funding and establish national animal welfare research priorities Task 48 - WAWG to identify existing funding options for research
Progress to date Alternate funding options continue to be explored, some identified to date are: The Natural Heritage Trust's National Feral Animal Control Program (NFACP) does not support research into animal welfare directly, however it includes the development of humane control techniques The Wildlife Conservation Fund administered by DEH in SA Royal Zoological Garden of SA provides research grants to universities Nature Conservation Foundation The Anti Rabbit Research Foundation of Australia, at rfa.net.au International Fund for Animal Welfare The Game Council NSW is a potential source in the future Further possibilities are: Water watch, EnviroFund and National Action Plan
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To ensure that funding options are put on the agenda at the October 2006 industry and other stakeholder workshop outlined in Task 44.
Gaps Must have the resources to effectively mount a bid for funding The animals in the wild sector issues are currently low on the agenda of funding organisations.
AAWS Goal 2 Activity 16 - Establish a process whereby welfare research is continually monitored and, where applicable, sustainable standards can be updated Task 50 - Coordination of RDCs through the RDC Chair
Progress to date WAWG drafted a letter for the Chair of the AAWS Advisory Committee which was sent to the ARC Chair Refer to Activity 3 re: consideration of process to develop and manage Australian welfare standards for livestock/production animals Livestock and production animal organisations have existing mechanisms for communicating outcomes of funded research in their sectors AAWS sectoral working groups to consider this model.
Gaps To be identified.
AAWS Goal 2 Activity 16 Task 52 - Incorporate the updating of scientific knowledge as a key component of standards review process
Progress to date WAWG suggested developing a web repository of information and telephone hotline linked to a call centre where the repository can be accessed
Gaps Standards are currently not referenced to their scientific source Standards are often based on animals in laboratory situations rather than those of animals in the wild Equity of access to information Information about euthanasia of wildlife for the general public, personal safety and euthanasia information for wildlife rehabilitation groups Gaps for animals in the wild should be identified in the Neumann Report. Incorporation of scientific knowledge is referred to in a general, not specifically for different sectors –see Appendix 5c.
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AAWS Goal 2 Activity 16 Task 53 - Examine options for knowledge transfer, including regular scientific conferences on animal welfare etc Desired outcomes - to include animal welfare topics in conferences etc that are not animal welfare specific and to have animal welfare as an overt outcome of any dealings with animals
Progress to date This task was considered to be of primary importance for communication with the public on wild animal welfare matters Proposal for a workshop to follow up on the 2003 RSPCA HVPC workshop Identified there are many government and industry websites available on which to post details of conferences etc There are numerous gatherings that could be targeted, for example the RSPCA Australia scientific seminar and VPC conferences Identified others such as postgraduate university courses, school programs, animal management and handling courses Considered ways to refocus resources that already exist such as websites, television programs, Discovery Channel etc Organisations such as AVA, RSPCA, Mammals Society, VPC etc have animal welfare components on their websites and suggest feral.org link to these WAWG requested that feral.org consider linking to other websites with animal welfare components feral.org is focused on accessible databases on pest animals and is principally a scientific and education site and may not be appropriate for use as suggested by WAWG. However, there has been a generous offer of the following: The Invasive Animals CRC will include an 'upcoming events' component in its web site that can publicise and give links to workshops, conferences etc covering pest animals, animal welfare and cognate areas The CRC has 41 partners, each with their own clients and stakeholders. It has regular communication with this group through its weekly e-mail newsletter 'Feral Flyer'. It will ask members about forthcoming events (and will repeat a reminder quarterly) and will publicise information sent both through Feral Flier and on the CRC's website in a 'coming events' calendar The arrangement is offered for two years and then review its effectiveness WAWG considered this offer and whether there would be a better agency as a 'clearing house', given that the CRC will not focus exclusively on animal welfare The decision was that feral.org would initially house the information before its move to the AAWS website (task 58) and DAFF website with links to feral.org.
Gaps Need to develop a nationally identifiable website so that a large range of users (schools, local councils) know where to access information. The feral.org website is excellent but many stakeholders will not know of its existence or would not stumble across it. A user friendly, stand alone site is important and should be a mainstay of the AAWS Further gaps to be identified.
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AAWS Goal 3 –Achieve effective communication, education and training across the whole community to promote an improved understanding of animal welfare Activity 17 - Promote (or develop and promote) the following: adoption of best practice standards for human-to-animal interaction consultation and the dissemination of information on animal care inclusion of animal welfare studies in educational curricula national competency-based training and other educational programs, including appropriate QA programs, to improve skills of people using animals Task 54 - Review existing and proposed training and quality assurance programs for adequacy of content on animal care and welfare in each sector
Progress to date WAWG members provided information on relevant courses, see Appendix 14 which includes a list of Technical and Further Education (TAFE) training and other education courses Have details of ACT, SA and privately run snake handling courses Tony English sourced university training and education programs including his unique courses on animal capture and dealing with injured wild animals. A number were already known to Tony but knowing where to find others without calling biology departments in all ~36 universities proved to be a problem. In many cases the material would be incorporated within larger courses and not easily identified by accessing websites etc The popularity of the University of Sydney courses, particularly coursework Masters, is a good omen for the future of wildlife work and care NSW has a Hunter Education Handbook produced by the Game Council of NSW, email [email protected]. See Appendices 10a and 14 Aware of the Northern Territory Advanced Firearms Course, which covers aerial shooting. This course was approved by the Senate Select Inquiry into the culling of large feral animals in the Northern Territory, provided that training, equipment and animal welfare criteria met certain standards and those standards were not compromised, see Appendix 5a The Department of Environment and Heritage South Australia has, on its website, a question and answer list on the most common questions received from the public regarding the rehabilitation of animals This task is to be completed after compilation of training issues from task 55 The work involved in collating all possible information is considered to be a DAFF consultancy in stage 2.
Gaps Police force training in all jurisdictions lacks content on animal care and welfare. An exception is NSW where a training module on animal euthanasia has been incorporated into the Goulburn Academy‘s program following training of police firearms instructors by Tony English. See Appendix 14 There are very few personnel authorised to carry out euthanasia on wildlife Need training for researchers in understanding and handling wild animals as for many, these are not competencies they have developed Often reliant on the enthusiasm of untrained students and/or volunteers, rather than on a sound understanding of wild animals
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Animal welfare is not overt in education courses Gaps to be further identified, particularly in the availability and content of wildlife rehabilitation, marine mammal and other courses.
AAWS Goal 3 Activity 19 - Inform international bodies of Australia‘s policies and standards for animal welfare through the development of readily available explanatory material outlining animal welfare arrangements and achievements in Australia Task 64 - Strategic approach to design and publication of explanatory material for distribution to key international bodies, consumer groups and industries
Progress to date WAWG will develop messages appropriate to the animals in the wild sector It was considered that this should be incorporated into the AAWS communication strategy consultancy with WAWG working with the consultant as necessary Relevant sectoral working groups to be consulted as appropriate to develop messages
Gaps Due to the infancy of the DAFF project, the expected content of messages is not yet clear.
AAWS Goal 3 Activity 20 - Identify and disseminate relevant information to appropriate organisations throughout Australia Task 67 - Review national and international official and private animal welfare websites and promote dialogue on relevant issues through the AAWS communication strategy
Progress to date Chris Buller submitted a list of websites with interests in animal welfare research, at Appendix 15.
Gaps The most important websites are listed at this stage, however work is required to find others specific to this task Large cross over with Task 12 and potential confusion in reporting and usage Gaps and comments are similar to those listed in Task 12, in particular: websites can vary in content, description, quality and credibility of information and may change often Suggest appoint a consultant to review the websites identified by all sectors in Tasks 12 and 67.
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Conclusion
The Animals in the Wild Working Group has defined what constitutes animals in the wild, identified the priorities for the sector and written a value statement. The members have worked cooperatively to deliver substantial material for the inventory, to date, of animal welfare arrangements relating to this sector. The inventory is contained in progress against tasks and in the appendices to this report.
The major findings for the animals in the wild sector (see Executive Summary) are substantial and will require considered effort to address. It is unlikely that the Animals in the Wild Working Group members would have the available time or resources to undertake these tasks, however members will offer all possible assistance in their completion.
It is noted in particular that a number of key work areas are repetitive across tasks both within and across sectors. Engagement of consultants to collate the information and collaboration between sectors will be essential to arrive at comprehensive, clear and useful outcomes.
Four major risks to the Australian Animal Welfare Strategy arising from this sector have been identified and require consideration at a higher level:
1. currently there are no nationally supported or agreed Codes of Practice for vertebrate pest animal control. The community would expect these are already in place. It is noted that the Vertebrate Pest Committee has requested the Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre to commission a project to identify inconsistencies in Codes of Practice and Standard Operating Procedures and recommend specific actions to achieve harmonisation and the establishment of national codes. Therefore work is underway in this area however, until completed, the risk remains 2. lack of continuing, dedicated resources and expertise to research and implement programs for animals in the wild 3. there is general public ignorance and/or apathy regarding the welfare of animals in the wild. This could continue if the Australian Animal Welfare Strategy is not presented in a manner that is readily understood and accepted by its audiences 4. Australian jurisdictions often act independently and could resist a perceived ‗national takeover‘ of their roles by the Australian Animal Welfare Strategy.
An organisational chart is not included in the final report as there was insufficient time to adequately address the complex, and often undocumented, interactions within the animals in the wild sector.
The Animals in the Wild Working Group welcomed the opportunity to assist in achieving the very worthwhile desired outcomes of the Australian Animal Welfare Strategy. Members continue to be committed to the sustainable enhancement of the welfare of all animals in the wild.
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Appendix 1
Acronyms used in the report
AAWS Australian Animal Welfare Strategy AEC Animal Ethics Committee AHC Animal Health Committee AMSA Australian Marine Science Association ANZCAART The Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care and Use of Animals in Research and Teaching ANZEC The Australia and New Zealand Environment Council APVMA Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority ARC Australian Research Council ASZK Australasian Society of Zookeeping AusBIOSEC Australian Biosecurity System for Primary Production and the Environment AUSVETPLAN Australian Veterinary Emergency Plan AVA Australian Veterinary Association AWAC Animal Welfare Advisory Committee AWC Animal Welfare Centre AWHN Australian Wildlife Health Network AWMS The Australasian Wildlife Management Society BRS Bureau of Rural Sciences CALM The Department of Conservation and Land Management CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora COAG Council of Australian Governments COP Code(s) of Practice CRC Cooperative Research Centre DAFF Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry DEH The Department of Environment and Heritage FAAST Feral Aerial Animal Shooting Training HPAC Humane Pest Animal Control
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HVPC Humane Vertebrate Pest Control IATA International Air Transport Association IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources also known as The World Conservation Union KIAA Kangaroo Industry Association NACCAW National Consultative Committee on Animal Welfare NFACP National Feral Animal Control Program of The Natural Heritage Trust NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council NRMMC The Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council PIMC Primary Industries Ministerial Council PISC Primary Industries Standing Committee RDC Research and Development Corporation RSPCA Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals SOP Standard Operating Procedures TAFE Technical and Further Education TSN Threatened Species Network VPC Vertebrate Pests Committee WAWG Wild Animals Working Group WHIS Wildlife Health Information System, administered by AWHN
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Appendix 2
Wild Animals Working Group (WAWG) Members
Chair: Dr Deborah Kelly Manager Animal Welfare South Australian Department for Environment and Heritage
Deputy Chair: Mr Frank Keenan Executive Officer Vertebrate Pest Committee Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines
Mentor: Dr Maxine Cooper Executive Director Arts, Heritage and Environment ACT Chief Minister's Department
Dr Adrian Bradley Senior Lecturer School of Biomedical Sciences The Universiry of Queensland
Mr Chris Buller Deputy Chief Executive Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre
Associate Professor Tony English Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Sydney
Dr Graeme Hamilton Chief Executive Officer Birds Australia Replacment is being sought
Ms Sharelle Hart Scientific Officer RSPCA Australia replaced by Dr Bidda Jones RSPCA Australia
Mr Michael Hartmann Deputy Director Cattle Council of Australia
Mr John Kelly
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Chief Executive Officer Kangaroo Industry Association
Ms Leanne Liddle South Australian Department of Environment and Heritage
Mr Will Meickle Manager Life Sciences NSW Zoological Parks Board
Dr Ken Richardson Associate Professor of Veterinary Anatomy School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University
Ms Liz Romer Executive Officer Animal Ethics Committee NSW Department Environment and Conservation
Dr Dominique Thiriet President Animals Australia
Coordinator: Ms Kristy McPhillips Policy Officer Animal Welfare Unit Animal and Plant Health Policy Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry GPO Box 858 Canberra ACT 2601 Tel: 02 6272 5283 Fax: 02 6272 3372 Email: [email protected]
Consultant: Dr Lyndy Scott Lyndy Scott and Associates ABN 19 355 103 662 47 South Road Wellington Mill WA 6236 Phone/fax: 08 9728 3203 Mobile: 0419 435 916 Email: [email protected]
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Appendix 3 Some thoughts on sentience
AAWS definition
'A sentient animal is one that has the capacity to have feelings and to experience suffering and pleasure. Sentience implies a level of conscious awareness‘.
Contribution by DAFF
The underlying neurophysiological basis that would give scientific credence to an assessment of such species as 'sentient' (AAWS definition) for this identification is not well defined and most suggestions of this assessment of these species' capacity for emotional self-awareness is based on interpretation of behavioural and problem solving studies. Which has been communicated to the wider non-science community as possible evidence for self-awareness and high 'intelligence' akin to that of terrestrial vertebrates.
As far as I am aware however there is no consistent view of the neurophysiological equivalence of higher level cognitive functioning for cephalopods, and until there is a 'status quo' in this regard we should maintain the species regarded as 'sentient' as being those vertebrates where the scientific community is reasonably confident (because of relatively analogous neurophysiology to 'higher' vertebrates/mammals) that behavioural and other studies have shown them to be capable of experiencing "feelings and to experience suffering and pleasure".
Accordingly, that includes fish but not shellfish, lobsters, squids, etc at this point in time. This is also consistent with the approach applied by other groups - such as aquatics. If later work modifies this view then so be it - at least a track record for developing appropriate advice and controls to ensure 'welfare friendly' treatment of such beasties will (!) have been identified under the AAWS.
Contribution from Dr Ken Richardson, Associate Professor of Veterinary Anatomy School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University
The Phylogenetic level at which sentience is drawn is subjective. Research papers split evenly, for and against fish being sentient. Opinion now is tipping towards fish being sentient but possibly on a different scale to that of higher vertebrates and measures applied to them may not be as rigid as those applied to higher vertebrates. Further research is needed.
With molluscs, especially cephalopods, the answer is also clouded. Phylogenetically they are more primitive and their nervous systems are simpler. However there is reported evidence that they may learn to avoid negative (painful) stimuli. Cephalopods are very intelligent. They quickly learn to negotiate visual mazes. If
Lyndy Scott Page 38 Final Report - Appendices Australian Animal Welfare Strategy Final report - Animals in the Wild Sector Review of Existing Animal Welfare Arrangements learning ability is part of sentience then they possibly are sentient. They appear to be faster at learning than fish. Again the jury is out on this group and the extent of their being able to feel pain is likewise still questioned.
The problem may lie in the definition of sentience. Different interpretations of sentience range from the ability to perceive pain through to the ability to be environmentally aware.
Points to consider. 1. even protozoa learn to avoid noxious stimuli 2. some AECs deliberate about adult cephalopods and decapods 3. physiology does not tell us anything about consciousness 4. it is quite hard to find articles that take more than one aspect at a time into consideration 5. animal behavioural scientists/psychologists are probably the most appropriate group to study, debate and ultimately come up with definitions of sentience.
The Compassion in World Farming Trust website http://www.animalsentience.com sets out quite clearly things taken to be signs of sentience, although it focuses much more on positive signs of sentience than on signs of lack of sentience. Much of the content of this website is based on animal behaviour that is purported to support various aspects of what sentience is supposed to be so the website has limitations, but it does indicate what a group based in the UK is discussing.
Contribution from Dr Helen Davis, Murdoch University School of Psychology (her field of research has included animal intelligence) Dr Davis suggests that consensus on sentience is unlikely given the scope of AAWS
Operant conditioning (voluntary, learned response to reward or punishment) can be taken as a sign of sentience since it implies that the organism a) experiences something like pleasure in the case of reward or pain in the case of punishment to motivate the behaviour, b) has some control over its motor response since, by definition, the learned response cannot be a pre-existing contingent behaviour and c) stores some memory of this experience into the future – at least for a day or two. Operant conditioning has been well demonstrated in sea slugs, pond snails etc. I am not sure whether any simpler organisms have shown operant conditioning.
Despite scepticism from some philosophers about any animals being sentient, at least one major psychological theory of human depression (Seligman‘s learned helplessness theory) was founded on observations of dogs that were initially prevented from escaping electric shocks and subsequently failed to learn to escape when it was possible for them to escape the shocks - and they exhibited depressive symptoms!
Centralised, holistic conscious experience may not be very common at all beyond humans. For example, apparently snakes do not integrate visual, tactual and olfactory sensory in catching prey but use them one at a time in an inflexible fashion. Similarly, rabbits that have learned to associate an aversive outcome with a stimulus presented in one visual field do not transfer this learning when exactly the same stimulus is
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Some of the key issues that come up in the area (can an organism be sentient without language/ memory/ the capacity for voluntary behaviour/ ability to think beyond the here & now/ awareness of self…? etc) do not only distinguish between humans and non-humans but also AMONG humans. Human infants show fewer signs of sentience than adults of a range of other species. Even human adults are nowhere near as consciously aware as they like to think and there is plenty of experimental evidence of adults showing no awareness of experimental manipulations causing their behaviour, but happily making up explanations after the fact. This probably relates more to the consciousness question than to sentience, but it is worthy of note that humans tend to overestimate their level of awareness and their level of control over their behaviour (hence their differences from other species).
I am almost certain that there is a scale from primitive signs of sentience to complex signs of consciousness with various organisms placed along the scale.
In addition:
‗Ethics and invertebrates: a French view‘ Sophie Petit, Program of Biodiversity, University of South Australia In ANZCAART News Volume 17 Number 1 2004 Includes: legislation relating to invertebrates sensory systems, memory and pain in cephalopods and arthropods. and
The World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPCA) is hoping to achieve a Universal Declaration of Animal Welfare via adoption by United Nations member states. The objective of the Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare campaign is to achieve a global statement at the United Nations that recognises animals as sentient beings, capable of experiencing pain and suffering, and animal welfare as an issue of importance as part of the social development of nations worldwide.
Hundreds of international animal welfare groups built an "ANIMALS MATTER TO ME" petition of ten million signatures. The petition calls for the United Nations Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare and was officially launched on 8 June 2006 at the WSPA Biennial Symposium meeting in London.
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Appendix 4 Task 3 – Review all committee structures, functions and membership at national, State/Territory and local government level
Humane Vertebrate Pest Control and The Animal Welfare Matrix - DRAFT Prepared by Frank Keenan, Executive Officer Vertebrate Pests Committee
Introduction The profile of animal welfare is increasing both nationally and internationally. Since 2001 animal welfare has been part of the terms of reference of the Office International de Epizootics (OIE) the world organisation for animal health. OIE established a permanent Working Group on Animal Welfare in 2002.
International animal welfare groups eg WSPA (World Society for the Protection of Animals) and animal rights groups eg PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) have and continue to launch effective media and lobbying programs in support of animal welfare.
In 2005 the Australian Government launched the Australian Animal Welfare Strategy (AAWS) to achieve an enhanced national approach to animal welfare, building on existing foundations. AAWS has been agreed to and supported by PIMC. Its implementation has been underwritten by budget of $6m over 4 years.
National animal welfare groups eg RSPCA Australia (which is a member of WSPA) and animal rights groups eg Animals Australia have also been active in media and lobbying programs in support of animal welfare.
Humane vertebrate pest control is one of those animal welfare issues which is beginning to draw attention.
Scope The purpose of this document is to place humane vertebrate pest control in Queensland within the context of state, national and international animal welfare initiatives.
Animal welfare is primarily a state responsibility. The legislative and administrative arrangements vary from state to state. This document does not comment on arrangements in states other than Queensland.
Despite the considerable variations in how vertebrate pest control is managed between states, there is increasing stakeholder pressure to for a national approach and to improve humaneness of control measures used.
Humane Vertebrate Pest Control In August 2003 the Vertebrate Pests Committee (VPC) with RSPCA Australia and the Animal Welfare Centre sponsored a national workshop on Humane Vertebrate Pest Control.
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The consensus of the workshop was that a national approach to humane vertebrate pest control should be developed and to include: uniformity of approach across jurisdictions; coordination and collaboration of control efforts; the development of nationally acceptable pest animal control practices; the optimisation of RD&E resources in pest animal control; and the identification of national priorities for increasing the humaneness of vertebrate pest control.
A full copy of the report from this workshop is located at http://www.rspca.org.au/events/seminars03_Discussion.pdf
Some participants at the workshop questioned the capacity of VPC to develop a national approach to humane vertebrate pest control and whether this should not be undertaken under the Australian Animal Welfare Strategy.
The report identified that additional resources would need to be assigned or reassigned to meet these outcomes. The report recommended that workshop members continue to develop this national approach through: Reviewing current control techniques, codes of practice and best practice. Identifying RD&E priorities Development of a consistent state/national framework to humane vertebrate pest control Understanding public attitudes and awareness and their implication for humane vertebrate pest control Integration of animal welfare into the planning, implementation and evaluation of control programs Coordinating and implementing this national approach This group has not met to address these issues. However VPC has commenced to address some of these issues through the formation of an Animal Welfare Technical Group (AWTG).
Interrelationships The memberships of the various organisations involved in animal welfare in Australia is characterised as a network of influence. Even though there may be no formal or statutory links between groups this network of influence is strong, passionate but contains a diversity of views.
VPC and through it, the Department must be proactive in promoting a practical approach to humane vertebrate pest control or less practical views will prevail.
The Australian Animal Welfare Strategy aims to improve on the current high standard of animal welfare in Australia will provide the framework for sustainable, scientifically based improvements. It will have impacts on humane vertebrate pest control.
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National
Primary Industries Ministerial Council (PIMC)
Introduction The particular importance of Ministerial Councils in the Australian context is to facilitate the implementation, nationally, of plans and proposals which would not otherwise be possible because of the limitations imposed by the division of constitutional powers between Australian, State and Territory governments.
The Primary Industries Ministerial Council (PIMC) is the peak government forum for consultation, coordination and, where appropriate, integration of action by governments on primary industries issues.
Objective The agreed objective of the Council is: "to develop and promote sustainable, innovative and profitable agriculture, fisheries/aquaculture, and food and forestry industries".
Terms of reference The terms of reference of the Council are to: develop, implement and review policies and strategies for achieving agreed national approaches to the development of sustainable primary and related food industries; actively liase with other Ministerial Councils and other bodies on matters relevant to the activities of the Council; and direct the work of and consider matters submitted by its Standing Committee.
Membership All Australian/State/Territory and New Zealand government ministers responsible for agriculture, food, fibre, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture industries/production and rural adjustment policy are members of the Council. Papua New Guinea is invited to participate in meetings as an observer.
Chairing The Council is Chaired by the Australian Government Minister responsible for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry.
Secretariat The Secretariat is provided by the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry.
Method of operation Decisions of the Council are arrived at by consensus. For consideration of issues out- of-session, agenda papers are directed to all Council Ministers with the most appropriate Minister asked to provide a single coordinated State/Territory response.
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The Council meets twice a year with meetings hosted by members in an agreed rotation. The proceedings are held in camera and the resolutions of Council are cleared by all members before they are published.
The Council is supported by one permanent Standing Committee, the Primary Industries Standing Committee (PISC), membership of which comprises Departmental Heads/CEOs of relevant Australian/ State/ Territory and New Zealand government agencies.
The above operational arrangements are consistent with the Protocols and General Principles for the Operation of Ministerial Councils agreed by the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) in June 2001. Under this agreement PIMC responsibilities include animal welfare.
Primary Industries Standing Committee (PISC)
Responsibilities and terms of reference The Standing Committee's main objectives are to support the Primary Industries Ministerial Council in the achievement of its objectives and to develop cooperative and coordinated approaches to matters of concern to the Council. Having regard to the terms of reference of the Council, the Standing Committee: directs the work of its subordinate committees; secures cooperation between members; and advises Council on the initiation, review and development of Standing Committee activities.
Membership All Department Heads/CEOs of Australian/State/Territory and New Zealand government agencies responsible for agriculture, food, fibre, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture industries/production and rural adjustment policy issues are members of Standing Committee.
Papua New Guinea is a formal observer. As appropriate, other organisations and representatives of other Standing Committees may be invited to participate in Standing Committee activities as observers.
Chairing The Standing Committee Chair is the Secretary of the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry.
Secretariat Secretariat support for the Standing Committee is provided by the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry.
Meeting arrangements Meetings are held twice a year, usually in March and September, and about four weeks before a Primary Industries Ministerial Council (PIMC) meeting. Meetings of PISC are rotated between Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide.
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Major advisory committees Advice to PISC and PIMC on a wide range of issues is developed by expert advisory committees. The work of these committees is divided into essentially four areas and is supported by a range of working groups and ad hoc task forces. These advisory committees are:
Industries Development Committee Primary Industries Health Committee Forestry and Forest Products Committee
Primary Industries Health Committee (PIHC)
Role and Terms of Reference Consistent with supporting the development and promotion of sustainable, innovative and profitable agriculture, fisheries/aquaculture, food and forestry industries and the priority areas/key issues identified by PIMC, PIHC will manage and report to PISC on national and strategic issues in relation to quarantine policy; animal, fish (aquatic animal), plant and forest health; agricultural and veterinary chemicals; and related matters. In doing so, PIHC will:
advise PISC/PIMC of emerging issues and priorities of national and strategic significance and provide timely responses to requests from PISC/PIMC for advice on specific issues and priority areas; provide leadership and strategic direction to supporting committees in the timely development of principles, policies, strategies and priorities to ensure that PISC/PIMC focus on national and strategic issues; implement changes in and foster the continuous improvement of supporting committee approaches and work processes to provide PISC with the flexibility to deliver timely and effective responses to changing priorities and tasks and policy development and decision making processes; ensure consultation occurs with industry organisations, government agencies, other relevant committees set up by Ministerial Councils/Standing Committees and other stakeholder groups as necessary in determining priorities for PISC and in developing and implementing national and strategic policy responses; and promote the integrated consideration of the industry/production and conservation agendas, including through cross membership/forming joint committees with Natural Resource Management Standing Committee (NRMSC) high level committees, as appropriate
Animal Health Committee (AHC)
Animal Health Committee (formerly VetCom) reports through the Primary Industries Health Committee to the Primary Industries Standing Committee (PISC).
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Membership The Chief Veterinary Officers (CVOs) of the Commonwealth, States, Territories and New Zealand, along with a representative from CSIRO, Biosecurity Australia and Animal Health Australia form the Committee.
Purpose The AHC's primary purpose is to provide scientific and technical advice on animal health issues to PISC. In so doing, AHC contributes to national policy development on animal health issues. AHC conducts its business in close conjunction with Animal Health Australia, providing technical and policy advice and consulting over program development.
AHC meets twice a year face to face in a different state each time. The position of the Chair of the Committee is rotated annually between the CVOs. AHC members also meet regularly by teleconference to discuss issues of national importance. AHC drives and manages high level strategic policy development, operational strategies and standards for government in animal health, domestic quarantine, animal welfare and veterinary public health.
Animal Health Australia (AHA) Animal Health Australia (AHA) is a not-for-profit public company established by the Australian, state and territory governments and major national livestock industry organisations.
Purpose The company's mission is to ensure that the national animal health system delivers a competitive advantage and preferred market access for Australia's livestock industries. In fulfilling this role, AHA manages a suite of national programs that position Australia as a world leader in terms of its animal health status and systems.
AHA currently has 24 member organisations that play a key role in the development and implementation of all programs. This collaborative approach is a major factor behind the success of AHA programs and the further strengthening of partnerships between government and industry bodies is an ongoing priority. Members fund company activities via annual subscriptions that are based on the Gross Value of Production (GVP) of the jurisdiction or industry.
The company is led by an independently selected Board of Directors responsible to members in general meeting. The board is composed of seven non-executive, part- time directors selected on the basis of complementary skill sets and appointed by members. A team of dedicated staff provide support for the Board from the company's office in Canberra.
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Membership DAFF State and Territory Departments of Agriculture Industry Organisations o Australian Chicken Meat Federation Inc o Australian Dairy Farmers' Limited o Australian Egg Corporation Limited o Australian Harness Racing Council o Australian Honey Bee Industry Council o Australian Horse Industry Council o Australian Lot Feeders' Association Inc o Australian Pork Limited o Australian Racing Board o Cattle Council of Australia Inc o Goat Industry Council of Australia o Sheepmeat Council of Australia Inc o Wool Producers Service Organisations o Australian Veterinary Association o CSIRO - Australian Animal Health Laboratory
The CEO of AHA is also an ex-officio member of NCCAW
Animal Welfare Working Group (AWWG)
The Animal Welfare Working Group (AWWG) is a sub-committee of Animal Health Committee and is responsible for the development of national standards for animal welfare with scientific support from specialist working groups from government, relevant industry representatives and other stakeholders.
Membership AWWG membership currently comprises representatives of Primary Industries Standing Committee (PISC) and Animal Health Committee (AHC) and state and territory member agencies. VPC is also a member of AWWG. The AWWG meetings also have observers from industry organisations as appropriate.
The Chair of AWWG is also an ex-officio member of NCCAW
Terms of Reference To facilitate the development and implementation of national animal welfare standards and harmonisation of animal welfare legislation as it applies to enforcement of the standards. To advise on and recommend policy to Animal Health Committee (AHC) on relevant issues relating to production animal welfare and on non-production animal welfare issues determined by AHC to be of national significance.
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To address animal welfare issues brought to it by AHC, including strategic priorities in the AHC work plan. To identify emerging animal welfare issues of strategic importance for research or policy development in consultation with industry and other stakeholders. To prepare an annual work plan and provide reports to AHC as appropriate, including in particular written reports to in-person AHC meetings that address the work plan and any additional project proposals.
Method of Operation The Animal Welfare Working Group meets as required between in-person meetings of AHC, with as much business as possible dealt with out-of-session between meetings.
Development of national standards of animal welfare are on a structured format, with appropriate scientific support from specialist working groups comprising government specialists, relevant industry representatives and other stakeholders (for example, RSPCA and AVA) as appropriate.
The secretariat is provided by DAFF. In-person meetings will normally be attended and reports to AHC normally progressed by the AHC Animal Welfare convenor, except where the issues justify separate presentation by the Chairman of the AWWG.
Model Codes of Practice Model Codes of Practice are intended as a guide for people responsible for the welfare and husbandry of a range of animals. One of AWWGs functions is to advise the Australian Government on the effectiveness of these national codes of practice, policies, guidelines and legislation to safeguard and further the welfare of animals. The national model codes of practice can be viewed at the attached link.
Secretariat The Secretariat is provided by the Animal Welfare Unit of DAFF
National Consultative Committee on Animal Welfare (NCCAW)
The National Consultative Committee on Animal Welfare is a non statutory committee which advises to the Minister for Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry.
Function The functions of NCCAW are to: assess and advise the Federal Government on the national implications of welfare issues affecting animals;
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advise on the effectiveness and appropriateness of national codes of practice, policies, guidelines and legislation to safeguard or further the welfare of animals and protect the national interest; liaise with other relevant bodies such as the Animal Welfare Working Group which is a working group of Animal Health Committee; and such other functions as may be required or conferred on the Committee by the Minister.
Method of Operation The Committee receives submissions from animal welfare organisations and agencies, industry or individuals concerning animal welfare issues; has the power to establish working groups to carry out its functions; prepares and furnishes written reports to the Minister for the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry on matters that have been subject to inquiry by the Committee; and is required to report twice annually to the Minister on its activities.
Membership The Committee consists of: an independent Chair appointed by the Minister (the current Chair is Professor Ivan Caple); a representative nominated by each of the following: o Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry o Australian Government Department of Environment and Heritage o Australian Veterinary Association o Aquaculture industry o Animals Australia o National Health and Medical Research Council o National Farmers‘ Federation o RSPCA Australia o a representative from each State and Territory Government (drawn from State Animal Welfare Advisory Councils/Committees where they presently exist); and the Chair of the Animal Welfare Working Group is an ex officio member if he/she does not happen to be one of the above nominees. the CEO of Animal Health Australia is an ex officio member
The Committee is serviced by a Secretariat provided by Product Integrity Animal & Plant Health, Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry.
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Australian Animal Welfare Strategy (AAWS)
The Australian Animal Welfare Strategy (AAWS) is a national strategy that aims to maintain and improve the high standards of animal welfare that currently exists in Australia. It describes a broad and comprehensive vision that covers the care of, use of, and impacts of human activity (direct and indirect) on, all sentient species of animals in Australia.
The Strategy recognises the numerous stakeholders who have a diverse interest and differing points of view. The Strategy also provides a framework for sustainable, scientifically based improvements in animal welfare. AAWS is located at http://www.daff.gov.au/corporate_docs/publications/pdf/animalplanthealth/animal_we lfare/Aaw_Strategy_Final.pdf
AAWS was approved by the Primary Industries Ministerial Council in May 2004. A secretariat and implementation team has been established within DAFF to facilitate the implementation of AAWS.
AAWS Advisory Committee The first major step in the development of a robust and inclusive National Implementation Plan for AAWS was to establish a high-level, multidisciplinary advisory committee. Committee members were selected because of their broadly based experience across a wide range of stakeholder groups, and because of their ability to steer complex issues and policy development to a successful conclusion.
The committee will provide advice to the Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, through the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry (DAFF) and be responsible for the following: oversee delivery of the plan‘s key priorities and targets help to facilitate communication with stakeholders and promote ownership of the Strategy undertake an advocacy role for implementation of the Strategy. They will also provide advice on the content of specific action plans in each of the six animal sectors under the Strategy and possible mechanisms to progress these action plans with key stakeholders. Throughout this process the Advisory Committee will be consulting with key stakeholders and the Australian community.
Membership Membership of the AAWS Advisory Committee is as follows: CHAIR: Dr John Drinan Dr Gardner Murray, Australian Chief Veterinary Officer/Special Adviser Prof Ivan Caple, Chair, National Consultative Committee on Animal Welfare Dr Hugh Wirth, RSPCA Dr Robin Vandegraaff, Chair, PISC Animal Welfare Working Group Mr Keith Adams Mr Warren Starick, NFF representative, NCCAW Dr Kevin Doyle, Australian Veterinary Association
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Assoc Prof Heather Yeatman, University of Wollongong Dr Maxine Cooper, Primary Industries Standing Committee
AAWS Sectorial Working Groups AAWS outlines six sectors covered by the strategy; namely: Livestock/Production animals Animals in research and teaching Aquatic animals Companion animals Animals used for work, sport, recreation or on display Animals in the wild Terms of reference have been established for the working groups.
The AASW Sectoral Working Groups will have their inaugural face to face meetings in February 2006. The DAFF implementation team will work with the AAWS Advisory Committee to assist the six working groups to formulate individual action plans.
Animals in the Wild Working Group Membership of this group comprises a diverse range with interest and skills in animal welfare in wild and pest animals including government, Vertebrate Pests Committee, universities, Invasive Animals CRC, industry, RSPCA and Animals Australia
Terms of Reference In the first instance, undertake a ‗stock-take‘ of current/completed/scheduled activities within their respective sectors that address activity tasks in the national implementation plan (NIP activities) for each of the animal groups identified within their sector. Identify issues/gaps and ‗champions‘ for their respective sectors in relation to the NIP activities assessed above, and then determine and report on priority work areas to address possible solutions for each issue or gap. Develop comprehensive action plans in each of the six animal sectors under the strategy and identify possible mechanisms to progress the required tasks with key stakeholders, using the agreed ‗action plan‘ template (this template identifies national activity tasks that don’t need to be progressed at the sector working group level e.g. legislation issues). Present the sectoral action plan for approval to the AAWS Advisory Committee. It will identify in particular: o who/which agency should lead each activity task, including funding sources; o timelines/target dates for progression and completion of each activity task o a reporting schedule for advising the AAWS AC of progress under each activity.
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Prepare a report on the strengths and weaknesses of the current animal welfare system within the sector in order to identify and promote strengths, define and prioritise gaps, identify priority work areas for improvement, and examine compliance and how it is monitored and enforced. Provide timely reports to the AAWS Advisory Committee on progress and identify risks in implementation of the sectoral action plan; and Be advocates for the Australian Animal Welfare Strategy (AAWS).
Model Codes of Practice
On behalf of the Primary Industries Ministerial Council, Primary Industries Standing Committee has commissioned a series of technical reports, codes of practice and standards. The series is published by CRIRO Publishing and are located at http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/22/sid/11.htm
Included in this series are the Model Codes of Practice for the Welfare of Animals. These have been developed by the Animal Welfare Working Group. Of direct importance to humane vertebrate pest control is the Model Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals: Feral Livestock Animals . This Code is currently being reviewed.
In 2005 PISC commissioned a review of the development of the Model Codes of Practice for the Welfare of Animals. The recommendations of that review included in part that: Animal Health Australia become the project manager for the development, ratification and publication of these Codes Animal welfare codes be developed as Australian Standards in accordance with the Australian Standards methodology. As Australian Standards these could be incorporated as part of farm Quality Assurance Systems and the compulsory components to be incorporated into state animal welfare legislation. These recommendations are currently under consideration by PISC.
AHA has prepared a business case to PISC to convert the current Codes to Australian Standards. No provision has been made in this business case to fund the development of Australian Standards for Humane Vertebrate Pest Control.
COPs and SOPs (Codes of Practice and Standard Operating Procedures) Each state and territory has a different approach animal welfare and pest management legislation. Policies, codes and SOPs, while they have many similarities also vary depending historical precedence, pest issues, operating conditions and capacity.
After the national workshop on Humane Vertebrate Pest Control referred to above, the Australian Government Department of Environment and Heritage commissioned the NSW Department of Agricultural to develop a set of draft national Codes of Practice and Standard Operating Procedures.
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The documents did not have anywhere near the level of consultation in their development as that used in the development of the Model Codes of Practice. They have requirements inconsistent with practices in most states.
Consequently this set of COPs and SOPs do not have national endorsement. The AWTG is currently working to resolve the more serious discrepancies but resolution will take some time.
Vertebrate Pests Committee
The Vertebrate Pests Committee (VPC) is an Australasian committee whose role is to provide coordinated policy and planning solutions to pest animal issues.
VPC operates in accordance with Terms of Reference defined by the Natural Resources Management Standing Committee (NRMSC) and reports to it through the Natural Resources Planning and Policy Committee (NRPPC). Each state and territory, the Australian Government, NZ, the Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre and CSIRO have membership on the VPC
To assist in its role VPC also convenes a number of Technical Working Groups (which may include VPC members) to advise it on technical matters. These include the National Cane Toad Working Group and the Vertebrate Pests Animal Welfare Technical Group.
Terms of Reference Ensure an integrated approach to all aspects of vertebrate pest management by:
1. Providing national policy and planning solutions to vertebrate pest issues. 2. Developing a National Vertebrate Pest Strategy and planning, coordinating and monitoring its implementation. 3. Providing policy and planning advice to Natural Resource Management Standing Committee (NRMSC) and Primary Industries Standing Committee (PISC) on national vertebrate pest issues or as directed by NRMSC. Identify and facilitate implementation of action on significant vertebrate pest issues. 4. Building linkages with NRMSC, PISC, Plant Health Australia, Animal Health Australia, and fisheries and research agencies in Australia and New Zealand on vertebrate pest issues. 5. Identifying potential and emerging vertebrate pest problems and recommend appropriate actions to NRMSC. 6. Identifying and facilitating development, planning, coordination, implementation and monitoring of consistent national approaches to vertebrate pest management including: National strategies Codes of Practice Vertebrate Pest Threat Abatement Plans Biological control programs Harmonisation of relevant legislation Vertebrate risk assessment processes Research, education, extension and training
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Harmonisation of vertebrate pest data collection and management systems Response to emergency vertebrate pest incursions. 7. To promote consistent approaches to vertebrate pest issues across all relevant jurisdictions, including: prevention; preparedness for new incursions; reduction of the impact of established populations; consistent, co-ordinated and strategic approaches to management of the economic, environmental and social impacts; eradication of infestations where feasible and appropriate; and standards for management responses. 8. Developing a communications strategy for increasing the profile of vertebrate pests throughout the community, government and key stakeholders.
Animal Welfare Technical Group The Animal Welfare Technical Group is a working group of the Vertebrate Pests Committee with members nominated by VPC. Currently this group is working to develop nationally endorsed Codes of Practice for the Humane Control of Vertebrate Pests.
Terms of Reference The Terms of Reference of the AWTG are: Ensure that National Best Practice guidelines include animal welfare o Identify which practices should be stopped Communicate with Primary Industries Animal Welfare Working Group Ensure linkages with state Animal Welfare Agencies Promote research that provides for more humane control practices. Prepare responses on behalf of VPC
State: Queensland In Queensland the legislative responsibility for animal welfare is contained under the Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/CURRENT/A/AnimalCaPrA01.pdf
The Animal Welfare Unit within QDPI&F coordinates the development of animal welfare policy and legislation and enforcement.
Animal Care and Protection Act The Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 is unique in that enforcement is shared between QDPI&F staff appointed as inspectors under the Act and the RSPCA (Qld), a non government organisation.
The Act is silent on vertebrate pest control measures but provision exists for declarations to be made.
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Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (AWAC) The Animal Welfare Advisory Committee was formed in 2004 to advise the Minister for Primary Industries on matters relating to animal welfare. (Most other states have an AWAC or equivalent)
The only humane vertebrate pest control issue that AWAC has investigated to date is the use of steel jawed traps. At the time of writing they have not yet made any determinations or recommendations on the issue.
Membership The Committee consists of up to nine members including an independent chairperson. The manager of DPI&F‘s Animal Welfare Unit will be an ex-officio member of the Committee with full voting rights. Current members are: Ms Cynthia Burnett Member Education Officer, Animals Australia Mr Wayne Coolwell Member Self employed Consultant Dr Anne Covill Member Director of Vet Services, RSPCA Qld Dr Cam Day Chairperson Veterinarian Mr Wesley Judd Member Vice President, Qld Dairyfarmers' Organisation Mr Des Rinehart Member Principal, Rinehart Consulting P/L Dr Richard Trivett Member Principal, Australian Rural Exports P/L Dr Rick Symons ex officio Manager, Animal Welfare Unit, DPI&F Member Ms Margaret Will Member CEO, The Organic Food Chain P/L
Terms of reference To improve the welfare of animals in Queensland by providing forward looking advice to the Minister on animal welfare legislation, policy, strategies and programs while taking into consideration other relevant matters such as good practice, national and international trends, practicalities, public opinion, scientific knowledge and the economic implications for those concerned.
To provide considered advice on any animal welfare matters referred to it by the Minister. To consider, and where appropriate provide advice on, submissions from animal welfare organisations and agencies, industry or individuals concerning animal welfare. To assist the DPI&F in reviewing legislation that affects the welfare of animals.
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To develop, revise or provide comment on contemporary codes (standards) on animal welfare for individual animal species, classes of animals, or for the care, treatment or use of animals. To provide advice to the Minister on areas of priority animal welfare research. To report annually to the Minister on the AWAC‘s achievements. Where required the AWAC may establish working groups or seek wider consultation to assist it in carrying out its functions
International
Office International de Epizootics (OIE)
OIE is the World Organisation for Animal Health. As part of its 2001-2005 Strategic Plan OIE undertook to provide International leadership on animal welfare. http://www.oie.int/eng/bien_etre/en_introduction.htm Even though animal welfare is not covered by the WTO SPS Agreement, Member Countries wished to have guidelines and recommendations to assist them in bilateral negotiations.
A permanent Working Group on Animal Welfare was formed in 2002. OIE decided to give priority to the welfare of animals used in agriculture and aquaculture, and that, within that group, the topics of transportation, humane slaughter and killing for disease control purposes would be addressed first, followed by housing and management. Other topics, such as research animals and wildlife, would be addressed as resources permitted.
In Feb 2004 OIE organised an international conference on animal welfare. The conference explained OIE's initiatives particularly to those outside government, and sought NGO's proposals on how they could be best work with the OIE. WSPA is one of those NGO‘s interacting with OIE.
The OIE permanent Working Group on Animal Welfare is chaired by Dr David Bayvel who is Director of Animal Welfare, MAF Biosecurity, NZ. He is also a member of the AWWG.
Work being done by OIE parallels that being done under the AAWS and by other Australian bodies.
World Society for Protection of Animals (WSPA)
The World Society for the Protection of Animals http://www.wspa-international.org has 600 member organisations in over 130 countries, including 21 member societies in Australia (these include RSPCA Australia and RSPCA state branches)
WSPA‘s mission is to raise the standard of animal welfare throughout the world.
The organisation has consultation status at the United Nations and the Council of Europe. Its credentials and its broad membership base makes WSPA very well connected and influential.
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WSPA has four main programs: Companion animals Commercial exploitation of wildlife Farm animals Disaster relief for animals While there are no direct programs on pest animal control, it is possible Humane Vertebrate Pest Control may be incorporated in the WSPA wildlife program.
New Zealand
New Zealand has membership of the AWWG (and the VPC)
New Zealand has a comprehensive animal welfare system which can provide some useful examples for Australia.
The Animal Welfare Act 1999 provides the heads of power in relation to animal welfare in New Zealand. The Animal Welfare Group within MAF Biosecurity provides the administrative base.
The Act provides for Codes of Welfare which, whilst not legally binding do provide for the minimum acceptable level of animal management and care. They are published at http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/animal-welfare/codes-and-guidelines/codes-of- welfare .
The Act provides for two advisory bodies to the Minister: National Animal Welfare Advisory Group which advises on farm, companion, wild and pest animals; and National Animal Ethics Advisory Committee which advises on research, testing and teaching involving animals.
New Zealand has an active research program into animal welfare aspects of pest animal control through Landcare Research and through the Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre of Massey University.
Non Government Organisations (NGOs)
Non Government Organisations can have a significant impact on animal welfare policy through lobbying, membership on various advisory committees and through media campaigns designed to influence public opinion.
RSPCA
RSPCA http://www.rspca.org.au is a high profile animal welfare organisation. RSPCA Australia is the federal body of the eight autonomous state and territory RSPCAs in Australia. RSPCA Australia establishes national policies and positions on animal welfare and liaises with government and industry on national animal welfare issues.
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RSPCA is unique as a NGO in that in many states it has an official compliance role under state Care and Protection of Animals legislation.
RSPCA has membership on all state AWACs, NCCAW, the AAWS Advisory Committee and several of the AAWS Sectoral Working Groups
RSPCA is also a member of WSPA.
RSPCA also co-sponsored the national workshop on Humane Vertebrate Pest Control described above.
Animals Australia
Animals Australia http://www.animalsaustralia.org is the Australian arm of the Australian and New Zealand Federation of Animals Societies (ANZFAS). Animals Australia currently represents more than 40 member groups and individual members throughout Australia and has representation on all major animal welfare committees.
Many member organisations of Animals Australia are also members of WSPA. Included in Animals Australia are a number of animal rights groups.
Conclusion
As one looks at the membership, cross membership and terms of reference of each of the groups/organisations it soon becomes apparent that this is a complex social network/web of influence. This network will have a profound impact on public policy and legislation.
Opportunity exists to promote a sound, science based approach to humane vertebrate pest control. Humane vertebrate pest control is in some ways more complex than many other issues in animal welfare in that one has to balance the ―welfare ― of the target animal and the welfare of other animals in the system.
Our challenge is to develop practical methods and systems which are readily adopted by those who have responsibilities to control pest animals.
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Appendix 5a Task 6 - explore animal welfare performance measures not covered by Animal Health Australia
Performance measures and welfare issues of native wild animals
1. Commercial exploitation Estimated number of animals killed by species and by method Estimated number and proportion of animals not killed humanely by species and by method Rate of adoption of more humane methods of killing and number of animals killed humanely as a result Number of prosecutions/licence cancellation for reason of animal welfare breach 2. Resource, environment and urban protection Number of damage mitigation permits issued Potential number of animals that could be killed/injured under mitigation permits or for which permits are not required Actual number of animals killed/injured under permit and estimated to be killed unlawfully or where permits are not required
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Estimated number of animals injured, orphaned, or not killed instantly under permit, unlawfully, or where permits are not required Rate of adoption of alternative methods of resource protection and estimated number of animals not killed/injured as a result Number of prosecutions for illegal operations 3. ‘Problem’ urban wildlife Estimated number of animals relocated/injured/killed Number of public education program conducted, number of people targeted by these programs and estimated number of animals not killed/injured/relocated as a result 4. Road kills Estimated number of animals killed/injured Rate of adoption of speed limits or other mitigation measures and estimated number of animals not killed/injured as a result 5. Other non-target kills/injuries – barbed wires entanglement, poison, traps, marine by-catch, etc Estimated number of animals killed/injured Rate of adoption of mitigation measures and estimated number of animals not killed/injured as a result 6. Illegal hunting/trapping/export Estimated number of animals affected Number of prosecutions Amount of enforcement resources and estimated number of animals not killed/injured/exported as a result 7. Habitat destruction – land clearing Rate of clearing increase/decrease (see relevant SoE indicator) Estimated number of animals affected (see WWF report)
8. Catastrophic events – bushfires, floods, heat stress, etc Estimated numbers of animals killed/injured/orphaned Rate of adoption of programs/measures put in place to protect/rescue/rehabilitate and number of animals not killed/injured/orphaned as a result 9. Whale strandings Numbers stranded and rescued Adoption of programs to prevent/minimize impact 10. Others to be identified.
Ecotourism
National Ecotourism Strategy, 1994 (Allcock et al) Australian Government Printing Service, ISBN 0 644 33241 7
Threatened Species Network (TSN)
Works with the community to stop plants and animals from disappearing. TSN is a partnership between WWF-Australia and the Australian Government. TSN brings
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Australasian Wildlife Management Society (AWMS)
AWMS was established in 1988 in response to a growing need for a body committed to wildlife management in Australia and New Zealand. It promotes the study and application of scientific wildlife management and provides opportunities for members‘ discussion and dissemination of information. At: http://www.awms.org.nz
Australian Wildlife Health Network (AWHN)
Wildlife health cannot be viewed in isolation from human health. Emerging diseases, the increasing need to be able to show absence of evidence of diseases for trade purposes, and a spiralling list of threatened species mean that we need to find better ways to understand and address the impacts of wildlife health on human health, biodiversity and trade. The network helps by improving communications, coordination and encouraging surveillance. [email protected] http://www.wildlifehealth.org.au/AWHN/
The wildlife health information system (WHIS)
AWHN administers "WHIS" a database capturing detailed primary data relating to wildlife health surveillance and investigation in Australia. eWHIS, the web-enabled version of WHIS, is a database that allows summary data entry and retrieval in close- to-real-time through the internet.
AUSVETPLAN
The Australian Veterinary Emergency Plan (AUSVETPLAN) Wild Animal Response Strategy (WARS), Edition 3, Version 3.2, 2005 http://www.animalhealthaustralia.com.au/aahc/index.cfm?E9711767-B85D-D391- 45FC-CDBC07BD1CD4#sum Effective responses to emergency disease outbreaks require emergency disease planning at national, State/Territory and district level and the involvement of both animal health authorities and emergency management organisations. The basis for this planning is contained in AUSVETPLAN. Further information: Chairperson of the AUSVETPLAN Techncial Review GroupAnimal Health Australia Suite 15, 26-28 Napier Close DEAKIN ACT 2600 Email: [email protected]
Sydney University Post Graduate Foundation In Veterinary Science Australian Wildlife, Proceedings No. 104
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Proceedings from the John Keep Refresher Course on Australian Wildlife, 1988. This is one of the most valuable resources for veterinarians on the biology and medicine of Australian wildlife. It is now out of print and available in pdf format. The proceedings include valuable literature by 36 authors on Australian wildlife that is not readily available elsewhere. Papers include; ―Clinical assessment, diseases and management of the orphaned macropod joey‖ by Rick Speare; ―Marsupial diseases‖ by Barry Munday; ―The platypus – general biology‖ by Tom Grant; ―The husbandry and diseases of raptors‖ by Richard Jakob-Hoff; ―Management and disease control in a captive population of cetaceans and pinnipeds‖ by Fabian Fay; ―Digestive physiology and nutrition of Australian marsupials‖ by Ian Hume; ―Reproductive physiology of marsupials‖ by Marilyn Renfree; ―Monotremes in The ―Husbandry and diseases of captive reptiles‖ by Helen McCracken. This 952 page proceedings has information relevant to veterinarians, biologists, students, wildlife rehabilitators and anyone interested in biology, health and management of Australian wildlife. Contact: Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science Level 2, Conference Centre, Building B22 University of Sydney NSW 2006
The Australian Academy of Science
In the introduction to this report referring to animal extinctions which have resulted from the two main threatening factors to species survival. At: http://www.science.org.au/nova/010/010key.htm
Parliamentary inquiries
Kangaroos, at: www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/history/animalwelfare_committee/kangaroos/inde x.htm
Senate Select Inquiry into the culling of large feral animals in the Northern Territory 'Taking control - a national approach to pest animals' November 2005 'Turning back the tide - the invasive species challenge' 2004
Inquiry into the adequacy of funding for Australia's Antarctic Program, including science and environment, at: www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/ncet/antarctic/report.htm
Whaling treaties, at: www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/jsct/7dec2004/report.htm
Completed inquiries at: www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/ecita_cte/completed_inquiries/index.htm
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Committee pages for browsing: http://www.aph.gov.au/committee/inquiries_subject.htm http://www.aph.gov.au/committee/inquiries_comm.htm http://www.aph.gov.au/committee/committees_type.htm#senate
To search, use: http://sitesearch.aph.gov.au/wsi/?js=1
For detailed Government fact sheets on the kangaroo industry and its controls: http://www.kangaroo-industry.asn.au/morinfo/fs023.pdf http://www.ea.gov.au/biodiversity/trade-use/wild- harvest/kangaroo/harvesting/kangharv1.html
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Appendix 5b Task 6 - explore animal welfare performance measures not covered by Animal Health Australia Research/discussion papers
Caughley J, Bomford M, Parker B, Sinclair R, Griffiths J and Kelly D (1998). Managing Vertebrate Pests: Rodents. Bureau of Resource Sciences and Grains Research and Development Corporation, Canberra.
Choquenot D, McIlroy J and Korn T (1996). Managing Vertebrate Pests: Feral Pigs. Bureau of Resource Sciences. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
Fairbridge and Marks CA (2003). Fox bounty trial evaluation report. Available at: http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/dse/nrenpa.nsf/93a98744f6ec41bd4a256c8e00013aa9/0ebe 7c46bbb917d4ca256eda000cbcca/$FILE/ATTUSEJP/fox bounty trial evaluation report.pdf
Fleming P, Corbett L, Harden B and Thomson P (2000). Managing the Impacts of Dingoes and Other Wild Dogs. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra.
Humane Vertebrate Pest Control Working Group (2004) A national approach towards humane vertebrate pest control. Discussion paper arising from the proceedings of an RSPCA Australia/AWC/VPC joint workshop, August 4-5, Melbourne. RSPCA Australia, Canberra. Available at http://www.rspca.org.au/events/seminars03_Discussion.pdf
Johnston MJ and Marks CA (1997). Attitudinal survey on vertebrate pest management in Victoria. Victorian Institute of Animal Science.
Littin KE, Mellor DJ, Warburton B and Eason CT (2004). Animal welfare and ethical issues relevant to the humane control of vertebrate pests. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 52(1): 1-10.
McLeod R (2004). Counting the cost: impact of invasive animals in Australia, 2004. Cooperative Research Centre for Pest Animal Control, Canberra, pp 70.
Marks CA, Hackman C, Busana F and Gigliotti F (2000). Assuring that 1080 toxicosis in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is humane: fluoroacetic acid (1080) and drug combinations. Wildlife Research 27:483-494.
Marks CA, Allen L, Gigliotti F, Busana F, Gonzalez T, Lindeman MJ and Fisher PM (2004b). Evaluation of tranquilliser trap devices used during dingo trapping. Animal Welfare 13:393-99.
Marks CA, Gigliotti F, Busana F, Johnston M and Lindeman M (2004a). Fox control using a para-aminopropiophenone formulation with the M-44 ejector. Animal Welfare 13:401-7.
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Marks CA, Busana F and Gigliotti F (in review). Analgesic drugs in fluoroacetic acid (1080) fox baits produce better welfare outcomes. Wildlife Research.
Marks CA, Johnston MJ, Fisher PM, Pontin K and Shaw MJ (in press). Differential particle size ingestion: promoting target-specific baiting of feral cats. Journal of Wildlife Management.
Mason G and Littin KE (2003). The humaneness of rodent pest control. Animal Welfare 12: 1-37.
Michelle Walter, 'The population ecology of wild horses in the Australian Alps', PhD thesis, University of Canberra, 2002.
Olsen P (1998). Australia's Pest Animals: New Solutions to Old Problems. Bureau of Resource Sciences and Kangaroo Press. Canberra/Sydney.
Parkes J, Henzell R and Pickles G (1996). Managing Vertebrate Pests: Feral Goats. Bureau Resource Sciences and Australian Nature Conservation Agency. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
Reilly J (1998). Variables in animal based research: Part2 Variability associated with experimental conditions and techniques. ANZCCART 11: 1-12.
Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (1998) Improving consumer perceptions of kangaroo products. Retrieved February 10, 2003, from http://www.ridc.gov.au/pub/shortreps/improve.html.
Saunders G and McLeod L (in prep.) Fox management strategies in Australia.
Saunders G, Coman B, Kinnear J and Braysher M (1995). Managing Vertebrate Pests: Foxes. Bureau of Resource Sciences and Australian Nature Conservation Agency. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
Welfare underwater: issues with aquatic animals. Published by RSPCA Australia 2004. The seminar proceedings include papers on: Cetacean research in the Southern Ocean, Seal entanglements in marine debris before and after government and industry intervention and Fisheries bycatch, a problem for welfare and conservation These proceedings are available via the RSPCA Australia website at: www.rspca.org.au then Seminar 2004.
Wilkinson R and Fitzgerald G (1997). Public perceptions of biological control of rabbits in New Zealand: Some ethical and practical issues. Agriculture and Human Values 14: 273-282.
Williams K, Parer I, Coman B, Burley J and Braysher M (1995). Managing Vertebrate Pests: Rabbits. Bureau of Resource Sciences and CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
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RSPCA Australia: The Animal Welfare Science Update is a regular publication that aims to inform of developments in animal welfare science that relate to the work of the RSPCA. The update provides summaries of some of the most relevant scientific papers and a bibliography of other articles that have been received by RSPCA.
Animal welfare articles
American Society of Mammalogists. Animal Care and Use Committee (1998) Guidelines for the capture, handling and care of mammals as approved by the American Society of Mammalogists. http://www.mammalsociety.org/committees/commanimalcareuse/98acucguidelines.PD
American Veterinary Medical Association (2000) F 2000 Report of the AVMA Panel on Euthanasia. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 218:669-696. http://www.avma.org/issues/animal_welfare/euthanasia.pdf
ANZCCART (1999) The Use of Wildlife for Research. Proceedings of the ANZCCART Conference 26-27 May 1999.
Bali R., Delaney R. (1996) Assessment of Koala Radiocollaring Studies in South eastern Australia. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville.
Barker D., Allan GL., Rowland SJ., Pickles JM. (2002) A Guide to Acceptable Procedures and Practices for Aquaculture and Fisheries Research. NSW Fisheries Animal Care and Ethics Committee, Nelson Bay NSW
Bergin, T.J. (1978). Husbandry of monotremes and marsupials. Proceedings No.36. Course for Veterinarians. The Australian fauna management and disease course, Part A. University of Sydney, Sydney, pp. 41-47.
Blomberg S., Shine R. in Sutherland, J (ed.) (1996) Ecological Census Techniques: a handbook. Cambridge University Press pp.218 - 226.
Blyde, D. (1994). Advances in anaesthesia and sedation of native fauna. In: Proceedings No 233, Wildlife. Post- graduate Committee in Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, pp. 243-245.
Buddle, B.M., Aldwell, F.E. Jowett, G., Thomas, A.; Jackson, R. and Paterson, B.M. (1992). Influence of stress of capture on haematological values and cellular immune responses in the Australian brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). NZ Veterinary Journal, 40:155-159
Catling PC., Burt RJ., Kooyman R. (1997) A comparison of techniques used in survey of the ground-dwelling and arboreal mammals in forests in north-eastern New South Wales. Wildlife Research 24: 217-432
Collins, L. R. (1973). Monotremes and Marsupials. A Reference for Zoological Institutions. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
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Dyson, S.E and Calver M.C . The value of Animal Ethics Committees for wildlife research in conservation biology - an Australian perspective. Pacific Conservation Biology Vol 9 86-94. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Sydney 2003.
Gott M. (1999) Wildlife Research in the field: Welfare aspects of an essential discipline. The Use of Wildlife for Research (eds D. Mellor & V. Monomy) ANZCCART.
Helman P., Churchill S. (1986) Bat capture techniques and their use in surveys. Macroderma 2:32-53.
Hope, R. M. and Cooper, D. W. (1990). Marsupial and monotreme breeding in wild and captive populations: towards a laboratory marsupial. Aust. J. Zool. 37: 157- 160.
Jackson, S. (2003) Australian Mammals: Biology and captive Management. CSIRO Publishing
Jolly, S.E. (1993). Carbon dioxide as an anaesthetic agent for use on the brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae). Australian Mammalogy, 16:67-68.
Jones M. Dickman C & Archer M. (2003) Predators with pouches. The biology of Carnivorous Marsupials. CSIRO Publishing.
Kavanagh R., Peake P. (1993) Survey procedures for nocturnal forest birds: an evaluation of the variability in census results due to temporal factors, weather and technique in P. Olsen (editor) Australian Raptor Studies. Australian Raptor Association, RAOU, Melbourne, pp 86-100.
Kennedy, M: (Ed.) (1992). Australasian Marsupials and Monotremes: an action plan for their conservation. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland. Lindenmayer DB., Incoll RD., Cunningham RB., Pope ML., Donnelly CF., MacGregor CI., Tribolet C., Triggs BE. (1999) Comparison of hairtube types for the detection of mammals. Wildlife Research 26:745-753
Lowe KW. (1989) The Australian Bird and Bat Banders Manual. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra.
Lunney. D & Dawson T Eds (1998) Ethics, Money and Politics. Modern dilemmas for Zoology. Transactions of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales.
Merrick JR. in Hand S. (ed) (1990) Care and Handling of Australian Native Animals: Emergency Care and Capture Management. Surrey Beatty and Sons, pp.7 - 15.
Mills DJ., Harris B., Claridge AW., Barry SC. (2002) Efficacy of hair-sampling techniques for the detection of medium-sized terrestrial mammals. I. A comparison between hair-funnels, hair tubes and indirect signs. Wildlife Research 29:379-387
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Monomy V and Gott M. (2001) Practical and ethical considerations for students conducting ecological research involving wildlife. Austral Ecology 2001, 26, 293-300.
NHMRC (1997) The Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes. Australian Government Publishing Service, PO Box 84, Canberra ACT 2601.
NHMRC (1990) Guide to the use of Australian native mammals in biomedical research. Section One to Three and Section Four (1995), Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
NSW Fisheries (1997) Australian Code of Electrofishing Practice. NSW Fisheries Management Publication No. 1
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (2001) NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville. Hygiene protocol for the control of disease in frogs. Threatened Species Management Circular No. 6. http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/PDFs/hyprfrog.pdf
Parnaby H. (1992) Summary of the ultrasonic survey of the microbats of north east New South Wales, 1991/1992. Report to the NSW NPWS, August 1992.
Presidente, P.J.A. (1984). Parasites and diseases of brushtail possums (Trichosurus spp): Occurrence and significance. Possums and Gliders. Edited by A.P.Smith and I.D.Hume, Australian Mammal Society, Sydney, pp. 171-190.
Reilly J. (ed) (2001) Euthanasia of animals used for scientific purposes. ANZCCART, Glen Osmond, South Australia
Rogers, K.D & Booth, D.T. (2004) A method for sampling blood from Australian freshwater turtles. Wildlife Research 2004, 31, 93-95.
Rose. K (2005) Wildlife Health Investigation Manual 2005. Zoological Parks Board of NSW.
Scotts DJ., Craig SA. (1988) Improved hair sampling tube for detection of rare mammals. Australian Wildlife Research 15: 469-72.
Tidemann CR., Woodside DP. (1978) A collapsible bat trap and a comparison of results obtained with the trap and mist nets. Australian Wildlife Research 5:355-362.
Tribe, A. and Middleton, D. (1988). Anaesthesia of native mammals and birds. Proceedings 104, Australian wildlife. Postgraduate Committee in Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, pp. 789-814.
Tribe, A. & Speilman D (1995) Restraint and Handling of Captive Wildlife. ANZCCART News Vol 8 No. 4 December 1995
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Triggs B. (1996) Tracks scats and other traces, A field guide to Australian mammals. Oxford University Press, Melbourne
Tyler, M (1999) Frogs and Toads as Experimental Animals. ANZCCART Facts Sheet Vol 12 No 1 March 1999.
Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (1996) Recommendations for euthanasia of experimental animals: Part 1. Laboratory Animals 30:293-316
Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (1997) Recommendations for euthanasia of experimental animals: Part 2. Laboratory Animals 31:1-32
Universities Federation for Animal Welfare /World Society for the Protection of Animals (1989) Euthanasia of Amphibians and Reptiles: Report of a Joint UFAW/WSPA Working Party. UFAW, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, UK. And WSPA, London, UK.
Walraven E. (1990) Taronga Zoo’s Guide to the Care of Urban Wildlife Allen and Unwin, Sydney.
White A. in Hand S. (ed) (1990) Care and Handling of Australian Native Animals: Emergency Care and Capture Management. Surrey Beatty and Sons pp.17-40.
University of Canberra Institute for Applied Ecology
Has books, journals, and proceedings from conferences, symposia and workshops http://aerg.canberra.edu.au/cgi-bin/biblio_short.cgi?target=hone
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Appendix 5c Task 6 - explore animal welfare performance measures not covered by Animal Health Australia
Review of the Australian Model Codes of Practice for the Welfare of Animals (Neumann Report) http://www.daff.gov.au/content/output.cfm?ObjectID=DEEBA979-A4C6-461C- A4F2C1535CF417A5
The following principles arose from the Future Regulation and Management of Welfare Workshop, July 2005, which considered the Neumann Report. They provide for development and review of minimum standards/codes of animal welfare practice.
Any approach to the future regulation and management should provide:
1. A strong national framework for the development of 'minimum standards' with species specific definitions of animal welfare that are underpinned by legislation. Minimum standards should be outcome-based and measurable. Preference for a format that provides for both minimum standards and 'best practice' guidelines to be clearly separated but contained in the same document 2. An efficient, agreed process for developing and maintaining minimum standards and best practice guidelines 3. Consistency across state and territory jurisdictions in the application (enforcement) of legislation 4. An industry-government partnership to make decisions 5. Broad consultation with all stakeholders, especially end users 6. A process for evaluating Standards through a Regulatory Impact Statement 7. Standards must be auditable for credibility and international acceptance 8. An outcome focus responsive to verified drivers and needs 9. Science based inputs to be a critical element in the development of standards. 10. Effective communication to all stakeholders 11. Process of standard development and review to be adequately resourced. 12. Consideration to be given to examining the inclusion of animal welfare standards and codes in legislation that addresses animal management and biosecurity of production animals rather than 'cruelty' based legislation.
Australian Government
Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes (7th Edition) published jointly by NHMRC, CSIRO, ARC and the Australian Vice-Chancellors Committee is available at www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/eahome.htm or through National Mailing and Marketing on 1800 020 103 (toll free).
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ACT codes of practice
1.1 Codes specifically dealing with native and feral animals: Code of Practice for the Destruction or Capture, Handling and Marketing of Feral Livestock Animals in the A.C.T. Code of Practice for the Welfare of Kangaroos Maintained Intentionally in Captivity Code of Practice for the Humane Destruction of Kangaroos in the A.C.T. ACT Code of Practice for the Care of Orphaned, Sick or Injured Native Animals ACT Code of Practice for the Humane Control of the Fox (1995) Code of Practice for the Welfare of Film Animals Australian Code of Practice for the care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes 1.2 Codes with sections on humane destruction techniques that may be applicable in dealing with escaped livestock A.C.T. Code of Practice for the Welfare of Farmed Deer Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals - Cattle A.C.T. Code of Practice for the Welfare of the Goat Code of Practice — Welfare of Horses in the A.C.T. Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals – Sheep 1.3 Feral animal control 1.3.1 The ACT has draft Codes of Practice for the control of Wild dogs, Wild horses, Wild Pigs and Rabbits 1.3.2 Commonwealth standards sponsored by the National Heritage Trust (and written by NSWDPI) have recently been developed. These are used by the Commonwealth for feral pest control on land under its control. CALM personnel involved in feral animal control are using these codes as the benchmark for the ACT. Codes have been developed for the following feral species: Rabbits, Foxes, Pigs, Dogs, Cats, Goats, Deer, Birds, Hares and Horses
2. Policy/ strategy/ plans ACT Vert Pest Management Strategy ACT Nature Conservation Strategy ―Standard Wildlife Survey Techniques (2001).‖ All wildlife research is subject to the approval of the Ethics Committee of the University of Canberra. The ACT government adheres to ―Standard Wildlife Survey Techniques (2001)‖ for all routine research involving animals (eg trapping, disease control, tagging etc), this makes approval straight forward. More unusual projects have to be individually approved by the committee. Implementation of kangaroo advisory committee reports update to Dec 2004 Management of eastern grey kangaroo on rural lands in the ACT 1994 Policy on management of kangaroos in security fenced enclosures 1994 Kangaroo Information Notes for rangers June 2000 Living with eastern grey kangaroos in the ACT - Public land 1997 3rd report Kangaroos in captivity in the ACT 1996 2ND REPORT
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The keeping and care of native animals by individuals in the ACT JUNE 2004 Reptile policy - collecting, keeping and trading 92/93
Regulation of animal trade in the ACT as per the NCA 1980 ACT Parks and Conservation policy on keeping, trading and breeding dingo 1999 Namadgi National Park - West District integrated and Regional goat control strategy Vertebrate pest control techniques for ACT Parks and Conservation Namadgi National Park Feral Horse Management Plan (2004) Namadgi National Park Dog Control Plan Policy and Guidelines for Keeping Native Animals for Rehabilitation in the ACT (AWAC updating?) Guidelines for Management of Swooping Magpies and Other Native Birds Guidelines of the Management of Urban Wildlife. Standard Operating Procedure for the Use, Transport and Storage of Firearms.
3. Licensing Licenses are issued to protect wildlife in the ACT. Licenses are issued to keep, import, export, kill, take, sell, display, to interfere &/or remove a nest. In line with this they also relate to tree felling (if wild animals are present) and the collecting of samples for scientific purposes. These are issued in accordance with specified conditions for species that are not on an exempt list, are protected native species or special protection status animals.
South Australian Department of Environment and Heritage
The Take from the Wild Standard sets the parameters for the implementation of the stated outcomes of the Take from the Wild Policy and Procedure. The Take from the Wild Policy states the Department's position on taking protected animals from the wild. Take from the wild permits cover a range of activities including supplementing or introducing new species to captive trade.
The Common Brushtail and Common Ringtail Possum Management Standard sets the parameters for the implementation of the procedure document. The Common Brushtail Possum and Common Ringtail Possum Management Procedure details the process for assessing applications to trap and release or trap and destroy Common Brushtail Possums and Common Ringtail Possums that are in conflict with humans on mainland South Australia.
Wildlife Ethics Committee Standard Operating Procedure for the Collection of Voucher Specimens Standard Operating Procedure for the Use of Microchips Standard Operating Procedure for the Collection of Hair and Feather Samples Standard Operating Procedure for the Euthanasia of Research Animals Standard Operating Procedure for the Use of Live Traps to Capture Terrestrial Vertebrates Guidelines for wildlife researchers
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Scientific Permit Policy Notes and Standard Conditions General Fauna Surveys Field Quarantine (Frogs) for the Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force Fieldwork Code of Practice Ethics permit for continued research Export of scientific specimens from Australia Commercial Use of Wildlife Quarantine for Captive Wild-Sourced Animals to be released back into the Wild Captive Birth/Hatching Observations Permit to Undertake Scientific Research
Biological Survey of South Australia Scientific survey, minium dataset requirements National Parks & Wildlife SA Guidelines for Vertebrate Surveys National Parks & Wildlife SA Guidelines for Vegetation Surveys in South Australia using the Biological Survey
The Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme How to report a bird or bat band recovery, http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/science/abbbs/recovery.html
Standard operating procedures for keeping venomous snakes The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 provides for a permit system to keep native animals (including mammals, birds and reptiles) in captivity. The keeping and trading in native animals has the potential to impact on wild populations unless there are systems in place to ensure accountability for the legal possession of animals and the manner in which they are managed.
The Department for Environment and Heritage website gives general information: http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/biodiversity/research.html
SA Wildlife Ethics Committee Executive Officer, Department for Environment and Heritage GPO BOX 1047, ADELAIDE SA 5001. Phone (08) 8124 4749 or Fax (08) 8124 4719 Email: [email protected]
SA Scientific Research Permits Biological Survey and Monitoring, Department for Environment and Heritage Telephone (08) 8124 4700 or Fax (08) 8124 4719 Email: [email protected]
SA Licence for Teaching, Research or Experimentation involving Animals Project Officer - Animal Welfare, Department for Environment and Heritage Telephone: (08) 8124 4800 or Fax (08) 8124 4938 Email: [email protected]
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Tasmania
The Tasmanian DPIWE Wild Animal Management section is responsible for administering controls on the availability and use of 1080 poison and other vertebrate pest control products. Officers mix and prepare baits for on-farm distribution and oversee operations to ensure compliance with legal requirements. More information on: http://www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/Topics/CART-63S826?open http://www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/Topics/LBUN-5P9779?open
Tasmania has supplied further information on:
Restrictions on the supply and use of certain agricultural chemical products in Tasmania Restrictions applying under the various provisions of the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (Control of Use) Act 1995, Agvet Code Act 1994 and Poisons Act 1971
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Appendix 5d Task 6 - explore animal welfare performance measures not covered by Animal Health Australia
Kangaroo Shooting Code Compliance. A survey of the extent of compliance with the requirements of the Code of Practice for the Humane Shooting of Kangaroos Prepared for Environment Australia by RSPCA Australia, July 2002
This Report examines the extent of compliance with the requirements of the Code of Practice for the Humane Shooting of Kangaroos in the four mainland States involved in the commercial killing of kangaroos (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia). Qualitative information on kangaroo management and compliance with the Code was collected through discussions with government agencies, non-government bodies and individuals with an interest in kangaroo management. A quantitative assessment of compliance with the Code in the commercial sector was carried out through field inspections of kangaroos killed for commercial purposes.
The report can be found in detail at: http://www.ea.gov.au/biodiversity/trade-use/publications/kangaroo-report/index.html
Kangaroo Industries Association of Australia Inc (KIAA) PO Box 447, Woden, ACT, 2606 e.mail [email protected] Website, www.kangaroo-industry.asn.au
KIAA summary of ‘Kangaroo Shooting Code Compliance’, RSPCA July 2002
The report documents the following State resources to monitor kangaroo harvests: NSW 39 designated Ranger positions 15 other positions 6 Law Enforcement Officers Qld 6 dedicated kangaroo harvest monitoring position 50 Rangers SA 6 Rangers with prominent role in kangaroo monitoring 125 other Rangers WA 33 Wildlife Officers
The RSPCA conclusion is noted: ―These results demonstrate that there has clearly been an improvement in the humanness of the commercial killing of kangaroos compared with that recorded in the 1985 report. Then the overall proportion of head- shot kangaroos in Australia was estimated to be 86%. In 2000/2002, it was 95.9%‖.
Responses show that kangaroo management agencies have adopted the criteria of head-shot only and the industry also uses a similar standard.
The report details recommendations for further improving the welfare outcomes of the kangaroo harvest, all supported by KIAA for consideration.
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Appendix 5e Task 6 - explore animal welfare performance measures not covered by Animal Health Australia
Indigenous use of wildlife
Out of the ‘too hard basket’- traditional hunting and animal welfare Dominique Thiriet*
I INTRODUCTION
Traditional hunting, fishing and foraging practices are a major component of daily life in many Australian Indigenous communities. Although many Indigenous people do not engage in such practices, for others, particularly in remote areas of Northern Australia, traditional hunting1 has considerable importance from sustenance, economic, social, health, cultural and ecological viewpoints. Hunting conducted in Australia under Aboriginal traditions and Islander customs target over 50 native wildlife species,2 including bustards, crocodiles, dugongs, echidnas, emus, fish, flying-foxes, frogs, goannas, lizards, macropods, magpie geese, possums, shellfish, snakes as well as fresh and saltwater turtles.3 Although estimates of animals killed are patchy, particularly for non-iconic species, it is estimated that 1,600 dugongs, 20,000 salt and freshwater turtles, and 200,000 muttonbirds are killed annually in Australia. Traditional hunting is now well recognised at law4 as part of the bundle of native title rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as well as in international agreements5 and conservation legislation.6
Although the native title and ecological sustainability dimensions of traditional hunting have been well considered, little attention has been paid to date to the topic of animal rights and welfare in traditional hunting. This paper aims to initiate a discussion on a legal issue that, to date, has been addressed poorly, if at all, with a view to ensuring that the welfare of animals is incorporated as a legitimate element of the general discourse of traditional hunting.
II HUNTING PRACTICES
Hunting practices and their implication for animal welfare have been considered in detail elsewhere.7 Some examples of practices commonly used as part of traditional hunting include: harpooning of dugongs and allowing them to drag the boat for 15-20
* School of Law, James Cook University. 1 For convenience, hunting, fishing and foraging for small animals are referred to under the collective term of ‗hunting‘. 2 Jocelyn Davies, Karen Higginbottom, Denise Noack, Helen Ross and Elspeth Young, Sustaining Eden - Indigenous Community Wildlife Management in Australia (1999) 37. 3 Mary Bomford and Judy Caughley (eds), Sustainable Use of Wildlife by Aboriginal Peoples and Torres Strait Islanders (1996) 31. 4 Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) s223(2). 5 International Biological Diversity Convention (Rio Convention) (1992). 6 David Haigh and Beverley Coleman, ‗The Current Legal Position Affecting the Use of Wildlife by Australian Indigenous People‘ in G Grigg, P Hale and D Lunney (eds), Conservation Through Sustainable Use of Wildlife (1995). 7 Dominique Thiriet, ‗Tradition and Change – Avenues for Improving Animal Welfare in Indigenous Hunting‘ (submitted to James Cook University Law Review).
Lyndy Scott Page 76 Final Report - Appendices Australian Animal Welfare Strategy Final report - Animals in the Wild Sector Review of Existing Animal Welfare Arrangements minutes until they are too exhausted to continue, followed by drowning of the animals by pushing them under water; harpooning turtles and ‗storing‘ them for days, by tethering, cutting their flippers or upturning them; butchering of turtles while still alive; ‗storing‘ freshwater turtles in large drums causing many to die from crushing or asphyxiation; and breaking of muttonbird chicks‘ necks. It is clear that such practices which are currently used for killing and keeping animals would inarguably cause pain to the animals. How these practices fit in the contemporary animal rights and welfare frameworks will be explored below.
At this point however, it is important to note that, whilst traditional hunting practices may raise legitimate animal welfare concerns, it would be entirely inappropriate to suggest that ill-treatment of animals is confined to Indigenous communities. Indeed, the meat, dairy and egg industries, to name a few, subject millions of animals to cruel practices, not only at the time of the animals‘ death but rather during their whole lives. As will be seen below, such cruelty is generally exempt from animal protection legislation on economic grounds.
III EXCLUSION FROM CONSIDERATION
Traditional hunting has been considered judicially on a number of occasions. Nevertheless, the traditional hunting cases have been argued mainly in terms of their implications for native title rights,8 conservation,9 or firearm use.10 In its 1986 report, The Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws,11 the Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC) considered a range of laws impacting on traditional hunting, including laws pertaining to Aboriginal land, conservation, natural resources and firearms,12 but not the animal protection laws. It considered the limitations imposed by conservation, natural resource management, pastoral and other residential interests as well as commercial interests (such as fisheries and tourism),13 but not animal welfare interests.
Proponents of traditional hunting as a sustainable practice have also failed to acknowledge the tension that exists between traditional hunting practices and animal welfare, even as a peripheral issue,14 yet the conservation and the welfare of native animals species are often intrinsically linked. For instance, the killing of a large number of animals may well raise both ecological sustainability and animal welfare concerns if the animal population is endangered.15 This lack of acknowledgement
8 Mason v Tritton (1993) 70 ACrimR 28; Dillon v Davies (1998) 101 ACrimR533; Yanner v Eaton (1999) 73 ALJR 1518; 166 ALR 258; 201 CLR 351. 9 Ibid; see also Walden v Hensler (1987) 163 CLR 561 - in this case, the defendant was charged under the Fauna Conservation Act 1974 (Qld), however the High Court‘s decision was based on the claim of right defence rather than on conservation grounds. 10 Campbell v Arnold (1982) 56 FLR 382. 11 Australian Law Reform Commission, The Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws (1986) vol 2. 12 Ibid 171. 13 Ibid 178. 14 See Davies et al, above n 2, and Bomford and Caughley above, n 3. See also ‗Cultural Consideration in Wildlife Use‘ (Ch 5) in Gordon Grigg, Peter Hale and Daniel Lunney (eds), Conservation Through Sustainable Use of Wildlife (1995), 29; and Peter H O‘Brien (ed), Wildlife Use and Management - Report of a Workshop for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People (1992).
15 S R Harrop, ‗The Dynamics of Wild Animal Welfare Law‘, (1997) 9(2) Journal of Environmental Law 287, 288.
Lyndy Scott Page 77 Final Report - Appendices Australian Animal Welfare Strategy Final report - Animals in the Wild Sector Review of Existing Animal Welfare Arrangements continues to occur despite the increasing recognition of ethics as an intrinsic component of contemporary principles of ecologically sustainable development.16
Whilst the lack of reference to animal welfare in discussions of native title rights and conservation is surprising, the lack of attention to this topic in the contemporary animal rights and welfare discourse is even more so. It is not known whether traditional hunting is viewed as insignificant compared to the large scale animal cruelty found in modern farming practices, or whether the issue is considered to be too politically sensitive or simply unwinnable. Most likely, the silence is due to a combination of all three factors. Some have argued that traditional hunting is simply given ‗unquestioning approval‘ by animal welfarists and conservationists alike, perhaps based on a sense of guilt for past injustices done to Indigenous people.17 This reaction may well be inhibiting contemporary critical discourse.18 Yet, concerns about the apparent inhumanness of some traditional hunting practices have been raised in the media19 and, less publicly, by some members of Indigenous communities.
These nascent concerns present an opportunity to examine traditional hunting practices within the context of an increasing public recognition of the importance of animal rights and welfare in Australia and worldwide, as well as in the context of recent legislative changes to the status of animals in various jurisdictions.
The paucity of relevant primary and secondary legal sources relevant to the animal welfare dimension of traditional hunting reflects the lack of consideration of this issue to date. For this author, it also meant that searches often involved not so much looking through legislation, cases and journal articles for references to the topic, but rather for a confirmation that the topic was not mentioned. This approach is most obvious in the review of animal protection legislation below.
The sensitivity of the topic was made abundantly clear in the interviews conducted by the author with a number of individuals, including members of Indigenous communities, State and Territory government staff, staff of animal protection groups and scientists. Many of the interviewees, both Indigenous and non-Indigenous, expressed a view that the topic was extremely sensitive and as a result, few were willing to be quoted. These shortcomings may affect the qualitative value of this research, however they reinforce the need for a close examination of the topic.
III ANIMAL RIGHTS, ANIMAL WELFARE - THE CURRENT FRAMEWORK
The treatment of animals subject to Indigenous traditional hunting involves a conflict between the rights of Indigenous individuals and communities to carry out traditional
16 R Nash The Rights of Nature - A History of Environmental Ethics (1990); R Elliott, Environmental Ethics (1995). 17 D Orton, ‗Deep Left Dilemmas‘ (1996) 30(4) Canadian Dimension 26 for a comment on Inuit practices; see also Anon, ‗Traditional Hunting‘ Title
Lyndy Scott Page 78 Final Report - Appendices Australian Animal Welfare Strategy Final report - Animals in the Wild Sector Review of Existing Animal Welfare Arrangements practices on one hand, and the rights of animals and/or contemporary standards of animal welfare on the other. This part will examine the different components of the conflict. Since Yanner v Eaton,20 Indigenous peoples‘ rights have been well established as part of the broader right to exercise and maintain their own traditional culture, itself a fundamental human right.21 Traditional rights to hunt are now enshrined in law.22 The rights of animals on the other hand have, as yet, little legal support. Animal rights can be considered at two levels: a broad fundamental right and a mere right to be treated humanely. In the absence of recognised animal rights, a lower level of animal protection is afforded by welfare considerations.
A Animals’ Fundamental Rights
It has been argued that the fundamental right of animals is one of equal concern and respect, along the lines of Dworkin‘s rights thesis.23 This right is based on the animals‘ sentience and autonomy24 or inherent value.25 Sometimes referred to as ‗dignity-right‘, it refers to animals‘ right to live their lives with dignity and equality and not to be arbitrarily killed – as such this right would be an animal version of ‗human‘ rights 26. This does not mean that all humans and animals should be treated equally but that all deserve equal moral consideration. Jeremy Bentham stated that denying this right to animals because of the number of their legs, the villosity of their skin or the termination of their os sacrum is as arbitrary as granting human rights only to people who have particular skin pigmentation or sex.27 Rights in this category have been debated for almost two centuries: since Jeremy Bentham, proponents of animal rights have included philosophers,28 legal writers29 and even the High Court of Kerala in India. In a 2002 decision, the Court held that ‗[i]t is not only our fundamental duty to show compassion to our animal friends, but also to recognize and protect their rights… If humans are entitled to fundamental rights, why not animals?‘30 Moves towards a recognition of animal rights have been made through legal reform of the status of animals in a number of jurisdictions. Germany has recently amended its constitution to include regard for animals. Switzerland‘s domestic animals have been recognised as living beings rather than objects and the European Union now recognises all animals as sentient beings.31 New Zealand has banned the use of non-human hominids (great apes) in research and testing unless it is in the best interests of the animal.32 These timid overseas developments have not yet been followed in Australia. Here animals have no recognised fundamental legal
20 (1999) 73 ALJR 1518; 166 ALR 258; 201 CLR 351. 21 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art 27. 22 Native Title Act 1993, s 223(2). 23 Keith Akers and Mirko Bagaric, ‗No Absence of Malice Towards the Gallus‘ (2001) 18(5) Environmental and Planning Law Journal 505, 513. 24 Steven Wise, Rattling the Cage: Toward Legal Rights for Animals, (2000) 246-247. 25 Tom Regan, The Case for Animal Rights, (1983). 26 Wise, above n 24, 248; see also G Francione, ‗Moral Absolutism and Animal Rights‘ Animal Rights Commentary (25 April 1996),
Lyndy Scott Page 79 Final Report - Appendices Australian Animal Welfare Strategy Final report - Animals in the Wild Sector Review of Existing Animal Welfare Arrangements rights.33 Further, many in the general community still regard as contemptuous, ridiculous or offensive the contention that animal rights, if they exist, should be equated with, or even prevail over certain human rights. Suffice to say, however, that not so long ago, any debate on giving to slaves, people of colour and women rights equal to those of white free men would have been considered similarly preposterous.
B The Right to Humane Treatment
Even if fundamental animal rights are too futuristic a concept, it has been compellingly argued that animals have at least the right not to be treated cruelly, or to put it another way, a right to be treated humanely.34 This is a narrower and less threatening concept for Western society whose focus is less on articulating the meaning of the right and more on the reciprocal human obligation to treat animals humanely. This recognition of a human obligation and, as a corollary, of an implied animal right to humane treatment is a novel direction in animal protection laws which generally protect animals as objects of property, not as autonomous sentient beings. This obligation appears to have been incorporated in the new notion of a duty of care to animals which, uniquely in Australia, is found in Queensland‘s Animal Care and Protection Act 2001.35 The extent of the reciprocal right is limited, however, as the Queensland Act imposes a duty of care only on persons who are ‗in charge‘ of an animal.36 Because a ‗person in charge‘ is defined as one who has proprietary interests or custody of the animal,37 this means that any wild, not owned, animal does not have a right to be treated humanely. Animals hunted traditionally would fall in this category.
C Contemporary Humane Standards
Since animal rights are not generally legally recognised, animals cannot be protected on this basis. They can, however, benefit from protection based on more conservative standards of animal welfare. Minimum standards are incorporated in State and Territory animal protection legislation. They generally provide that animals be subject to pain only if justified, necessary or reasonable. How this test is applied and adapted for the convenience of humans will be examined below. In the meantime, it is important to examine how cultural values and attitudes can affect the development of animal welfare standards.
D Traditional and Contemporary Indigenous Attitudes Towards Animals
The traditional and contemporary Indigenous attitudes towards animals which underpin the treatment of hunted animals can vary significantly. In his studies of Arunta (central Australia) and Wik-Mungkan (Cape York) peoples, Bennett found that individuals have a ‗vital and personal concern‘ for native species because of the Dreamtime bond between humans, their ancestral beings and the environment.‘38
33 Philip Jamieson, ‗Duty and the Beast: the Movement in Reform of Animal Welfare Law‘ (1991) 16(2) University of Queensland Law Journal 238, 238-239. 34 Akers and Bagaric, above n 23, 514. 35 Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld) s17. 36 Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld) s17(1). 37 Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld) s12. 38 David H Bennett, ‗Some Aspects of Aboriginal and Non Aboriginal Notions of Responsibility to Non-human Animals‘ (1983) 2 Australian Aboriginal Studies 19, 21.
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According to the relevant traditions, animal species are respected for their totemic value. The relationship between a human and her/his animal totem includes the sharing of a connection which can extend to suffering from the same injuries or exhibiting the same behaviour.39 Although Arunta and Wik-Mungkan people consider non-human animals ‗intrinsically valuable to the moral system‘40 Bennett finds them to be traditionally unconcerned with the welfare of individual animals.41 In describing these peoples‘ relationships with animals, Bennett claims that ‗Aboriginal tradition neither prevents cruel or callous treatment, nor does it offer a basis for ―duties to‖ which are the basis of animal rights.‘42 These views, however, conflict with the findings of a survey of community attitudes towards crocodiles in northern Queensland which identified Aboriginal people‘s beliefs that the traditional system of extended moral rights gave them not only a right to kill and use crocodiles for sustenance but also a responsibility for their welfare.43
There are also diverging Indigenous views on the significance of introduced wild animals. Bennett claims that as these species are thought not to contain a human spirit, they are ‗not accorded any deference for the animal‘s sake.‘44 This conflicts with reports of some Indigenous communities being very concerned for the welfare of introduced animals45 and considering them as ‗belonging to country.‘46 Clearly, there are varied Indigenous views of animals between communities and also undoubtedly between individuals. To pursue the idea of the Australian Aboriginal view on this (or any other) topic would amount to pursuing a ‗phantom‘.47 These divergent views are likely to be reflected in the way Indigenous communities and individuals treat animals, and also to what extent they support any animal protection legislation that applies to traditional practices.
E Contemporary Non-Indigenous Attitudes Towards Wildlife and Indigenous Hunting
Diverging views of wildlife are also found in non-Indigenous communities. On one hand, most non-Indigenous Australians appear to have little, if any regard, for the welfare of introduced wild animals and their hunting rarely elicits any opposition, no matter who does it and how it is done.48 On the other hand, attitudes towards native wildlife vary broadly, depending on the species and the nature of its interaction with people. It has been argued that many regard native wildlife as ‗sacrosanct, not to be killed or interfered with in any way.‘ 49 This attitude appears to be hardening with a
39 Ibid 23. 40 Ibid 22. 41 Bennett, above n 38, 67. 42 Ibid. 43 Dominique Benzaken, ‗Community Attitudes Towards Crocodiles in Northern Queensland: A Case Study of the Role of Socio-cultural Factors in the Management of Dangerous Wildlife. (Unpublished MSc Thesis, James Cook University) in H J Aslin and T W Norton, ‗No One Answer- Sustainable Use of Wildlife in a Multicultural Society‘ G. Grigg, P. Hale & D. Lunney (eds) Conservation Through Sustainable Use of Wildlife (1995) 73, 78. 44 Bennett, above n 38, 20. 45 Jim Monaghan, School of Tropical Environmental Studies and Geography, pers comm. 46 Davies et al, above n 2, 20. 47 Bennett, above n 38, 62. 48 Frankie Seymour, ‗Introduced Wild Animals – Invasive Pests or Abandoned Victoms?‘ (2000) 8(1) Animals Today 12, 13. 49 George Wilson, ‗Cultural Values, Conservation and Management Legislation‘. in Fauna of Australia Vol 1A (1987), 250.
Lyndy Scott Page 81 Final Report - Appendices Australian Animal Welfare Strategy Final report - Animals in the Wild Sector Review of Existing Animal Welfare Arrangements growing trend to value nature in general and wildlife in particular, not simply on economic grounds but mostly for moral, ethical and symbolic reasons.50 Individuals‘ concerns for the welfare of wild animals, as opposed to their conservation, however, appear to depend very much on the species and circumstances. The callous attitude of many drivers vis à vis kangaroos and snakes on the road is one example which demonstrates that not all native animals are ‗sacrosanct‘.
Non-Indigenous attitudes are also strongly opposed to an Indigenous right to hunt native wildlife.51 This opposition is particularly strong in relation to hunting within protected areas.52 It is based primarily on a belief that Indigenous people cannot justify hunting as they no longer lead traditional lifestyles (the are no longer ‗real Aborigines‘) as well as on the basis of strong conservation concerns. To a lesser extent, opposition stems from animal welfare concerns.53 This opposition has grown steadily over the last decade as the public becomes more aware of the methods used for traditional hunting. Any non-Indigenous opposition to traditional hunting on the basis that it is inconsistent with humane standards must be seen in the context that, most, if not all, recreational non-Indigenous hunting activities which take place in Australia similarly conflict with contemporary humane standards,54 and in addition is morally indefensible.55
In the absence of legal recognition of the rights of animals in Australia, it is not possible to conclude this section with an assertion that animal rights are in conflict with the rights of traditional hunters (although it may be possible to do so from a philosophical viewpoint). What can be asserted, however, is that hunters‘ rights frequently conflict with contemporary standards of animal welfare. These standards are informed by society‘s varied and rapidly changing attitudes towards animals and are embodied, to some degree, in State and Territory animal protection laws. It is to these laws that we shall now turn.
IV ANIMAL PROTECTION - THE LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK
A Background to the Animal Protection Legislation
Animal protection or animal welfare legislation aims to prevent cruelty being inflicted on animals. Over the last two decades, all States and Territories have reviewed their animal protection legislation comprehensively in order to reflect society‘s concerns.56 Penalties vary across States and can often include imprisonment,57 but in practice, imprisonment for animal protection offences is rare.58
50 Heather J Aslin and Tony W Norton, ‗No one answer- sustainable use of wildlife in a multicultural society‘ in G Grigg, P Hale and D Lunney (eds) Conservation Through Sustainable Use of Wildlife (1995) 73, 79. 51 Davies et al, above n 2, 20. 52 Ponte, above n 19, 276. 53 Ibid 139. 54 John Crook, ‗The Battle over Duck Shooting‘ in J. Crook (ed), Hunting- A Critical Perspective (1997) 10. 55 R S H King ‗Environmental Ethics and the Case for Hunting‘ (1991) 13 Environmental Ethics, 59. 56 Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld); Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1985 (SA); Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (Vic); Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW); Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NT); Animal Welfare Act 2002 (WA); Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT); Animal Welfare Act 1993 (Tas). 57 See, eg, Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld) s 18(1) which provides for a maximum penalty of 2 years imprisonment. 58 Katrina Sharman, ‗Sentencing Under Our Anti-cruelty Statutes: Why Our Leniency Will Come Back to Bite Us‘, (2002) 13(3) Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 333.
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A major focus of animal protection legislation has been to protect animals, not in order to respect their rights - they do not have any - but because of their status as property. Animal protection legislation places animals in a ‗peculiar category of property‘ whereby they are protected even from cruelty arising out of the actions of their owners.59 All enactments attempt a difficult balance between the interests of animals and those of persons involved in primary production, animal experimentation and recreation (such as hunting and fishing). It has been argued that it is entirely inappropriate for animal protection legislation to protect human interests (proprietary and economics) as such interests are protected by other laws.60 Invariably, the balance tips towards the interests of the animal users and results in weakened or nonexistent protection for the animals. One common way to give prominence to the interests of animal users has been to exclude particular groups of animals from the provisions of the legislation. Acts carried out on farm animals for instance are generally exempt from the legislation if they comply with a Code of Practice.61 The interests of users are also served by excluding certain animal species from the legal definition of an ‗animal‘.62 Clearly, animal protection laws serve animals‘ interests poorly, and are effective only where these interests do not compromise human interests. The laws are particularly poor to protect wildlife. As deficient as they might be, however, animal protection laws are currently the only means of controlling cruel practices.
B What is Cruelty to Animals?
The hunting practices described above involve killing and storing some or all of the animals in ways which prima facie cause the animals to suffer considerable pain and/or not to die quickly. This section will examine the tests which would need to be applied to determine whether such methods are cruelty offences under animal protection legislation.
Animal cruelty is prohibited under all State and Territory animal protection laws63 but whether the above practices would be held to be cruel depends on legislative interpretation. There is no single definition of cruelty across borders, however, all definitions have in common the concept that an act is cruel if the two elements of pain and necessity can be established. Firstly, the act must cause pain or suffering to an animal.64 The level of pain is determined on the basis of physiological characteristics of each species and is not normally an issue.65 Few would deny that mammals and reptiles that have been harpooned, drowned, tethered, asphyxiated, dehydrated, upturned, amputated or butchered alive, as described above, would experience
59 Philip Jamieson, ‗The Legal Status of Animals under Animal Welfare Law‘ (1992) 9(1) Environmental and Planning Law Journal 20, 21. 60 Elaine Hughes and Christiane Meyer, ‗Animal Welfare Law in Canada and Europe‘ (2000) 6 Animal Law 23, 48. 61 Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld) s 16. It should be noted that such Codes of Practice are generally unenforceable. 62 For instance, invertebrates are not ‗animals‘ in the Northern Territory and NSW unless they are in a building such as a restaurant. Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NT) s 4; Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW) s 4. 63 Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld) s 18; Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1985 (SA) s13(1); Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (Vic) s 9; Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW) s 5(1); Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NT) s 6(1); Animal Welfare Act 2002 (WA) s 19; Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT) s 7; Animal Welfare Act 1993 (Tas) s 8(1). 64 McNamara v Noble (1937) 54 WN(NSW) 148 (Maxwell J). 65 RSPCA v Harrison [1999] SASC363; RSPCA v Evitts [1993] SASC 3810.
Lyndy Scott Page 83 Final Report - Appendices Australian Animal Welfare Strategy Final report - Animals in the Wild Sector Review of Existing Animal Welfare Arrangements considerable pain. Pain would only be an issue for ‗lower‘ species of animals, such as fish and invertebrates whose pain pathways have not been well established66 - but this issue rarely needs to be considered as fish and invertebrates are generally excluded from animal protection provisions.
The second requirement for an act to be legally cruel is that the act was committed unnecessarily, unjustifiably and/or unreasonably.67 This is a much more complex question as there is very little judicial interpretation of the concept68 and practically none of it relates to wild animals. Determining whether the act was justifiable, necessary and/or reasonable is squarely utilitarian and relies on weighing the interests of the animals against human interests, mostly proprietary and economics. In all cases, the beneficial or useful end which is sought to be attained must be reasonably proportionate to the extent of the suffering caused.69 Each case will depend on the circumstances.70 Magistrates may differ in the importance they attach to various factors71 and are likely to be influenced by community perceptions of cruelty.72 Judicial conservatism in interpreting statutes is unlikely to be helpful for animal protection.73
A consideration which would help determine whether a traditional hunting act was justifiable, necessary and/or reasonable would be whether a less cruel alternative method of killing or keeping the animal was readily available.74 In the example of freshwater turtles referred to above, it would be important to examine whether the animals could be prevented from escaping by keeping them other than in drums, or whether they could be captured later to prevent the need for storage altogether. Here a comparison with common practices in other communities may be useful. Of course it is impossible to answer the question of available alternatives without understanding all the circumstances of the act, but it would appear reasonable to expect that other methods would generally be available. In such a case, and in the absence of other relevant factors, the act may be found to be cruel.
Another consideration to determine cruelty would be whether the act could be justified by, and was necessary for, tradition and custom. The possibility of changing hunting methods without affecting the traditional nature of a practice has been considered elsewhere.75
66 James Randerson, ‗Does a Hook Hurt a Fish? The Evidence is Reeling in‘ (3 May 2003) New Scientist 15; P Debelle, ‗Crusty but Crying Inside‘
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C Animal Protection Legislation
Animal protection and nature conservation enactments vary significantly across borders. The treatment of traditional hunting practices is one example of variable approaches from State to State. The following section outlines the animal welfare provisions relevant to traditional hunting which are contained in animal protection and nature conservation legislation in each State and Territory. Where relevant, comparisons will be drawn with other practices such as other forms or hunting and killing animals.
1 Queensland
The Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld) does not apply to acts performed under Aboriginal tradition or Torres Strait Islander custom.76 Section 8(2) of the Act enables regulations to be made in consultation with relevant communities but they must be subject to a full regulatory impact statement.77 Section 8(2) is nominally consistent with the Legislative Standards Act 1992 (Qld)78 which aims to give sufficient regard to the rights and liberties of individuals.79 The Act requires taking into consideration Aboriginal tradition and Islander custom.80 No regulations under s 8(2) have been prescribed so far.81 The delay may well be due to the difficulties that will be involved in taking into account Indigenous traditional requirements, yet ensuring that ‗Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities will be treated no differently from anyone else.‘82
The blanket exemption which is afforded cultural practices appears to be excessive and unnecessary given the availability of the general test of cruelty. As it currently stands, that is until regulations are prescribed, the law would be unable to address a situation where an act of wanton cruelty was conducted as part of a traditional practice. If an act is to be exempt from the provisions, it should be so exempt not merely because it is traditional, but more specifically because the cruelty is found to be justified or necessary under traditions and customs.
It should be noted that non-Indigenous traditional religious slaughter practices such as Kosher or Halal which contravene the cruelty provisions of the Act are also exempt if the animal is slaughtered for food and the person doing the slaughtering follows the religious faith.83 There is no provision under the Act to enable regulations to be made to control these activities.
76 Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld) s 8(1). 77 Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld) s 8(3). 78 Explanatory Notes, Animal Care and Protection Bill 2001 (Qld). 79 Legislative Standards Act 1992 (Qld) s 4(2)(a). 80 Legislative Standards Act 1992 (Qld) s 4(3)(j). 81 Letter from Cameron Dick, Senior Ministerial Policy Adviser, Office of the Minister for Primary Industries and Rural Communities to Dominique Thiriet, 15 May 2003. 82 Second Reading Speech, Animal Care and Protection Bill 2001 (Qld), 17 October 2001, 2956. 83 Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld) s 45.
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Under the Nature Conservation Regulation 1994 (Qld), the existence of prior convictions for cruelty to animals is a ground for refusal,84 cancellation or suspension of a licence,85 including traditional hunting licences.86 Damage mitigation permits (ie permits to kill ‗pest‘ wildlife) are issued on the condition that animals will be killed humanely.87 Neither condition, however, applies to the killing of animals under traditional hunting as such hunting does not require a permit or licence under the Act.
2 New South Wales & Tasmania
Neither the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW) nor the Animal Welfare Act 1993 (Tas) refers to traditional hunting. Hunting generally, however, is exempt from the provisions of these Acts, subject to acts being done in a manner that inflicts no unnecessary pain (NSW) or in a usual and reasonable manner and without causing excess suffering (Tas).88
Nothing in the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (NSW) nor in the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1970 (Tas) nor in relevant regulations sets any requirements for the welfare of animals.
The new Game and Feral Animal Control Act 2002 (NSW) is slightly different. The Act recognises the right of Aboriginal people to traditionally hunt non-native animals pursuant to a native title right or interest.89 This clear acknowledgment that the killing of introduced wildlife can form part of traditional practice will be explored further below. Whilst s 6 states that nothing in this Act affects the operation of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, this means little, since hunting in general is virtually exempt from the provisions of the latter Act.
3 South Australia, Western Australia
Traditional practices are not referred to in the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1985 (SA) nor in the Animal Welfare Act 2002 (WA). Thus the general cruelty provisions of the relevant Acts apply. Traditional hunting is allowed under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA)90 and under the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (WA)91 but neither has any provision for the humane treatment of wildlife.
4 Australian Capital Territory
84 Nature Conservation Regulation 1994 (Qld) s 5(2)(d)(ii). 85 Nature Conservation Regulation 1994 (Qld) s 8 (1)(i)(i). 86 Nature Conservation Regulation 1994 (Qld) s 126. 87 Nature Conservation Regulation 1994 (Qld) s 112(2)(e). 88 Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW) s 24(1)(b); Animal Welfare Act 1993 (Tas) s 4(1). 89 Game and Feral Animal Control Act 2002 (NSW) s 17(1)(c). 90 National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA) Part 5. 91 Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (WA) s 23(1).
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No reference to hunting, general or traditional, is found in the Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT). Presumably, therefore, general provisions apply. The licensing criteria of the Nature Conservation Act 1980 (ACT) allow the imposition of conditions on wildlife permits (including traditional hunting permits). One such condition relates to proper animal handling and care.92
5 Victoria
The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (Vic) does not refer to traditional hunting specifically but hunting generally is exempt from the provisions of the Act if conducted according to a Code of Practice.93 However, the Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals in Hunting which specifies minimum requirements for humane killing of animals, does not apply to hunting conducted under a Wildlife Act 1975 (Vic) permit,94 such as is the case for traditional hunting.
Hunting for Aboriginal cultural purposes is permitted under the Wildlife Act 1975 (Vic) 95 but is not subject to any conditions regarding animal welfare. In contrast, game licences96 as well as wildlife licences which are issued for the control of some species of native animals, are subject to some requirements to kill the animals humanely.97
6 Northern Territory
The Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NT) is unique in its approach to traditional hunting as it specifically excludes the possibility of using cultural, religious or traditional practices as a defence to an act of cruelty.98 It is not clear whether, at the time of drafting this provision, legislators intended to regulate traditional Indigenous hunting as well as other potentially cruel cultural practices such as Kosher and Halal slaughter. This approach provides, on paper at least, the highest level of protection for traditionally hunted animals.
Under the Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 2001 (NT), the welfare of animals must be taken into consideration for the granting of permits to take protected species99 and may be a condition of the permit.100 No permits, however, are required for traditional hunting.
92 Nature Conservation Act 1992(ACT) - Determination of Licensing Criteria, s 5(1)(c) 93 Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (Vic) s 6(1). 94 Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals in Hunting
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7 Commonwealth
Animal welfare is a State or Territory matter and the Commonwealth has no power to legislate for the welfare of animals unless the matter can be related to a head of federal constitutional power. The external affairs power101 has been exercised in relation to the welfare of animals subject to international export and import102 but this power does not apply to traditional hunting. There are no international agreements impacting on the welfare of animals traditionally hunted which could currently justify the use of the external affairs power by the Commonwealth.
Some regulations affect the methods that can be used for the killing of turtles and dugongs in the Torres Strait (namely a prohibition on firearms), but these restrictions are based on conservation and public safety grounds, rather than on the grounds of animal welfare.103
In summary, approaches to animal protection in the context of traditional hunting vary widely between States and Territories between explicit exclusion to explicit inclusion. Despite this variation, the next section will show that, once the application of the relevant laws is taken into consideration, there may be little difference in practice across the nation.
D Policy and Enforcement
Animal protection policy and reform generally originates in State and Territory Animal Welfare Units which are located alternatively within Departments of Agriculture or Primary Industries, Local Government and Planning, or Natural Resources and Environment. This structural positioning of Animal Welfare Units is likely to affect the animal welfare policy directions of each State and Territory as well as the interest and knowledge of the relevant staff. Staff of most Animal Welfare Units were interviewed for the purpose of this paper. Several had had little exposure to traditional hunting issues and limited understanding of how these may intersect with animal welfare. Most staff advised that these issues are rarely explored as they are too sensitive. One staff member acknowledged knowing little about the occurrence of cruelty in traditional hunting practices and having no desire to ‗go looking for it‘, while another admitted that if field staff were aware of cruelty, they would probably ‗look the other way.‘
Enforcement of animal protection legislation is generally poor104 and few, if any, prosecutions are taken in cases involving wildlife.105 Recently the Bundaberg Magistrates Court heard a case prosecuted by the Royal Society for the Protection of Animals (Qld) against two Indigenous hunters.106 It appears that it was the first time charges of cruelty had been laid against traditional hunters in Australia.
101 Australian Constitution s 51(xxix). 102 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000 (No3) (Cth). 103 Torres Strait Fisheries Act 1984 (Cth) s 3(1). 104 See, eg, RSPCA complaints/prosecutions rates in Wright, above n 68, 42. 105 Nicole Scott, Acting Coordinator, Legal Support Unit, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, pers.comm. 106 RSPCA v Brown & Little – decision handed down on 10 February 2005 (case yet unreported).
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Enforcement of animal protection laws, when these apply to traditional hunting, are hindered by several factors. Firstly, most practices occur in remote and inaccessible areas away from public scrutiny. Secondly, witness statements are likely to be difficult to obtain in close-knit communities where members may be reluctant to speak out, due to respect for elders, or for fear of reprisal, or simply from dislike of the practice of ‗dobbing‘. Finally, the enforcement agencies - the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) and relevant government departments in each State and Territory - generally focus their resources on the protection of domestic and farm animals respectively, rather than wild animals. As charitable organisations with limited budgets, State/Territory RSPCAs are unlikely to exercise their prosecuting power on cases which risk being complicated by issues such as native title rights.107 Police officers who also hold powers under the relevant State/Territory legislation are often reluctant to exercise these powers and view animal offences as a low priority.108
V OVERSEAS AND INTERNATIONAL JURISDICTIONS
The variety of means by which Australian State and Territory animal protection laws and enforcement practices exclude or overlook some classes of animals, particularly traditionally hunted animals, is also found in overseas and international jurisdictions. Although most, if not all, common law jurisdictions have enacted legislation to protect animals from cruelty, many of the relevant enactments focus on domestic animals and few specifically refer to wild animals. The Marine Mammals Regulations 1993 (Canada) and the Wild Mammals (Protection) Act 1997 (UK) constitute some of these exceptions, although in the latter case, animal protection ironically fails to extend to hunting practices.109 This section will examine the laws and practices relevant to Canada and New Zealand as well as relevant international agreements.
A Canada
Traditional hunting in Canada targets a large number of animals including birds, caribou, fish, polar bears, small game, seals, walrus, and whales.110 Unlike hunting conducted in Australia, Canadian traditional hunting appears to sometimes carry a commercial dimension, in addition to subsistence and cultural functions.
Several anti-cruelty provisions are to be found in the Canadian federal Criminal Code.111 They are unlikely to apply to animals subject to traditional hunting as they clearly refer to animals as ‗property‘. Although it has been said that they do no restrict or otherwise interfere with activities such as hunting and fishing,112 the Supreme Court of Canada noted, without deciding, that these provisions may apply to the hunting of wild animals.113 Provinces that have no, or no adequate, animal protection
107 Byron Hall, Senior Enforcement Officer, RSPCA Qld, pers. comm. 108 Wright, above n 68, 41 regarding Western Australia. 109 Lord Soulsby of Swaffham, ‗Animals and the Law‘ (2002) 69(4) Medico-legal Journal, 166. 110 Kadlak v Nunavut (Minister of Sustainable Development), (2001-01-04) NUCJ 000-182-CV, 26 (Kilpatrick J); email from John Berniquez, Department of Labrador and Aboriginal Affairs to Dominique Thiriet, 5 June 2003. 111 Criminal Code, RSC 1985 c C46, ss 444-447. 112 Hughes and Meyer, above n 60, 41; email from Steven Pinksen, Nunavut Wildlife Service to Dominique Thiriet, 5 June 2003. 113 Ward v Canada (Attorney General) [2002] 1 SCR 569, para 53 (per curiam).
Lyndy Scott Page 89 Final Report - Appendices Australian Animal Welfare Strategy Final report - Animals in the Wild Sector Review of Existing Animal Welfare Arrangements legislation of their own114 have to rely on the Criminal Code for animal cruelty offences.115 Animal protection legislation has also been enacted by provincial and territorial governments. As is the case in Australia, animal protection varies widely across Provinces and Territories, both in general terms and in the way they apply to traditional hunting by Aboriginal people. Some nature conservation enactments also feature limited animal protection provisions and may fill some of the gaps in animal protection. To illustrate this variety, it is sufficient to note the various approaches in a sample of Provinces. In British Columbia, the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1996 (BC) does not apply to wildlife.116 In Newfoundland, the Animal Protection Act 1995 does not mention the hunting, traditional or not, of wildlife. In contrast, in Ontario, wildlife trappers may lose their licence if they do not kill animals in a humane way.117 Nunavut legislation potentially provides for the highest level of protection for animals. The Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, which was given effect by the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act 1993118 recognises the Inuit right to hunt for economic, social and cultural needs and also provides that:
‗An Inuk … may employ any type, method, or technology to harvest pursuant to the terms of this Article that does not.. conflict with laws of general application regarding humane killing of wildlife…‘119
This is a significant step in providing higher levels of animal protection in the context of traditional hunting. To date, however, animal protection legislation is yet to be enacted by the Nunavut government.
B New Zealand
Traditional hunting by New Zealand Maori is much more restricted than in Australia. Owing to declining numbers of native animal species, traditional hunting is limited to five species of native birds.120 Some introduced animal species such as pigs are also killed, although these practices are also conducted by Pakeha (European New Zealanders). Hunting is exempt under the Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NZ)121 thus there is no welfare protection for hunted animals. This is so despite the potential for animal suffering as, for instance, when pigs are hunted by dogs and slaughtered with knives.
C International Agreements
There are few international agreements that provide for the welfare of animals, let alone the welfare of animals subject to traditional hunting. The Agreement on Humane Trapping Standards which controls the trapping of animals for furs is the only international agreement which deals directly and predominantly with animal
114 Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba, New Brunswick and Nunavut. 115 Hughes and Meyer, above n 60, 29. 116 Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1996 (BC) s 2. 117 Fish and Wildlife Conservation Regulation 1997 (O) s 132(3). 118 Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act 1993, c29. 119 Nunavut Land Claims Agreement art 5.7.42. 120 Rauru Kirikiri and Graham Nugent, ‗Harvesting of New Zealand Native Birds by Maori‘ in G Grigg, P Hale and D Lunney (eds) Conservation Through Sustainable Use of Wildlife (1995) 54, 55. 121 Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NZ) s175.
Lyndy Scott Page 90 Final Report - Appendices Australian Animal Welfare Strategy Final report - Animals in the Wild Sector Review of Existing Animal Welfare Arrangements welfare.122 Its provisions may apply to Inuit traditional hunting but only in the context of trapping animals and selling their furs for trade. Animal welfare standards have at times been introduced in international agreements ‗by the backdoor of conservation legislation‘123 and become enmeshed with conservation goals. This is the case for instance for the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)124 which sets requirements for humane transport and housing, and for the Council of Europe‘s Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).125 Neither of these agreements, however, is particularly relevant to traditional hunting. The International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling on the other hand does provide for humane standards for the killing, including traditional killing, of whales and other cetaceans.126 Traditional hunting of whales is conducted for subsistence purposes127 and is currently conducted by Denmark (Greenland), the Russian Federation, St Vincent and The Grenadines, and the USA (Alaska).128 The International Whaling Commission (IWC), which administers the Convention, regulates not only the number of whales killed for subsistence purposes but also the method by which they are taken. It has, over the years, attempted to introduce more humane methods of killing these animals, by reducing the time elapsing between first injury and death.129
Moves in overseas and international jurisdictions which aim to apply animal protection legislation or standards to traditional practices are still rare. Nevertheless the examples of Nunavut and of the International Whaling Commission provide valuable models for the introduction of more humane practices in Australian Indigenous traditional practices.
CONCLUSION
Although it is recognised that Australian society is not yet ready to consider balancing animal rights with human rights, the cruelty to animals involved in traditional hunting is inconsistent with contemporary standards of animal welfare and animal protection provisions of some jurisdictions. Yet it is clear that notions of animal welfare, and even more so rights, have been almost entirely excluded from judicial, legislative and general considerations of traditional hunting. In some jurisdictions, traditional practices are overlooked. Enforcement is generally poor. It is argued that such exclusion is no longer appropriate and that steps need to be taken to remove this matter from the legislative ‗too hard basket‘. This will involve some law reform in some States, particularly Queensland, and will require a carefully targeted education campaign to increase Indigenous peoples‘ awareness of animal welfare considerations. Such campaign will only be effective with strong participation and
122 Stuart R Harrop, ‗The International Regulation of Animal Welfare and Conservation Issues Through Standards Dealing with the Trapping of Mammals‘ (2000) 12(3) Journal of Environmental Law 333, 354. 123 Harrop, above n 15, 291. 124 Ibid 289. 125 Appendix IV. 126 International Whaling Commission,
Lyndy Scott Page 91 Final Report - Appendices Australian Animal Welfare Strategy Final report - Animals in the Wild Sector Review of Existing Animal Welfare Arrangements cooperation of Indigenous communities. Community participatory monitoring and enforcement will be essential to ensure the success of the program. Any reform process would be greatly assisted by a general improvement in Indigenous communities‘ capacity for self determination, an improvement which may lead communities to find alternative avenues for cultural expression. Until this is the case, any change to traditional hunting practices, whether imposed or not, risks being seen by some communities as an attack on one of the few exercises of cultural expression available to Indigenous peoples in Australia.
Finally it is essential to note that cooperation of Indigenous communities in improving the welfare of animals subject to traditional hunting is likely to fail unless substantial efforts are made by non-Indigenous communities to improve the lot of animals traditionally abused in the farming, research and entertainment industries.
Further background relating to indigenous use of wildlife:
1. English A J. The Sea And The Rock Gives Us A Feed: Mapping And Managing Gumbaingirr Wild Resource Use Places. Published by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service August 2002
2. Thiriet D. ‗Tradition and Change – Avenues for Improving Animal Welfare in Indigenous Hunting‘ (2004) 11 James Cook University Law Review 159. This paper discusses the practices and significance of traditional hunting and notions of culture and change. It argues that adopting more humane methods of animal use is consistent with maintaining the cultural aspect of hunting. Some suggestions are made for improvements.
3. University of Sydney WILD 5007: Sustainable Utilisation and Stewardship of Wildlife Indigenous use of wildlife: conservation concern or conservation benefit?
With references: Cleary, M. (1997) An aboriginal perspective on the sustainable use of wildlife, in Diekman, B. (Ed) Sustainable use of wildlife: Utopian Dream or Unrealistic Nightmare? Proceedings of a seminar on the commercial exploitation of wildlife. Nature Conservation Council of NSW. Sydney. Pg Bomford, M. and Caughley, J. (Eds) (1996) Sustainable use of wildlife by Aboriginal Peoples and Torres Strait Islanders, Bureau of Resource Sciences, Australian Government Printing service, Canberra. Commonwealth of Australia (1996) National strategy for the conservation of Australia‘s biological diversity, Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories.
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Coombs H.C., Dargavel J., Kesteren J., Ross H., Smith D.I. and Young E. (1990) The promise of land: sustainable use by Aboriginal communities. Working paper 1990/1 Centre for resource and environment studies. ANU.
Davies, J. (1998) Who owns the animals? Sustainable commercial use of wildlife and indigenous rights in Australia, presented at ―Crossing boundaries‖ 7th annual conference of the International Association for the study of Common Property, June 10-14, Vancouver, Canada. www.indiana.edu/~iascp/Final/davies.pdf English, A.J. (1997) Terrestrial hunting and gathering by Aboriginal people in New South Wales: An assessment of Law and Policy, in Environmental and Planning Law Journal, December. 437- 455. Gleeson, C.J. Gaudron. Kirby, M. Hayne, J.J. (1999) Yanner v Eaton. In 201 Commonwealth Law Reports 351. 360 -374. Marsh, H. Gardner, B.R. and Heinsohn, G.E. (1980-81) Present-day hunting and distribution of Dugongs in the Wellesley Islands (Queensland): Implications for conservation, Biological Conservation 19, 255-267. Missi, C. (1997) Torres Strait culture promotes sustainable use of wildlife, in Diekman, B. (Ed) Sustainable use of wildlife: Utopian Dream or Unrealistic Nightmare? Proceedings of a seminar on the Commercial Exploitation of wildlife. Nature Conservation Council of NSW. Sydney. 114-120. Missi, C. (1998) An indigenous perspective on flying fox harvesting, Australian Biologist, 11 (2), 72-75. Naughton, J.M. O‘Dea, K. (1986) Animal foods in traditional Australian Aboriginal diets: Polyunsaturated and low in fat, Lipids, Vol 21, No. 11, 684-690. Noss, A.J. (1998) The impacts of BaAka net hunting on rainforest wildlife, Biological Conservation, 86, 161-167. Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia (1998) Commercial utilization of Australian native wildlife, Report of the Senate Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport Committee. Webb, G.J.W. (1997) Crocodiles, Australian Biologist, 10 (1) 31-39.
4. University of Sydney WILD 5007: Sustainable Utilisation and Stewardship of Wildlife Assessed project no.1 - The Indigenous Use of Wildlife Georgina Hinds, Nov 2003
With references: Bowman, D. M. J. S. (1998). The impact of Aboriginal landscape burning on the Australian biota. Human Phytology 140: 385-410.
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Bomford, M. & Caughley, J. (1996). Lessons from the Past and Opportunities for the Future. Pp. 189-199 in M. Bomford & J. Caughley (eds.) Sustainable Use of Wildlife by Aboriginal Peoples and Torres Strait Islanders. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. Child, B. (1996). CAMPFIRE in Zimbabwe. Pp. 59-78 in R. Prescott-Allen & C. Prescott-Allen (eds.) Assessing the Sustainability of Uses of Wild Species – Case Studies and Initial Assessment Procedure. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK. Clay, J. W. (1993). Looking back to go forward: predicting and preventing human rights violations. Pp. 64-71 in M. S. Miller (ed.) State of the Peoples: A Global Human Rights Report on Societies in Danger. Beacon Press, Boston. Cleary, M. (1997). An Aboriginal perspective on the sustainable use of wildlife. Pp. 121-127 in B. Diekman (ed.) Sustainable use of wildlife: utopian dream or unrealistic nightmare?: proceedings of the seminar held at the University of Technology, Centenary Theatre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney on September the 23rd and 24th, 1995. Nature conservation of NSW, Sydney. Caughley, G. & Sinclair, A. R. E. (1994). Wildlife Management and Ecology. Blackwells Scientific Publications, Oxford. Commonwealth of Australia (1992). National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. Doubleday, N. (1994). Arctic Whales: Sustaining Indigenous Peoples and Conserving Arctic Resources. Pp. 241-261 in M. M. R. Freeman & U. P. Kreuter (eds.) Elephants and Whales: Resources for Whom?. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, S.A. Environmental Protection Agency (1999). Conservation and Management of the Dungog in Queensland 1999-2004. Environmental Protection Agency, Queensland Government, Brisbane. Flannery, T. (1990). Pleistocene faunal loss: implications of the aftershock for Australia‘s past and future. Archaeology in Oceania 25: 45-67. Hardin, G. (1968). The Tragedy of the Commons. Science 162: 1243-1248. Headland, T. N. (1997). Revisionism in ecological anthropology. Current Anthropology 38 (4): 605-630. Horowitz, L. S. (1998). Integrating Indigenous Resource Management with Wildlife Conservation: A Case Study of Batang Ai National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. Human Ecology 26 (3): 371-403. McNee, A., Turner, R., Sherwin, A. & Liddle, L. (1992). Land management and use: sustainability for Aboriginal people. Pp. 99-114 in J. Birckhead, T. De Lacy & L. Smith (eds.) Aboriginal Involvement in Parks and Protected Areas. Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra. Ponte, F., Marsh, H. & Jackson, R. (1994). Indigenous hunting rights: ecological sustainability and the reconciliation process in Queensland. Search 25: 258-267. Redford, K. (1990). The ecologically noble savage. Orion Nature Quarterly 9: 24-29.
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Robinson, J. G. & Redford, K. H. (1991). Sustainable harvest of Neotropical forest mammals. Pp. 414-429 in J. G. Robinson & K. H. Redford (eds.) Neotropical Wildlife Use and Conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Rose, D. B. (1984). Conciousness and responsibility in an Australian Aboriginal religion. Nelen Yubu 23. Ross, A. & Pickering, K. (2002). The Politics of Reintegrating Australian Aboriginal and American Indian Indigenous Knowledge into Resource Management: The Dynamics of Resource Appropriation and Cultural Revival. Human Ecology 30 (2): 187-214. Ryan, S. (1999). Fisheries Survival and State of the Environment Report. Courier Mail, Queensland. Smith, R. J. (1981). Resolving the Tragedy of the Commons by Creating Property Rights in Wildlife. Cato Journal 1 (2): 439-468. IUCN (1996). An initial procedure for assessing the sustainability of uses of wild species. Pp. 102-115 in R. Prescott-Allen & C. Prescott-Allen (eds.) Assessing the Sustainability of Uses of Wild Species – Case Studies and Initial Assessment Procedure. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK. Webb, T. (1996). Co-management of Wildlife Resources by Indigenous Peoples. Pp. 97-109 in Bomford, M. & Caughley, J. (eds.) Sustainable Use of Wildlife by Aboriginal Peoples and Torres Strait Islanders. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. Webb, G. J. W., Bayliss, P. G. & Manolis, S. C. (1989) Population Research on crocodiles in the Northern Territory, 1984-86. Pp. 22-59 in Proceedings 8th Working Meeting IUCN SSC Crocodile Specialist Group, Ecuador, 13-18 October 1986. White, N. & Meehan, B. (1993). Traditional ecological knowledge: a lens on time. Pp. 31-40 in N. M. Williams & G. Baines (eds.) Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Wisdom for Sustainable Development. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra. Wolfley, J. (1998). Ecological risk assessment and management: Their failure to value indigenous traditional knowledge and protect tribal homelands. American Indian Culture and Research Journal 22: 151-169. Young, E., Ross, H., Johnson, J. & Kesteven, J. (1991) Caring for Country: Aborigines and Land Management. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra.
5. University of Sydney WILD 5004 - Vertebrate Pest Management: The Attitudes of Aboriginal People to Feral Animals and the Implication for Management Programs, Keren Cox-Witton
With references: Anderson, I. (1996): Alien animal culls backfire, New Scientist, 151, 6
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Anderson, A. (1999): Cross-cultural conflicts in fire management in northern Australia: not so black and white, Conservation Ecology, 3, 6 Anon (1994): The threat abatement plan for feral cats: implications for domestic cats, Proceedings of the Third National Conference on Urban Animal Management in Australia Bomford, M. & Caughley, J. eds (1996): Sustainable Use of Wildlife by Aboriginal Peoples and Torres Strait Islanders, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra Davies, J., Higginbottom, K., Noack, D., Ross, H. & Young, E. (1999): Sustaining Eden: Indigenous Community Wildlife Management in Australia, Biodiversity Network website Northern Land Council (NLC): Land Management Today – Caring for Country, NLC website Radio National (1996): The feral outrage; counting the costs – release of the rabbit calicivirus to combat the rabbit plague in Australia, Ockham's Razor, 17/11/96 Ramsay, B.J. (1994): Commercial Use of Wild Animals in Australia, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra Rose, B. (1995): Land Management Issues: attitudes and perceptions amongst Aboriginal people of central Australia, Central Land Council, Alice Springs, NT Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody National Report Vol. 4 – Land Rehabilitation, Indigenous Law Resources, Social Justice Library website Sharing Aboriginal Understanding, National Resource Management Publications, AFFA Thorburn, K. (2000): Feral challenge for Arnhem community, Savanna Links, 16 Threat Abatement Plan for Predation by Feral Cats, Biodiversity Group Environment Australia, 1999 Wilson, G., McNee, A. & Platts, P. (1992): Wild Animal Resources: their use by Aboriginal communities, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra
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AUSTRALIAN LEGISLATION PERTAINING TO ANIMALS IN THE WILD MARCH 2006
As part of the stocktake being undertaken for the Australian Animal Welfare Firearms, explosives availability Strategy implementation, each of the sectorial working groups was requested to Local government, impounding etc produce an inventory of legislation applicable to their area. Companion animal Animals in the wild are not only impacted by animal control and welfare Land restoration legislation. Environmental protection, retention of habitat and availability of Emergency response (including stock disease) quality feed and water are essential for their survival and welfare. Similarly, Biological control legislation legislation pertaining to operator safety and public safety can impact on killing or Mining, on shores and off shore preservation methods used. Meat hygiene
Water resources and quality Meat and food hygiene legislation may dictate whether animals are taken to abattoirs or killed in the field. Again, this has welfare implications. However, in Soil conservation broadening the terms of reference for this review, it was important not to end up Application of law at sea providing a complete catalogue of all Australian legislation. Therefore, the following rules have been used in the development of this document. It does not include: Fire (CFS, MFS) The legislation included in this summary covers: Radiation and nuclear waste Animal welfare (including research, exhibition etc) Committee, authority establishment Habitat protection (parks, crown land, forests etc) Finance and levies Development and planning Brands Acts Public and operator safety Litter Pollution, environmental degradation Native title Fisheries, marine parks, coastal protection Regulations Feral animal control Bylaws Chemical, poison availability
The most commonly used legislation is presented for each jurisdiction, followed by a complete list of relevant legislation as noted above. Note: access to all Australian legislation can be gained via www.austlii.edu.au
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MOST COMMONLY USED COMMONWEALTH LEGISLATION PERTAINING TO ANIMALS IN THE WILD
Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Act 1994 An Act to make a law for the government of certain Territories in elation to the evaluation, registration and control of agricultural and veterinary chemical products, and for related purposes Australian Maritime Safety Authority Act 1990 An Act to establish an Australian Maritime Safety Authority, and for related purposes Australian Meat and Live-stock Industry Act An Act relating to the Australian meat and live-stock industry, and for related purposes 1997 Biological Control Act 1984 An Act to make provision for the biological control of pests in the Australian Capital Territory, and for related purposes Customs Act 1901(as amended and expanded) An Act relating to the Customs Environment Protection and Biodiversity An Act relating to the protection of the environment and the conservation of biodiversity, and for Conservation Act 1999 related purposes Export Control Act 1982 An Act to provide for the control of the export of certain goods and for related purposes Food Standards Australia New Zealand Act 1991 Gene Technology Act 2000 An Act to regulate activities involving gene technology, and for related purposes National Environment Protection Measures An Act to provide for the implementation of national environment protection measures in respect of (Implementation) Act 1998 certain activities carried on by or on behalf of the Commonwealth and Commonwealth authorities, and for related purposes National Health and Medical Research Council Act 1992 No 225 Quarantine Act 1908 An Act relating to quarantine
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MOST COMMONLY USED NSW LEGISLATION PERTAINING TO ANIMALS IN THE WILD
Animal Research Act 1985 An Act to protect the welfare of animals used in connection with animal research. Biological Control Act 1985 An Act to make provision for the biological control of pests in New South Wales, and for related purposes. Companion Animals Act 1998 An Act to provide for the identification and registration of companion animals and for the duties and responsibilities of their owners; and for other purposes. Companion Animals Amendment Act 2005 An Act to amend the Companion Animals Act 1998 to make further provision with respect to dangerous and restricted dogs and the duties and responsibilities of their owners; to increase penalties for certain offences under the Act and to consolidate enforcement powers under the Act; and for other purposes. Exhibited Animals Protection Act 1986 An Act with respect to the exhibition of animals at marine or zoological parks, circuses and other places. Exotic Diseases of Animals Act 1991 An Act to provide for the detection, containment and eradication of certain diseases affecting livestock and other animals; to amend the Stock Diseases Act 1923 and certain other Acts consequentially; and for other purposes. Game and Feral Animal Control Act 2002 An Act to manage and regulate the hunting of game; to establish a Game Council; and for other purposes. National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (and An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to the establishment, preservation and amendment Acts) management of national parks, historic sites and certain other areas and the protection of certain fauna, native plants and Aboriginal objects; to repeal the Wild Flowers and Native Plants Protection Act 1927, the Fauna Protection Act 1948, the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1967 and certain other enactments; to amend the Local Government Act 1919 and certain other Acts in certain respects; and for purposes connected therewith.
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Non-Indigenous Animals Act 1987 An Act to control and regulate the introduction into the State of certain species of animals and the movement and keeping of those animals within the State. Poisons and Therapeutic Goods Act 1966 An Act relating to the regulation, control and prohibition of the supply and use of poisons, restricted substances, drugs of addiction, certain dangerous drugs and certain therapeutic goods; to establish a Poisons Advisory Committee and to define its powers, authorities, duties and functions; to repeal the Poisons Act 1952 and certain other Acts; to amend the Police Offences (Amendment) Act 1908, the Crimes Act 1900, the Motor Traffic Act 1909 and certain other Acts; and for purposes connected therewith. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 An Act for the prevention of cruelty to animals. (amended 2005) Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (as An Act to conserve threatened species, populations and ecological communities of animals and amended) plants; to amend the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 and certain other Acts; to repeal the Endangered Fauna (Interim Protection) Act 1991; and for other purposes. Veterinary Practice Act 2003 An Act relating to the practice of veterinary science, to repeal the Veterinary Surgeons Act 1986; and for other purposes. Wild Dog Destruction Act 1921 An Act to make better provision for the destruction of wild dogs in the Western Division; to provide for the imposition of a rate upon the owners and occupiers of land in the Western Division; to amend certain Acts; and for purposes connected therewith.
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MOST COMMONLY USED NORTHERN TERRITORY LEGISLATION PERTAINING TO ANIMALS IN THE WILD
Agricultural And Veterinary Chemicals (Control An Act to control the use of agricultural and veterinary chemicals and the manufacture, sale and use Of Use) Act 2004 of fertilisers and stockfoods, to manage land and agricultural produce contaminated by chemicals, and for related purposes Biological Control Act 1995 An Act make provision for the biological control of pests in the Northern Territory, and for related purposes Environmental Offences And Penalties Act 1996 An Act to establish penalties for certain offences relating to the protection of the environment, and for related purposes Parks And Reserves (Framework For The An Act to provide a framework for negotiations between the Territory and the traditional Aboriginal Future) Act 2005 owners of certain parks and reserves for the establishment, maintenance and management of a comprehensive system of parks and reserves, and for related purposes Parks And Wildlife Commission Act 2004 An Act to establish a Commission to establish and manage, or assist in the management of, parks, reserves, sanctuaries and other land, to encourage the protection, conservation and sustainable use of wildlife, to establish a land-holding corporation in connection with those purposes, and for related purposes Poisons And Dangerous Drugs Act 2005 An Act to regulate the sale, supply, storage, possession and use of poisons and dangerous drugs, and for related purposes Soil Conservation And Land Utilization Act An Act to make provision for the prevention of soil erosion and for the conservation and 2001 reclamation of soil Territory Parks And Wildlife Conservation Act An Act to make provision for and in relation to the establishment of Territory Parks and other Parks 2005 and Reserves and the study, protection, conservation and sustainable utilisation of wildlife
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MOST COMMONLY USED QUEENSLAND LEGISLATION PERTAINING TO ANIMALS IN THE WILD
Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals An Act to apply certain Commonwealth laws about agricultural and veterinary chemical products as (Queensland) Act 1994 Queensland laws, and for other purposes Agricultural Chemicals Distribution Control Act An Act to control the distribution of agricultural chemicals from aircraft and from ground 1966 equipment, and for other purposes Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 An Act to promote the responsible care and use of animals and to protect animals from cruelty, and for other purposes Biodiscovery Act 2004 The main purposes of this Act are— (a) to facilitate access by biodiscovery entities to minimal quantitie of native biological resources on or in State land or Queensland waters (State native biological resources) for biodiscovery; and (b) to encourage the development, in the State, of value added biodiscovery; and (c) to ensure the State, for the benefit of all persons in the State, obtains a fair and equitable share in the benefits of biodiscovery; and (d) to ensure biodiscovery enhances knowledge of the State‘s biological diversity, promoting conservation and sustainable use of native biological resources. Biological Control Act 1987 An Act to make provision for the biological control of pests in Queensland, and for related purposes Chemical Usage (Agricultural and Veterinary) An Act to control the use of certain chemicals and the use of substances in or on which is the Control Act 1988 residue of certain chemicals and for related purposes Environmental Protection Act 1994 An Act about the protection of Queensland‘s environment Exotic Diseases in Animals Act 1981 An Act to provide for the control, eradication and prevention of exotic diseases in animals, the compensation of owners for loss or destruction of animals and property during outbreaks of exotic diseases, the establishment of an exotic diseases expenses and compensation fund and for related purposes
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Land Protection (Pest and Stock Route An Act about the management of particular pests on land and the management of the stock route Management) Act 2002 network, and for other purposes National Environment Protection Council An Act to provide for the establishment of a National Environment Protection Council, and related (Queensland) Act 1994 purposes Nature Conservation Act 1992 An Act to provide for the conservation of nature Pest Management Act 2001 An Act to provide for the registration of pest control and fumigation activities, and for other purposes Stock Act 1915 An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to diseases in stock Veterinary Surgeons Act 1936 An Act relating to the qualifications and registration of veterinary surgeons and the regulation and control of the practice of veterinary science, and for other purposes Weapons Act 1990 An Act to consolidate and amend the laws regulating or prohibiting the purchase, possession, use, carrying and sale of certain weapons and articles and to provide for the prevention of the misuse of weapons and for related purposes
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MOST COMMONLY USED SOUTH AUSTRALIAN LEGISLATION PERTAINING TO ANIMALS IN THE WILD
Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (South An Act to apply certain laws of the Commonwealth relating to agricultural and veterinary chemical Australia) Act 1994 products as laws of South Australia; and for other purposes. Biological Control Act 1986 An Act to make provision for the biological control of pests in the State; and for related purposes. Dog and Cat Management Act 1995 An Act to provide for the management of dogs and cats; and for other purposes. The objects of this Act are— (a) to encourage responsible dog and cat ownership; (b) to reduce public and environmental nuisance caused by dogs and cats; (c) to promote the effective management of dogs and cats (including through encouragement of the desexing of dogs and cats). Environment Protection Act 1993 An Act to provide for the protection of the environment; to establish the Environment Protection Authority and define its functions and powers; and for other purposes. National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 An Act to provide for the establishment and management of reserves for public benefit and enjoyment; to provide for the conservation of wildlife in a natural environment; and for other purposes. Natural Resources Management Act 2004 An Act to promote sustainable and integrated management of the State's natural resources; to make provision for the protection of the State's natural resources; to repeal the Animal and Plant Control (Agricultural Protection and Other Purposes) Act 1986, the Soil Conservation and Land Care Act 1989 and the Water Resources Act 1997; and for other purposes. Veterinary Practice Act 2003 An Act to protect animal health, safety and welfare and the public interest by providing for the registration of veterinary surgeons; to regulate the provision of veterinary treatment for the purposes of maintaining high standards of competence and conduct by veterinary surgeons; to repeal the Veterinary Surgeons Act 1985; and for other purposes.
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MOST COMMONLY USED TASMANIAN LEGISLATION PERTAINING TO ANIMALS IN THE WILD
Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (Control An Act to control the use and application of agricultural chemical products and veterinary chemical of Use) Act 1995 products, to provide for related matters and to repeal certain Acts Animal Health Act 1995 An Act to provide for the prevention, detection and control of animal diseases, to provide for the maintenance and improvement of animal health, to repeal the Stock Act 1932 and certain other enactments and for related purposes Animal Welfare Act 1993 An Act to prevent neglect of, and cruelty to, animals, to ensure the welfare of animals, to repeal the Cruelty to Animals Prevention Act 1925 and for related purposes Biological Control Act 1986 An Act to make provision for the biological control of pests in Tasmania and for related purposes Dog Control Act 2000 An Act to provide for the control and management of dogs
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Forest Practices Act 1985 (as amended) An Act to ensure that all forest practices are conducted in accordance with the Forest Practices Code, to provide for the issue of that Code, to provide for the creation of private timber reserves, to provide for the constitution of the Forest Practices Tribunal, and to provide for incidental and consequential matters Forestry Act 1920 An Act to establish a Forestry corporation and to provide for the better management and protection of forests Law of Animals Act 1962 An Act to consolidate and reform certain enactments and rules of common law relating to animals Marine Farming Planning Act 1995 An Act to provide for the planning of marine waters for marine farming and the allocation of marine farming leases. (Relevant regarding seals) National Parks and Reserves Management Act An Act to provide for the management of national parks and other reserved land, to repeal the 2002 National Parks and Wildlife Act 1970 and related Acts and for related purposes Natural Resource Management Act 2002 An Act to establish the Tasmanian Natural Resource Management Council and regional committees for natural resource management and to provide for the development of regional strategies for natural resource management Nature Conservation Act 2002 An Act to make provision with respect to the conservation and protection of the fauna, flora and geological diversity of the State, to provide for the declaration of national parks and other reserved land and for related purposes Poisons Act 1971 An Act to make provision with respect to the regulation, control, and prohibition of the importation, making, refining, preparation, sale, supply, use, possession, and prescription of certain substances and plants and matters incidental thereto, and to repeal certain enactments Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 An Act to provide for the protection and management of threatened native flora and fauna and to enable and promote the conservation of native flora and fauna Vermin Control Act 2000 An Act to provide for the control of vermin and to repeal the Vermin Destruction Act 1950 Veterinary Surgeons Act 1987 An Act to provide for the registration of veterinary surgeons, the regulation of the practice of veterinary surgery, and incidental matters, and to repeal the Veterinary Act 1918 Whales Protection Act 1988 An Act to provide for the protection of whales and to amend the Fisheries Act 1959
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MOST COMMONLY USED VICTORIAN LEGISLATION PERTAINING TO ANIMALS IN THE WILD
Agricultural and Veterinary The purposes of this Act are— Chemicals (Control of Use) (a) to impose controls in relation to the use, application and sale of agricultural and veterinary chemical Act 1992 products, fertilisers and stock foods and the manufacture of fertilisers and stock foods, for the purpose of (i) protecting the health of the general public and the users of those products; and (ii) protecting the environment; and (iii) protecting the health and welfare of animals; and (iv) protecting domestic and export trade in agricultural produce and livestock; and (v) ensuring that a product is effective for the purposes described on its label; and (vi) promoting uniformity of regulation throughout Australia; and (b) to impose controls in relation to agricultural spraying and to provide protection against financial loss caused by damage to plants and stock from agricultural spraying; and (c) to impose controls in relation to the production of agricultural produce to avoid the contamination of food for human consumption; and (d) to impose controls in relation to the transport, handling, sale and other dealings with agricultural produce, fertilisers and stock food Biological Control Act 1986 The purpose of this Act is to make provision for the biological control of pests in Victoria. Conservation, Forests and The purposes of this Act are— Lands Act 1987 (a) to create a body corporate called the Director-General of Conservation, Forests and Lands, to define its powers and to transfer to it the functions of the Forests Commission, the Soil Conservation Authority and the Vermin and Noxious Weeds Destruction Board, and to abolish those bodies; (b) to provide a framework for a land management system and to make necessary administrative, financial and enforcement provisions; (c) to establish a system of land management co-operative agreements; to make consequential amendments to various Acts.
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Domestic (Feral and Nuisance) The purpose of this Act is to promote animal welfare, the responsible ownership of dogs and cats and the Animals Act 1994 protection of the environment by providing for— (a) a scheme to protect the community and the environment from feral and nuisance dogs and cats; and (b) a registration and identification scheme for dogs and cats which recognises and promotes responsible ownership; and (c) the identification and control of dangerous dogs; and (d) a registration scheme for domestic animal businesses which promotes the maintenance of standards of those businesses; and (e) matters related to the boarding of dogs and cats; and (f) payments to the Treasurer from fees received by Councils under this Act; and (g) other related matters. Drugs, Poisons and Controlled An Act to re-enact with Amendments the Law relating to Drugs, Poisons and Controlled Substances, to Substances Act 1981 amend the Health Act 1958 and the Crimes Act 1958 and for other purposes. Environment Protection An Act to establish an Environment Protection Authority, to make Provision with respect to the Powers, Act 1970 Duties, and Functions of that Authority, to make further Provision for the Protection of the Environment and for other Purposes. Flora and Fauna Guarantee The purpose of this Act is to establish a legal and administrative structure to enable and promote the Act 1988 conservation of Victoria's native flora and fauna and to provide for a choice of procedures which can be used for the conservation, management or control of flora and fauna and the management of potentially threatening processes. National Parks Act 1975 Whereas it is in the public interest that certain Crown land characterized by its predominantly unspoilt landscape, and its flora, fauna or other features, should be reserved and preserved and protected permanently for the benefit of the public: And whereas it is in the public interest that certain areas of Crown land with landscape or other features of particular interest or suitability for the enjoyment, recreation and education of the public of or in matters appertaining to the countryside should be reserved permanently and made available for the benefit of the public …. Planning and Environment The purpose of this Act is to establish a framework for planning the use, development and protection Act 1987 of land in Victoria in the present and long-term interests of all Victorians.
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Veterinary Practice Act 1997 The main purposes of this Act are— (a) to protect the public by providing for the registration of veterinary practitioners and investigations into the professional conduct and fitness to practise of registered veterinary ractitioners; (b) to establish the Veterinary Practitioners Registration Board of Victoria and the Veterinary Practitioners Registration Board Fund; and (c) to repeal the Veterinary Surgeons Act 1958; and (d) to make consequential amendments to other Acts; and (e) to provide for other related matters. Wildlife Act 1975 An Act to re-enact with amendments the provisions of the Game Act 1958 and sections 9 and 10 of the Protection of Animals Act 1966.
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MOST COMMONLY USED WESTERN AUSTRALIAN LEGISLATION PERTAINING TO ANIMALS IN THE WILD
Agricultural and Veterinary An Act to apply certain laws of the Commonwealth relating to agricultural and veterinary chemical products as Chemicals (Western Australia) laws of Western Australia and for related purposes. Act 1995 Animal Resources Authority An Act to establish and incorporate an Authority to supply laboratory animals for teaching, Act 1981 research, and diagnostic purposes, and for incidental and other purposes. Animal Welfare Act 2002 An Act to provide for the welfare, safety and health of animals, to regulate the use of animals for scientific purposes, and for related purposes. Biological Control Act 1986 An Act to make provision for the biological control of pests in Western Australia, and for related purposes. Dog Act 1976 An Act to amend and consolidate the law relating to the control and registration of dogs, the ownership and keeping of dogs and the obligations and rights of persons in relation thereto, and for incidental and other purposes. Exotic Diseases of Animals Act An Act to provide for the detection, containment and eradication of certain diseases affecting livestock and 1993 other animals, and for incidental matters. National Environment An Act to provide for the establishment of a National Environment Protection Council, and for related Protection Council (Western purposes. Australia) Act 1996 Poisons Act 1964 An Act to regulate and control the possession, sale and use of poisons and other substances; to constitute a Poisons Advisory Committee; and for incidental and other purposes.
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Veterinary Chemical Control An Act and Animal Feeding Stuffs Act - to provide for the control of the use of veterinary chemical products and the regulation of the sale of certain 1976 stock, stock products, and carcasses of stock treated with veterinary chemical products; - to provide for the regulation of the sale and use of certain substances that promote, or are intended to promote, growth in stock and also of the sale of stock, or the carcasses of stock, which have been or are declared not to have been treated with a substance of that kind; - to control and regulate the production, importation, treatment, preparation for sale, marketing, storage, and sale of animal feeding stuffs, and for incidental and other purposes. Veterinary Surgeons An Act to consolidate certain Acts regulating the practice of veterinary surgery, by repealing those Acts 2 and Act 1960 re-enacting them with amendments, and for incidental and other purposes. Wildlife Conservation An Act to provide for the conservation and protection of wildlife. Act 1950
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COMMONWEALTH LEGISLATION PERTAINING TO ANIMALS IN THE WILD MARCH 2006
Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Act 1994 An Act to make a law for the government of certain Territories in elation to the evaluation, registration and control of agricultural and veterinary chemical products, and for related purposes Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code Act An Act to make provision for the evaluation, registration and control of agricultural and veterinary 1994 chemical products, and for related matters, for the purposes of the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Act 1994 Albury-Wodonga Development Act 1973 An Act relating to the Development of the Albury-Wodonga Area Antarctic Marine Living Resources An Act relating to the conservation of marine living resources of the Antarctic and its surrounding Conservation Act 1981 seas Antarctic Treaty Act 1960 An Act to give effect to the Antarctic Treaty Antarctic Treaty (Environment Protection) Act An Act relating to the protection and conservation of the environment of the Antarctic 1980 Ashmore and Cartier Islands Acceptance Act An Act to provide for the acceptance of Ashmore Islands and Cartier Island as a Territory under the 1933 authority of the Commonwealth, and for the Government thereof Australian Antarctic Territory Acceptance Act An Act to provide for the acceptance of certain territory in the Antarctic Seas as a Territory under 1933 the authority of the Commonwealth Australian Animal Health Council (Live-stock An Act to direct funds to the Australian Animal Health Council, and for related purposes Industries) Funding Act 1996 Australian Capital Territory (Planning and Land An Act to provide for the planning of the Australian Capital Territory and the management of land Management) Act 1988 in that Territory, to repeal the National Capital Development Commission Act 1957, and for related purposes
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Australian Maritime Safety Authority Act 1990 An Act to establish an Australian Maritime Safety Authority, and for related purposes Australian Meat and Live-stock Industry Act An Act relating to the Australian meat and live-stock industry, and for related purposes 1997 Australian Research Council Act 2001 An Act to establish an Australian Research Council and to provide for the funding of research programs, and for related purposes Australian Workplace Safety Standards Act An Act to provide for the making of occupational health and safety standards, and for related 2005 purposes Biological Control Act 1984 An Act to make provision for the biological control of pests in the Australian Capital Territory, and for related purposes Border Protection (Validation and Enforcement An Act to validate the actions of the Commonwealth and others in relation to the MV Tampa and Powers) Act 2001 other vessels, and to provide increased powers to protect Australia‘s borders, and for related purposes Captains Flat (Abatement of Pollution) An Act relating to the Provision of Financial Assistance to New South Wales for the purpose of the Agreement Act 1975 Abatement of Pollution resulting from Mine Wastes at Captains Flat Chowilla Reservoir Agreement Act 1963 An Act relating to an Agreement between the Commonwealth and the State of New South Wales with respect to the construction of a Reservoir at Chowilla Christmas Island Act 1958 (and related Acts) An Act to provide for the Acceptance of Christmas Island as a Territory under the Authority of the Commonwealth and to provide for the Government of that Territory Coastal Waters (State Powers) Act 1980 (and An Act to extend the legislative powers of the States in and in relation to coastal waters related Acts) Cockatoo and Schnapper Islands Act 1949 An Act to provide for the Control and Management of Cockatoo Island and Schnapper Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955 An Act to provide for the acceptance of the Cocos or Keeling Islands as a Territory under the Authority of the Commonwealth and to provide for the Government of that Territory Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act An Act to constitute the Commonwealth of Australia Control of Naval Waters Act 1918 An Act relating to Control of Naval Waters
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Crimes at Sea Act 2000 An Act to give effect to a cooperative scheme for dealing with crimes at sea, and for other purposes Crimes (Biological Weapons) Act 1976 An Act relating to the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of certain Biological Agents and Toxins and of Weapons for their Delivery Customs Act 1901(as amended and expanded) An Act relating to the Customs Environment Protection and Biodiversity An Act relating to the protection of the environment and the conservation of biodiversity, and for Conservation Act 1999 related purposes Environment Protection (Alligator Rivers An Act to provide for the appointment of a Supervising Scientist for the purpose of protecting the Region) Act 1978 environment in the Alligator Rivers Region of the Northern Territory from the effects of mining operations, and for other purposes Environment Protection (Northern Territory An Act relating to the enforcement by the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory of Australia of Supreme Court) Act 1978 certain provisions for the protection of the environment in the Alligator Rivers Region Environment Protection (Sea Dumping) Act An Act providing for the protection of the environment by regulating dumping into the sea, 1981 incineration at sea and artificial reef placements, and for related purposes Environmental Reform (Consequential An Act to repeal and amend Acts and make other provisions consequential on the enactment of the Provisions) Act 1999 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, to make technical amendments, and for related purposes Explosives Act 1961 An Act relating to Explosives Export Control Act 1982 An Act to provide for the control of the export of certain goods and for related purposes Fisheries Administration Act 1991 An Act to establish an Australian Fisheries Management Authority and a Fishing Industry Policy Council, and for related purposes Fisheries Legislation Amendment (High Seas An Act to amend legislation about fisheries, and for related purposes Fishing Activities and Other Matters) Act 2004 Gene Technology Act 2000 An Act to regulate activities involving gene technology, and for related purposes Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975 An Act to establish a Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and for related purposes
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Hazardous Waste (Regulation of Exports and An Act to provide for the regulation of the export and import of hazardous waste, and for related Imports) Act 1989 purposes Heard Island and McDonald Islands Act 1953 An Act to provide for the Government of Heard Island and McDonald Islands Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976 An Act relating to the Protection of Certain Shipwrecks and Relics of Historic Significance Imported Food Control Act 1992 An Act to provide for the inspection and control of food imported into Australia, and for related purposes Industrial Chemicals (Notification and An Act to establish a national system of notification and assessment of industrial chemicals, to Assessment) Act 1989 provide for registration of certain persons proposing to introduce industrial chemicals, and for related purposes Jervis Bay Territory Acceptance Act 1915 An Act to provide for the Acceptance of certain Territory Surrendered by the State of New South Wales to the Commonwealth Koongarra Project Area Act 1981 An Act to vary the boundary of the Kakadu National Park for the purposes of the Koongarra Project Lands Acquisition Act 1989 (and associated An Act relating to the acquisition of land by the Commonwealth and certain authorities and Acts) dealings with land so acquired, and for other purposes Meat Inspection Act 1983 An Act relating to the inspection by the Commonwealth of meat that is intended for human consumption or for use as animal food Meat Inspection Arrangements Act 1964 An Act providing for Arrangements with the States and State Meat Authorities with respect to Meat Inspection Murray-Darling Basin Act 1993 An Act to approve and provide for carrying out an agreement entered into between the Commonwealth, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia with regard to the water, land and other environmental resources of the Murray-Darling Basin, and for related purposes National Environment Protection Measures An Act to provide for the implementation of national environment protection measures in respect of (Implementation) Act 1998 certain activities carried on by or on behalf of the Commonwealth and Commonwealth authorities, and for related purposes Norfolk Island Act 1979 An Act to provide for the government of Norfolk Island
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Northern Territory Acceptance Act 1910 (as An Act to provide for the Acceptance of the Northern Territory as a Territory under the Authority amended) of the Commonwealth and for the carrying out of the Agreement for the Surrender and Acceptance Northern Territory (Commonwealth Lands) Act An Act relating to the acquisition by the Commonwealth of certain interests in land in the Northern 1980 Territory Occupational Health and Safety An Act to promote the occupational health and safety of persons employed by the Commonwealth (Commonwealth Employment) Act 1991 and Commonwealth authorities, and for related purposes Occupational Health and Safety (Maritime An Act to promote the occupational health and safety of persons employed in the maritime industry, Industry) Act 1993 and for related purposes Ozone Protection and Synthetic Greenhouse Gas An Act to provide for measures to protect the ozone layer and to minimise emissions of SGGs Management Act 1989 Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967 An Act relating to the Exploration for, and the Exploitation of, the Petroleum Resources, and certain other Resources, of, and to the transfer of Petroleum Resources (wherever recovered) across, the Continental Shelf of Australia and of certain Territories of the Commonwealth and certain other Submerged Land Petroleum (Timor Sea Treaty) Act 2003 An Act to give effect to the Timor Sea Treaty, and for related purposes Protection of the Sea (Civil Liability) Act 1981 An Act relating to civil liability for pollution damage Protection of the Sea (Prevention of Pollution An Act relating to the protection of the sea from pollution by oil and other harmful substances from Ships) Act 1983 discharged from ships Quarantine Act 1908 An Act relating to quarantine Quarantine Amendment (Health) Act 2003 An Act to amend the Quarantine Act 1908, and for related purposes
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Regional Forest Agreements Act 2002 An Act relating to Regional Forest Agreements, and for other purposes Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act An Act relating to the rehabilitation of employees of the Commonwealth and certain corporations 1988 and to workers‘ compensation for those employees and certain other persons, and for related purposes Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973 An Act relating to Sovereignty in respect of certain Waters of the Sea and in respect of the Airspace over, and the Sea-bed and Subsoil beneath, those Waters and to Sovereign Rights in respect of the Continental Shelf and relating also to the Recovery of Minerals, other than Petroleum, from the Sea-bed and Subsoil beneath those Waters and from the Continental Shelf. Softwood Forestry Agreements Act 1978 (and An Act relating to agreements between the Commonwealth and the States in connexion with earlier) softwood forestry. Tasmanian Native Forestry Agreement Act 1980 An Act relating to an agreement between the Commonwealth and Tasmania in connection with Tasmanian native forestry WHEREAS the Tasmanian Native Forestry Agreement Act 1979 authorized the execution, on behalf of the Commonwealth, of an agreement between the Commonwealth and Tasmania to provide financial assistance to Tasmania in respect of a 5 year re- afforestation program in Tasmania, being an agreement substantially in accordance with the form of the agreement contained in the Schedule to that Act: Torres Strait Fisheries Act 1984 An Act relating to fisheries in certain waters between Australia and the Independent State of Papua New Guinea United Nations Food and Agriculture None given Organization Act 1944 Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage None given Area Conservation Act 1994
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NSW LEGISLATION PERTAINING TO ANIMALS IN THE WILD MARCH 2006
Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (New An Act to apply certain laws of the Commonwealth relating to agricultural and veterinary chemical South Wales) Act 1994 products as laws of New South Wales; and for other purposes. Agricultural Livestock (Disease Control An Act to assist agricultural industries to provide and fund services to control diseases in livestock; Funding) Act 1998 and for other purposes. Animal Research Act 1985 An Act to protect the welfare of animals used in connection with animal research. Animals Act 1977 An Act relating to liability for damage caused by animals. Biological Control Act 1985 An Act to make provision for the biological control of pests in New South Wales, and for related purposes. Coastal Protection Act 1979 An Act to make provisions relating to the use and occupation of the coastal region; and to facilitate the carrying out of certain coastal protection works. Companion Animals Act 1998 An Act to provide for the identification and registration of companion animals and for the duties and responsibilities of their owners; and for other purposes. Companion Animals Amendment Act 2005 An Act to amend the Companion Animals Act 1998 to make further provision with respect to dangerous and restricted dogs and the duties and responsibilities of their owners; to increase penalties for certain offences under the Act and to consolidate enforcement powers under the Act; and for other purposes. Contaminated Land Management Act 1997 An Act to promote the better management of contaminated land; to amend the Environmentally Hazardous Chemicals Act 1985; to amend certain other Acts; and for other purposes. Crown Lands Act 1989 An Act to provide for the administration and management of Crown land in the Eastern and Central Division of the State and to repeal the Crown Lands Consolidation Act 1913, the Closer Settlement Acts and certain other Acts.
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Environmental Planning and Assessment Act An Act to institute a system of environmental planning and assessment for the State of New South 1979 Wales Environmentally Hazardous Chemicals Act An Act to provide for control of the effect on the environment of chemicals and chemical wastes. 1985 Exhibited Animals Protection Act 1986 An Act with respect to the exhibition of animals at marine or zoological parks, circuses and other places. Exotic Diseases of Animals Act 1991 An Act to provide for the detection, containment and eradication of certain diseases affecting livestock and other animals; to amend the Stock Diseases Act 1923 and certain other Acts consequentially; and for other purposes. Explosives Act 2003 An Act to provide for the regulation and control of the handling of explosives and explosive precursors; to provide for the regulation of certain other dangerous goods; and for related purposes. Firearms Act 1996 An Act to provide for the regulation, control and registration of firearms; to repeal the Firearms Act 1989; to amend the Prohibited Weapons Act 1989; and for related purposes. Fisheries Act 1935 An Act relating to fisheries and fishing, and to oyster farms; to repeal the Fisheries Act 1902, the Fisheries (Amendment) Act 1910 and the Net Fishing (Port Hacking) Act 1901; to amend the Sydney Corporation Act 1932 and certain other Acts; and for the purposes connected therewith. Fisheries Management Act 1994 An Act relating to the management of fishery resources. Forestry Act 1916 An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to forestry; to provide for the dedication, reservation, control, and use of State forests, timber reserves, and Crown lands for forestry and other purposes; to appoint a commission to administer the Act, with power to sell and convert timber and products, and to purchase and sell animals to be depastured on State forests and timber reserves; to repeal the Forestry Act 1909; to amend the Acts relating to Crown lands, and certain other Acts; and for purposes consequent thereon or incidental thereto.
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Forestry and National Park Estate Act 1998 An Act to make provision with respect to forestry operations and the national park estate following regional resource and conservation assessments; to transfer certain State forest and other Crown lands to the national park estate or Aboriginal ownership; to provide for Ministerial agreements and a system of integrated approvals for future forestry operations; to amend the Forestry Act 1916, the Timber Industry (Interim Protection) Act 1992 and certain other Acts; and for other purposes. Forestry Restructuring and Nature Conservation An Act to provide for the payment of expenditure on forest industry restructuring, nature Act 1995 conservation and certain other environmental initiatives from the Environmental Trust, and for other purposes. Forestry Revocation and National Park An Act to revoke the dedication of certain lands as State forest (including national forest) and the Reservation Act 1996 (and earlier) status of certain lands as flora reserve; to reserve lands as, or as parts of, national parks and to dedicate lands as, or as parts of, nature reserves; and for other purposes. Game and Feral Animal Control Act 2002 An Act to manage and regulate the hunting of game; to establish a Game Council; and for other purposes. Impounding Act 1993 An Act to provide for the impounding of certain animals, motor vehicles and other things; to provide for their release or disposal; to provide for related matters; and to repeal the Impounding Act 1898 and certain other enactments. Lane Cove National Park (Sugarloaf Point An Act to reserve, as part of the Lane Cove National Park, the land known as Sugarloaf Point and Additions) Act 1996 certain other land. Local Government Act 1993 An Act to provide for local government in New South Wales. Marine Parks Act 1997 An Act to provide for the declaration of marine parks; and for other purposes. Marine Pollution Act 1987 An Act relating to the protection of the sea and certain waters from pollution by oil and other noxious substances discharged from ships; to repeal the Prevention of Oil Pollution of Navigable Waters Act 1960; and for related purposes. Meat Industry Act 1978 An Act to provide for the regulation and control of the meat industry in New South Wales; to constitute and define the functions of the New South Wales Meat Industry Consultative Council; and to repeal the Meat Industry Authority Act 1970 and the Meat Industry Act 1915.
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Mining Act 1992 An Act to make provision with respect to prospecting for and mining minerals; to repeal the Mining Act 1973 and the Coal Mining Act 1973; and for other purposes. Murray–Darling Basin Act 1992 An Act to approve and provide for carrying out an agreement entered into between the Commonwealth, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia with regard to the water, land and other environmental resources of the Murray–Darling Basin, and for other purposes. National Park Estate (Reservations) Act 2005 An Act to transfer certain State forest lands to the national park estate; and for other purposes. (and earlier) National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (and An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to the establishment, preservation and amendment Acts) management of national parks, historic sites and certain other areas and the protection of certain fauna, native plants and Aboriginal objects; to repeal the Wild Flowers and Native Plants Protection Act 1927, the Fauna Protection Act 1948, the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1967 and certain other enactments; to amend the Local Government Act 1919 and certain other Acts in certain respects; and for purposes connected therewith. Native Vegetation Act 2003 An Act relating to the sustainable management and conservation of native vegetation; to repeal the Native Vegetation Conservation Act 1997; and for other purposes. Nature Conservation Trust Act 2001 An Act to provide for the establishment, management and functions of the Nature Conservation Trust of New South Wales; to make consequential amendments to other Acts; and for related purposes. Non-Indigenous Animals Act 1987 An Act to control and regulate the introduction into the State of certain species of animals and the movement and keeping of those animals within the State. Noxious Weeds Act 1993 An Act to provide for the identification, classification and control of noxious weeds; to make consequential amendments to other Acts; and for other purposes. Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 An Act to secure the health, safety and welfare of persons at work; to repeal the Occupational Health and Safety Act 1983; and for other purposes.
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Offshore Minerals Act 1999 An Act relating to exploration for, and the recovery of, minerals (other than petroleum) in the first 3 nautical miles of the territorial sea in respect of New South Wales; to amend other Acts consequentially; and for related purposes. Ozone Protection Act 1989 An Act to empower the regulation and prohibition of the manufacture, sale, distribution, use, emission, re-cycling, storage and disposal of stratospheric ozone depleting substances and articles which contain those substances; and for other purposes. Pesticides Act 1999 An Act to regulate and control the use of pesticides; to repeal the Pesticides Act 1978; to amend certain other Acts; and for other purposes. Petroleum (Onshore) Act 1991 An Act to regulate the search for and mining of petroleum; to repeal the Petroleum Act 1955; and for other purposes. Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1982 An Act relating to the exploration for, and the exploitation of, the petroleum resources, and certain other resources, of certain submerged lands adjacent to the coasts of New South Wales; to repeal the Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967 and the Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Taxation Act 1967; to amend the Petroleum Act 1955 and the Pipelines Act 1967; and for other purposes. Plantations and Reafforestation Act 1999 An Act to facilitate the reafforestation of land and the establishment of timber and other forest plantations; to repeal the Timber Plantations (Harvest Guarantee) Act 1995; to amend certain other Acts; and for other purposes. Poisons and Therapeutic Goods Act 1966 An Act relating to the regulation, control and prohibition of the supply and use of poisons, restricted substances, drugs of addiction, certain dangerous drugs and certain therapeutic goods; to establish a Poisons Advisory Committee and to define its powers, authorities, duties and functions; to repeal the Poisons Act 1952 and certain other Acts; to amend the Police Offences (Amendment) Act 1908, the Crimes Act 1900, the Motor Traffic Act 1909 and certain other Acts; and for purposes connected therewith. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 An Act for the prevention of cruelty to animals. (amended 2005) Protection of the Environment Administration An Act to constitute the Environment Protection Authority and to make provision with respect to its Act 1991 general responsibilities and management; to amend various Acts; and for other purposes.
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Protection of the Environment Operations Act An Act to protect the environment; to replace other environment protection legislation; and for 1997 (amended 2005) other purposes. Public Health Act 1991 An Act relating to the maintenance of proper standards of health for the public; and for other purposes. Public Reserves Management Fund Act 1987 An Act to establish the Public Reserves Management Fund and for other purposes. Rivers and Foreshores Improvement Act 1948 An Act to provide for the carrying out of works for the removal of obstructions from and the improvement of rivers and foreshores and the prevention of erosion of lands by tidal and non-tidal waters; to make provision as to payments to be made by owners of lands benefited by such works; to amend the Water Act 1912–1946 and certain other Acts in certain respects; and for purposes connected therewith Rural Lands Protection Act 1998 An Act to provide for the protection of rural lands; to provide for the constitution and functions of rural lands protection boards and a State Council of Rural Lands Protection Boards; to repeal the Rural Lands Protection Act 1989; to amend the Impounding Act 1993 to provide for the boards to exercise functions as impounding authorities under that Act; to make consequential amendments to various other Acts; and for other purposes. Soil Conservation Act 1938 An Act to make provision for the conservation of soil resources and farm water resources and for the mitigation of erosion; for these and other purposes to amend the Crown Lands Consolidation Act 1913 and certain other Acts; and for purposes connected therewith. State Emergency Service Act 1989 An Act to establish the State Emergency Service and define its functions; to make provision for the handling of certain emergencies; to repeal the State Emergency Services and Civil Defence Act 1972; to amend certain other Acts; and for other purposes. State Environmental Planning (Permissible An Act to validate a State environmental planning policy regarding permissibility of mining. Mining) Act 1996 Stock Diseases Act 1923 An Act relating to diseases in stock; to repeal the Stock Diseases (Tick) Act 1901 and the Stock Diseases (Tick) Amendment Act 1915; and for purposes connected therewith.
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Stock Medicines Act 1989 An Act relating to medicines for stock and other animals for the purposes of enhancing the quality of agricultural production, protecting the environment and safeguarding the health of stock and other animals; and for other purposes Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (as An Act to conserve threatened species, populations and ecological communities of animals and amended) plants; to amend the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 and certain other Acts; to repeal the Endangered Fauna (Interim Protection) Act 1991; and for other purposes. Veterinary Practice Act 2003 An Act relating to the practice of veterinary science, to repeal the Veterinary Surgeons Act 1986; and for other purposes. Waste Avoidance and Resource Recovery Act An Act to promote waste avoidance and resource recovery; to repeal the Waste Minimisation and 2001 Management Act 1995; to amend the Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997; and for other purposes. Water Act 1912 An Act to consolidate the Acts relating to Water Rights, Water and Drainage, Drainage Promotion, and Artesian Wells. Water Management Act 2000 An Act to provide for the protection, conservation and ecologically sustainable development of the water sources of the State, and for other purposes. Weapons Prohibition Act 1998 An Act to prohibit and control the possession and use of certain weapons; to repeal the Prohibited Weapons Act 1989; to amend certain other Acts; and for other purposes. Wild Dog Destruction Act 1921 An Act to make better provision for the destruction of wild dogs in the Western Division; to provide for the imposition of a rate upon the owners and occupiers of land in the Western Division; to amend certain Acts; and for purposes connected therewith. Wilderness Act 1987 An Act to provide for the identification of wilderness and the protection and management of wilderness areas in the State; and for other purposes. Workplace Injury Management and Workers An Act to provide for the effective management of work-related injuries and injury compensation Compensation Act 1998 for workers in respect of such injuries; and for other purposes. Workplace Surveillance Act 2005 An Act to regulate surveillance of employees at work; and for other purposes
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Zoological Parks Board Act 1973 An Act to constitute the Zoological Parks Board of New South Wales and to confer and impose on that Board powers, authorities, duties and functions relating to the establishment, maintenance and control of zoological parks; to repeal the Taronga Zoological Park Act 1956 and certain other Acts; to amend the Local Government Act 1919 and the Closer Settlement and Public Reserves Fund Act 1970; and for purposes connected therewith
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NORTHERN TERRITORY LEGISLATION PERTAINING TO ANIMALS IN THE WILD MARCH 2006
Agricultural And Veterinary Chemicals (Control An Act to control the use of agricultural and veterinary chemicals and the manufacture, sale and use Of Use) Act 2004 of fertilisers and stockfoods, to manage land and agricultural produce contaminated by chemicals, and for related purposes Agricultural And Veterinary Chemicals An Act to apply certain laws of the Commonwealth relating to agricultural and veterinary chemical (Northern Territory) Act 2005 products as laws of the Northern Territory, and for other purposes Animal Welfare Act 2005 An Act to provide for the welfare of animals, prevent cruelty to animals and for related purposes Biological Control Act 1995 An Act make provision for the biological control of pests in the Northern Territory, and for related purposes Cobourg Peninsula Aboriginal Land, Sanctuary An Act to acknowledge and secure the right of Aboriginals to occupy and use certain land on the And Marine Park Act 2000 Cobourg Peninsula in the Northern Territory of Australia, to vest that land in trustees for Aboriginals, to declare that land to be a national park, making certain provisions relating to the management of adjacent marine areas and for related purposes Crimes At Sea Act 2000 An Act to give effect to a cooperative scheme for dealing with crimes at sea, to repeal the Criminal Law (Offences at Sea) Act and for related purposes Crown Lands Act 2000 An Act relating to Crown lands Dangerous Goods Act 2004 An Act to provide for the safe storage, handling and transport of certain dangerous goods Desert Knowledge Australia Act 2003 An Act to encourage and facilitate learning, research and sustainable economic and social development relating to deserts and arid lands and to establish Desert Knowledge Australia, and for related purposes Disasters Act 2003 An Act to provide for the adoption of measures necessary for the protection of life and property from the effects of disasters and emergencies and for other purposes
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Environmental Assessment Act 1994 An Act to provide for the assessment of the environmental effects of development proposals and for the protection of the environment Environmental Offences And Penalties Act 1996 An Act to establish penalties for certain offences relating to the protection of the environment, and for related purposes Exotic Diseases (Animals) Compensation Act An Act to provide compensation for certain losses occasioned by exotic diseases of animals 1996 Firearms Act 2006 An Act to provide for the regulation, control and registration of firearms, and for related purposes Fisheries Act 2005 An Act to provide for the regulation, conservation and management of fisheries and fishery resources so as to maintain their sustainable utilisation, to regulate the sale and processing of fish and aquatic life, and for related purposes Food Act 2005 An Act providing for the safety and suitability of food for human consumption and for related purposes Heritage Conservation Act 2000 An Act relating to the natural and cultural heritage of the Northern Territory Jabiru Town Development Act 2000 An Act to provide for and in relation to the construction and management of the town of Jabiru Lands Acquisition Act 2004 An Act relating to the acquisition of land by the Territory Lands Acquisition (Pastoral Leases) Act 1982 An Act relating to the acquisition by the Territory of certain interests in land Marine Act 2005 An Act to regulate shipping within the Territory and to provide for the application to the Territory of the Uniform Shipping Laws Code and for related matters Marine Pollution Act 2004 An Act to protect the marine and coastal environment by minimising intentional and negligent discharges of ship-sourced pollutants into coastal waters, and for related purposes McArthur River Project Agreement Ratification An Act to ratify an agreement between the Territory and Mount Isa Mines Limited, and for related Act 2000 purposes Meat Industries Act 2005 An act to protect public health and promote domestic and export markets for the meat industry by providing for the processing of wholesome meat for human consumption and for related purposes Minerals (Acquisition) Act 1984 An Act to provide for the Acquisition by the Crown of certain Minerals, and for other purposes
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Mining Act 2005 An Act relating to mining Mining Management Act 2001 An Act to provide for the authorisation of mining activities, the management of mining sites and the protection of the safety and health of persons and of the environment on mining sites, and for related purposes Mining (Gove Peninsula Nabalco Agreement) An Act to approve an Agreement between the Commonwealth of Australia and Nabalco Pty Act 1976 Limited and for purposes connected with that Agreement National Environment Protection Council An Act to provide for the establishment of a National Environment Protection Council, and for (Northern Territory) Act 2004 related purposes Nitmiluk (Katherine Gorge) National Park Act An Act to acknowledge and secure the right of Aboriginals who are the traditional Aboriginal 2005 owners of certain land in the Northern Territory of Australia, and certain other Aboriginals, to occupy and use that land, to establish a National park comprising that land to be known as the Nitmiluk (Katherine Gorge) National Park, to provide for the management and control of that Park and certain other land, and for related purposes Off-Shore Waters (Application Of Territory An Act to make provision for and in relation to the application of the laws of the Territory to the Laws) Act 2001 coastal waters of the Territory Ozone Protection Act 1996 An Act to regulate or prohibit the manufacture, sale, distribution, use, re-cycling, storage and disposal of certain substances believed to deplete stratosperic ozone and of articles which contain those substances, and for other purposes Parks And Reserves (Framework For The An Act to provide a framework for negotiations between the Territory and the traditional Aboriginal Future) Act 2005 owners of certain parks and reserves for the establishment, maintenance and management of a comprehensive system of parks and reserves, and for related purposes Parks And Wildlife Commission Act 2004 An Act to establish a Commission to establish and manage, or assist in the management of, parks, reserves, sanctuaries and other land, to encourage the protection, conservation and sustainable use of wildlife, to establish a land-holding corporation in connection with those purposes, and for related purposes
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Pastoral Land Act 2004 An Act to make provision for the conversion and granting of title to pastoral land and the administration, management and conservation of pastoral land, and for related purposes Petroleum Act 2005 An Act to regulate the exploration for, and the production of, petroleum Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 2005 An Act to make provision with respect to the exploration for and the exploitation of the petroleum resources, and certain other resources, of certain submerged lands adjacent to the coasts of the Northern Territory and for other purposes Planning Act 2005 An Act to provide for appropriate and orderly planning and control of the use and development of land, and for related purposes Poisons And Dangerous Drugs Act 2005 An Act to regulate the sale, supply, storage, possession and use of poisons and dangerous drugs, and for related purposes Pounds Act 1996 An Act relating to the Impounding of Cattle Public Health Act 2005 An Act relating to Public Health Sale Of Goods Act 1999 An Act relating to the Sale of Goods Soil Conservation And Land Utilization Act An Act to make provision for the prevention of soil erosion and for the conservation and 2001 reclamation of soil Stock Diseases Act 2005 An Act relating to the control of diseases in stock and for other purposes Stock Routes And Travelling Stock Act 2002 An Act to provide for the maintenance and control of stock reserves and stock routes, for the construction, maintenance and control of watering places and dips for stock, for the control of travelling stock, and for other purposes Tanami Exploration Agreement Ratification Act An Act to ratify an agreement between the Northern Territory of Australia and Newmont Tanami 2004 Pty Ltd, Otter Gold Pty Ltd and Newmont Gold Exploration Pty Ltd and to repeal the Granites Exploration Agreement Ratification Act Territory Parks And Wildlife Conservation Act An Act to make provision for and in relation to the establishment of Territory Parks and other Parks 2005 and Reserves and the study, protection, conservation and sustainable utilisation of wildlife
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Veterinarians Act 2001 An Act to provide for the registration of veterinarians and veterinary specialists, to regulate the provision of veterinary services, and for related purposes Waste Management And Pollution Control Act An Act to provide for the protection of the environment through encouragement of effective waste 2003 management and pollution prevention and control practices and for related purposes Water Act 2004 An Act to provide for the investigation, allocation, use, control, protection, management and administration of water resources, and for related purposes Weapons Control Act 2006 An Act to regulate weapons (other than firearms) and body armour Weeds Management Act 2001 An Act to protect the Territory's economy, community, industry and environment from the adverse impact of weeds Work Health Act 2005 An Act to promote occupational health and safety in the Territory to prevent workplace injuries and diseases, to protect the health and safety of the public in relation to work activities, to promote the rehabilitation and maximum recovery from incapacity of injured workers, to provide financial compensation to workers incapacitated from workplace injuries or diseases and to the dependants of workers who die as the results of such injuries or diseases, to establish certain bodies and a fund for the proper administration of the Act, and for related purposes
Note: Most Northern Territory legislation is prefixed by the words ―As in effect at …(date)‖ rather than the year of enactment. If this was the only date given, it is used as the reference date for the purposes of this document.
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QUEENSLAND LEGISLATION PERTAINING TO ANIMALS IN THE WILD MARCH 2006
Acquisition of Land Act 1967 An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to the acquisition of land for public works and other public purposes, and for other purposes Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals An Act to apply certain Commonwealth laws about agricultural and veterinary chemical products as (Queensland) Act 1994 Queensland laws, and for other purposes Agricultural Chemicals Distribution Control Act An Act to control the distribution of agricultural chemicals from aircraft and from ground 1966 equipment, and for other purposes Agricultural Standards Act 1994 An Act to provide for the making of agricultural standards and for other agricultural matters Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 An Act to promote the responsible care and use of animals and to protect animals from cruelty, and for other purposes Biodiscovery Act 2004 The main purposes of this Act are— (a) to facilitate access by biodiscovery entities to minimal quantitie of native biological resources on or in State land or Queensland waters (State native biological resources) for biodiscovery; and (b) to encourage the development, in the State, of value added biodiscovery; and (c) to ensure the State, for the benefit of all persons in the State, obtains a fair and equitable share in the benefits of biodiscovery; and (d) to ensure biodiscovery enhances knowledge of the State‘s biological diversity, promoting conservation and sustainable use of native biological resources. Biological Control Act 1987 An Act to make provision for the biological control of pests in Queensland, and for related purposes Brisbane Forest Park Act 1977 An Act to establish the Brisbane Forest Park and to provide for the administration, management and control of the park and for related purposes
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Brisbane River Tidal Lands Improvement Act An Act to authorise the Brisbane City Council to construct and maintain a weir over the tidal land in 1927 Breakfast Creek, a tributary of the Brisbane River within the City of Brisbane, and to authorise the said council to undertake further improvements in respect of the tidal lands or tributaries of such river within the said city; and for other consequential purposes Cattle Stealing Prevention Act 1853 An Act for the better prevention of cattle stealing and the sale of stolen cattle Chemical Usage (Agricultural and Veterinary) An Act to control the use of certain chemicals and the use of substances in or on which is the Control Act 1988 residue of certain chemicals and for related purposes Coastal Protection and Management Act 1995 An Act about the protection and management of the coast, and for related purposes Crimes at Sea Act 2001 An Act to give effect to a cooperative scheme for dealing with crimes at sea, and for other purposes Currumbin Bird Sanctuary Act 1976 An Act to provide with respect to the control or conduct of the Currumbin bird sanctuary by the National Trust of Queensland and for related purposes
Dangerous Goods Safety Management Act 2001 An Act about the safe management in Queensland of the storage and handling of hazardous materials, particularly dangerous goods and combustible liquids, and the management of major hazard facilities and emergencies involving hazardous materials, and for other purposes Disaster Management Act 2003 An Act to provide for matters relating to disaster management in the State, and for other purposes Environmental Protection Act 1994 An Act about the protection of Queensland‘s environment Exotic Diseases in Animals Act 1981 An Act to provide for the control, eradication and prevention of exotic diseases in animals, the compensation of owners for loss or destruction of animals and property during outbreaks of exotic diseases, the establishment of an exotic diseases expenses and compensation fund and for related purposes Explosives Act 1999 An Act about explosives, and for other purposes Fisheries Act 1994 An Act for the management, use, development and protection of fisheries resources and fish habitats and the management of aquaculture activities, and for related purposes
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Food Production (Safety) Act 2000 An Act to establish Safe Food Production QLD and provide for food safety matters relating to the production of primary produce, and for other purposes Forestry Act 1959 An Act to provide for forest reservations, the management, silvicultural treatment and protection of State forests, and the sale and disposal of forest products and quarry material, the property of the Crown on State forests, timber reserves and on other lands; and for other purposes Gene Technology Act 2001 An Act to provide for regulating activities involving gene technology, and for other purposes Government Inscribed Stock Act 1920 An Act to authorise and regulate the creation and issue of inscribed stock within the State, and for purposes consequent thereon Government Stock Act 1912 An Act to authorise the raising of money under any Government Loan Act by the issue from time to time of short-dated treasury bills, debentures, or other form of government securities, as and when occasion may arise Health Act 1937 An Act about particular matters relating to public health Integrated Planning Act 1997 An Act for a framework to integrate planning and development assessment so that development and its effects are managed in a way that is ecologically sustainable, and for related purposes Integrated Resort Development Act 1987 An Act to provide for the approval of schemes of integrated resort development, to make provision to assist in the establishment, operation and management of approved integrated resort developments and for other purposes Lake Eyre Basin Intergovernmental Agreement An Act To improve, ratify And facilitate the Lake Eyre Basin Intergovernmental Agreement Act 2001 Land Act 1994 An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to the administration and management of non- freehold land and deeds of grant in trust and the creation of freehold land, and for related purposes Land Protection (Pest and Stock Route An Act about the management of particular pests on land and the management of the stock route Management) Act 2002 network, and for other purposes Local Government Act 1993 An Act to provide for local government, and for related purposes
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Maritime Safety Queensland Act 2002 An Act to provide for the establishment of the Maritime Safety Agency of Queensland, and for other purposes Marine Parks Act 1982 An Act to provide for the setting apart of tidal lands and tidal waters as marine parks and for related purposes Marine Parks Act 2004 An Act to provide for marine parks and the conservation of the marine environment, and for other purposes Mineral Resources Act 1989 An Act to provide for the assessment, development and utilisation of mineral resources to the maximum extent practicable consistent with sound economic and land use management Mixed Use Development Act 1993 An Act providing for the approval, development and management of schemes of mixed use development, and for other purposes Murray-Darling Basin Act 1996 An Act to approve and provide for carrying out an agreement entered into between the Commonwealth, New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and South Australia with regard to the water, land and other environmental resources of the Murray-Darling Basin, and for other purposes National Environment Protection Council An Act to provide for the establishment of a National Environment Protection Council, and related (Queensland) Act 1994 purposes Nature Conservation Act 1992 An Act to provide for the conservation of nature New South Wales–Queensland Border Rivers An Act to ratify certain agreements made between the States of New South Wales and Queensland Act 1946 relating to the Severn, Dumaresq, Macintyre and Barwon Rivers, and for other purposes Offshore Minerals Act 1998 An Act relating to exploration for, and the recovery of, minerals (other than petroleum) in the first 3 nautical miles of the territorial sea in relation to Queensland, and for related purposes Pest Management Act 2001 An Act to provide for the registration of pest control and fumigation activities, and for other purposes Petroleum Act 1923 An Act to make better provision for encouraging and regulating the mining for petroleum and natural gas in the State and the conveying of petroleum and natural gas, wherever recovered
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Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1982 An Act to make provision with respect to the exploration for and the exploitation of the petroleum resources, and certain other resources of, and to conveying petroleum resources (wherever recovered) across, certain submerged lands adjacent to the coasts of Queensland, and for other purposes Plant Protection Act 1989 An Act about preventing, controlling and removing pest infestation of plants, and for related purposes Public Health Act 2005 An Act to protect and promote the health of the Queensland public, and for other purposes Public Safety Preservation Act 1986 An Act to provide protection for members of the public in chemical, biological, radiological or other emergencies that create or may create danger of death, injury or distress to any person, loss of or damage to any property or pollution of the environment and for related purposes Queensland Coast Islands Act 1879 An Act to provide that certain islands in Torres Straits and lying between the continent of Australia and the island of New Guinea shall become part of the Colony of Queensland and subject to the laws in force therein Recreation Areas Management Act 1988 An Act to provide for the setting apart of land and waters throughout Queensland as, and for management of recreational activities in, recreation areas, and for related purposes River Improvement Trust Act 1940 An Act to provide for the protection and improvement of the bed and banks of rivers, the repair and prevention of damage to the bed and banks of rivers, the prevention of flooding and the prevention or mitigation of inundation of certain land by flood waters from rivers; to provide for the constitution of trusts to discharge the foregoing functions; to make financial provision with respect to the discharge of trusts‘ functions and for related purposes Sale of Goods Act 1896 An Act for codifying the law relating to the sale of goods Sanctuary Cove Resort Act 1985 An Act relating to the development of ‗Sanctuary Cove Resort‘ at Hope Island in the State of Queensland Soil Conservation Act 1986 An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to the conservation of soil resources and to facilitate the implementation of soil conservation measures by landholders for the mitigation of soil erosion
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Southern Moreton Bay Islands Development An Act to establish development entitlements for particular land on the Southern Moreton Bay Entitlements Protection Act 2004 Islands State Development and Public Works An Act to provide for State planning and development through a coordinated system of public Organisation Act 1971 works organisation, for environmental coordination, and for related purposes Stock Act 1915 An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to diseases in stock Timber Utilisation and Marketing Act 1987 An Act to control the sale and use of certain timbers, and for other purposes Torres Strait Fisheries Act 1984 An Act to promote the good order, management, development and welfare of the fishing industry, to provide for the protection, conservation and management of the fisheries resources and to implement the provisions of the Torres Strait Treaty in the Torres Strait area and for related purposes Torres Strait Islander Land Act 1991 An Act providing for the grant, and the claim and grant, of land as Torres Strait Islander land, and for other purposes Townsville City Council (Douglas Land An Act for the development of land at Douglas, Townsville, and related purposes Development) Act 1993 Transport Operations (Marine Pollution) Act An Act to protect Queensland‘s marine and coastal environment by minimising deliberate and 1995 negligent discharges of ship-sourced pollutants into coastal waters, and for related purposes Transport Operations (Marine Safety) Act 1994 An Act about marine safety and other matters Vegetation Management Act 1999 An Act about the management of vegetation Veterinary Surgeons Act 1936 An Act relating to the qualifications and registration of veterinary surgeons and the regulation and control of the practice of veterinary science, and for other purposes Water Act 2000 An Act to provide for the sustainable management of water and other resources, a regulatory framework for providing water and sewerage services and the establishment and operation of water authorities, and for other purposes
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Weapons Act 1990 An Act to consolidate and amend the laws regulating or prohibiting the purchase, possession, use, carrying and sale of certain weapons and articles and to provide for the prevention of the misuse of weapons and for related purposes Wet Tropics World Heritage Protection and An Act to provide for the protection and management of the Wet Tropics of Queensland World Management Act 1993 Heritage Area, and for related purposes
Wild Rivers Act 2005 The purpose of this Act is to preserve the natural values of rivers that have all, or almost all, of their natural values intact. Workplace Health and Safety Act 1995 An Act about workplace health and safety, and for related purposes
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SOUTH AUSTRALIAN LEGISLATION PERTAINING TO ANIMALS IN THE WILD MARCH 2006
Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary Act 2005 An Act to establish a sanctuary to protect the dolphin population of the Port Adelaide River estuary and Barker Inlet and its natural habitat; to provide for the protection and enhancement of the Port Adelaide River estuary and Barker Inlet; to amend the Aquaculture Act 2001, the Coast Protection Act 1972, the Development Act 1993, the Environment Protection Act 1993, the Fisheries Act 1982, the Harbors and Navigation Act 1993, the Historic Shipwrecks Act 1981, the Mining Act 1971, the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972, the Native Vegetation Act 1991 and the Petroleum Act 2000; and for other purposes Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (South An Act to apply certain laws of the Commonwealth relating to agricultural and veterinary chemical Australia) Act 1994 products as laws of South Australia; and for other purposes. Agricultural and Veterinary Products (Control of An Act relating to agricultural chemical products, fertilisers and veterinary products; to repeal the Use) Act 2002 Agricultural Chemicals Act 1955, the Stock Foods Act 1941 and the Stock Medicines Act 1939; to amend the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (South Australia) Act 1994 and the Livestock Act 1997; and for other purposes. Aquaculture Act 2001 An Act to regulate marine and inland aquaculture; and for other purposes. Biological Control Act 1986 An Act to make provision for the biological control of pests in the State; and for related purposes. Coast Protection Act 1972 An Act to make provision for the conservation and protection of the beaches and coast of this State; and for other purposes Constitutional Powers (Coastal Waters) Act, An Act to request the Parliament of the Commonwealth to enact an Act to extend the legislative 1979 Powers of the States in and in relation to Coastal Waters. Controlled Substances Act 1984 An Act to regulate or prohibit the manufacture, production, sale, supply, possession, handling or use of certain poisons, drugs, therapeutic and other substances, and of certain therapeutic devices; to repeal the Food and Drugs Act 1908; and for other related purposes.
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Crown Lands Act 1929 An Act relating to Crown lands Dangerous Substances Act 1979 An Act to regulate the keeping, handling, transporting, conveyance, use and disposal, and the quality, of dangerous substances; and for other purposes. Development Act 1993 An Act to provide for planning and regulate development in the State; to regulate the use and management of land and buildings, and the design and construction of buildings; to make provision for the maintenance and conservation of land and buildings where appropriate; and for other purposes. Dog and Cat Management Act 1995 An Act to provide for the management of dogs and cats; and for other purposes. The objects of this Act are— (a) to encourage responsible dog and cat ownership; (b) to reduce public and environmental nuisance caused by dogs and cats; (c) to promote the effective management of dogs and cats (including through encouragement of the desexing of dogs and cats). Dog Fence Act 1946 An Act to provide for the establishment and maintenance of dog-proof fences in the State in order to prevent the entry of wild dogs into pastoral areas, and for incidental purposes. Drugs Act 1908 An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to drugs, and for other purposes. Emergency Management Act 2004 An Act to establish strategies and systems for the management of emergencies in the State; and for other purposes Environment Protection (Sea Dumping) Act An Act to provide for the protection of the environment by regulating the dumping into the sea, and 1984 the incineration at sea, of wastes and other matter and the dumping into the sea of certain other objects; and for related purposes. Environment Protection Act 1993 An Act to provide for the protection of the environment; to establish the Environment Protection Authority and define its functions and powers; and for other purposes. Explosives Act 1936 An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to explosives.
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Firearms Act 1977 An Act to control the possession, use and sale of firearms; and for other purposes Fisheries (Gulf St. Vincent Prawn Fishery An Act to provide for rationalization of prawn fishing in the Gulf of St. Vincent and Investigator Rationalization) Act 1987 Strait; to amend the Fisheries Act 1982; and for other purposes
Fisheries Act 1982 An Act to provide for the conservation, enhancement and management of fisheries, the regulation of fishing and the protection of certain fish; to provide for the protection of marine mammals and the aquatic habitat; to provide for the control of exotic fish and disease in fish, and the regulation of fish processing; and for other purposes. Forestry Act 1950 An Act to provide for the creation and management of State forests and other related matters. Harbors and Navigation Act 1993 An Act to provide for the administration, development and management of harbors; to provide for safe navigation in South Australian waters; and for other purposes. Livestock Act 1997 An Act to regulate matters relating to livestock; to repeal the Apiaries Act 1931, the Branding of Pigs Act 1964, the Brands Act 1933, the Cattle Compensation Act 1939, the Deer Keepers Act 1987, the Foot and Mouth Disease Eradication Fund Act 1958, the Stock Act 1990 and the Swine Compensation Act 1936; and for other purposes Local Government Act 1999 An Act to provide for local government; and for other purposes. Mining Act 1971 An Act to regulate and control mining operations; and for other purposes Murray-Darling Basin Act 1993 An Act to approve and provide for carrying out an agreement entered into between the Commonwealth, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia with regard to the water, land and other environmental resources of the Murray-Darling Basin; and for other purposes. National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 An Act to provide for the establishment and management of reserves for public benefit and enjoyment; to provide for the conservation of wildlife in a natural environment; and for other purposes.
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Natural Resources Management Act 2004 An Act to promote sustainable and integrated management of the State's natural resources; to make provision for the protection of the State's natural resources; to repeal the Animal and Plant Control (Agricultural Protection and Other Purposes) Act 1986, the Soil Conservation and Land Care Act 1989 and the Water Resources Act 1997; and for other purposes. Native Vegetation Act 1991 An Act to provide incentives and assistance to landowners in relation to the preservation and enhancement of native vegetation; to control the clearance of native vegetation; and for other purposes. Noxious Insects Act, 1934 An Act to provide for the destruction and suppression of noxious insects, and for other purposes. Occupational Health, Safety and Welfare Act An Act to provide for the health, safety and welfare of persons at work; and for other purposes 1986 Prevention Of Cruelty To Animals Act 1985 An Act to discourage cruelty to animals; and for other purposes Primary Produce (Food Safety Schemes) Act An Act to provide for food safety matters relating to the production of primary produce; to repeal 2004 the Dairy Industry Act 1992 and the Meat Hygiene Act 1994; to amend the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1985; and for other purposes. Protection Of Marine Waters (Prevention Of An Act relating to the protection of the sea and certain waters from pollution by oil and other Pollution From Ships) Act 1987 substances; to repeal the Prevention of Pollution of Waters by Oil Act 1961; and for other purposes Public And Environmental Health Act 1987 An Act dealing with public and environmental health; to repeal the Health Act 1935, the Noxious Trades Act 1943 and the Venereal Diseases Act 1947; and for other purposes. River Murray Act 2003 An Act to provide for the protection and enhancement of the River Murray and related areas and ecosystems; and for other purposes Soil Conservation And Land Care Act 1989 An Act to provide for the conservation and rehabilitation of the land of this State; and for other purposes. Upper South East Dryland Salinity and Flood An Act to provide for a scheme to protect and improve the environment and agricultural production Management Act 2002 in the Upper South East through the proper conservation and management of water and the initiation or implementation by the Government of the State of works and environmental management programs and other initiatives; and for other purposes.
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Veterinary Practice Act 2003 An Act to protect animal health, safety and welfare and the public interest by providing for the registration of veterinary surgeons; to regulate the provision of veterinary treatment for the purposes of maintaining high standards of competence and conduct by veterinary surgeons; to repeal the Veterinary Surgeons Act 1985; and for other purposes. Water Conservation Act 1936 An Act to consolidate certain Acts relating to the conservation of water. Water Resources Act 1997 An Act to provide for the management of the State's water resources; and for other purposes Wilderness Protection Act 1992 An Act to provide for the protection of wilderness and the restoration of land to its condition before European colonisation; and for other purposes. Zero Waste SA Act 2004 An Act to establish a statutory corporation, Zero Waste SA, with the function of reforming waste management in the State; to amend the Environment Protection Act 1993; and for other purposes.
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TASMANIAN LEGISLATION PERTAINING TO ANIMALS IN THE WILD MARCH 2006
Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (Control An Act to control the use and application of agricultural chemical products and veterinary chemical of Use) Act 1995 products, to provide for related matters and to repeal certain Acts Animal Health Act 1995 An Act to provide for the prevention, detection and control of animal diseases, to provide for the maintenance and improvement of animal health, to repeal the Stock Act 1932 and certain other enactments and for related purposes Animal Welfare Act 1993 An Act to prevent neglect of, and cruelty to, animals, to ensure the welfare of animals, to repeal the Cruelty to Animals Prevention Act 1925 and for related purposes Biological Control Act 1986 An Act to make provision for the biological control of pests in Tasmania and for related purposes Coastal and Other Waters (Application of State An Act to apply certain laws of Tasmania to the coastal waters of Tasmania and to provide for Laws) Act 1982 certain related matters Crown Lands Act 1976 An Act to make fresh provisions with respect to the management, sale, and disposal of the lands of the Crown Dangerous Goods Act 1998 An Act to regulate the manufacture, transport and sale of dangerous goods, to regulate other activities in relation to such goods, to repeal the Dangerous Goods Act 1976 and for related purposes Dog Control Act 2000 An Act to provide for the control and management of dogs
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Emergency Services Act 1976 An Act to make provision with respect to the protection of life and property from the effects of disaster and matters incidental thereto Environmental Management and Pollution An Act to provide for the management of the environment and the control of pollution in the State, Control Act 1994 to repeal the Environment Protection Act 1973 and the Chlorofluorocarbons and other Ozone Depleting Substances Control Act 1988 and to amend the Local Government (Building and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1993 Farm Water Development Act 1985 An Act to provide for the making of loans to assist in the development of water resources for use on farms and to make provision for incidental matters Firearms Act 1996 An Act to provide for the regulation, registration and control of firearms Fisheries Rules (Validation) Act 1997 An Act to validate certain rules made under the Living Marine Resources Management Act 1995 Fishing (Licence Ownership and Interest) An Act to establish a system of registration of ownership and interests in fishing licences Registration Act 2001 Food Act 2003 An Act to ensure the provision of food that is safe and fit for human consumption and to promote good nutrition and for related matters Forest Practices Act 1985 (as amended) An Act to ensure that all forest practices are conducted in accordance with the Forest Practices Code, to provide for the issue of that Code, to provide for the creation of private timber reserves, to provide for the constitution of the Forest Practices Tribunal, and to provide for incidental and consequential matters Forestry Act 1920 An Act to establish a Forestry corporation and to provide for the better management and protection of forests Hydro-Electric Corporation Act 1995 An Act to modernise the legislation under which the Hydro-Electric Corporation (formerly the Hydro-Electric Commission) operates, to provide for it to continue as a Government Business Enterprise operating in the electricity supply industry and to provide for other purposes Inland Fisheries Act 1995 An Act to consolidate the law relating to inland fisheries Land Use Planning and Approvals Act 1993 An Act to make provision for land use planning and approvals
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Law of Animals Act 1962 An Act to consolidate and reform certain enactments and rules of common law relating to animals Living Marine Resources Management Act 1995 An Act to promote the sustainable management of living marine resources, to provide for (as amended) management plans relating to fish resources, to protect marine habitats and to repeal the Fisheries Act 1959 Local Government Act 1993 An Act to provide for local government and establish councils to plan for, develop and manage municipal areas in the interests of their communities Marine Farming Planning Act 1995 An Act to provide for the planning of marine waters for marine farming and the allocation of marine farming leases Meat Hygiene Act 1985 An Act to control and regulate the operation of meat premises and pet food works, to regulate the standards of hygiene and sanitation at those premises and works and to regulate the quality of meat, meat products, and pet food and for other purposes Mineral Resources Development Act 1995 An Act to provide for the development of mineral resources consistent with sound economic, environmental and land use management and to repeal the Mining Act 1929 Mining (Strategic Prospectivity Zones) Act 1993 An Act to ensure continuing access for mining purposes to areas of the State having very high potential for mineral exploration National Parks and Reserves Management Act An Act to provide for the management of national parks and other reserved land, to repeal the 2002 National Parks and Wildlife Act 1970 and related Acts and for related purposes Natural Resource Management Act 2002 An Act to establish the Tasmanian Natural Resource Management Council and regional committees for natural resource management and to provide for the development of regional strategies for natural resource management Nature Conservation Act 2002 An Act to make provision with respect to the conservation and protection of the fauna, flora and geological diversity of the State, to provide for the declaration of national parks and other reserved land and for related purposes Offshore Waters Jurisdiction Act 1976 An Act to declare the law relating to offences committed in, on, under, or over waters adjacent to the coast of the State
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Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1982 An Act to make provision with respect to the exploration for and the exploitation of the petroleum resources, and certain other resources, of certain submerged lands adjacent to the coast of the State of Tasmania and to provide for related matters Poisons Act 1971 An Act to make provision with respect to the regulation, control, and prohibition of the importation, making, refining, preparation, sale, supply, use, possession, and prescription of certain substances and plants and matters incidental thereto, and to repeal certain enactments Pollution of Waters by Oil and Noxious An Act to protect the State waters from pollution by oil and other substances, to give effect to Substances Act 1987 certain parts of the Marpol Convention, and for related purposes, and to repeal the Oil Pollution Act 1961 Primary Industry Activities Protection Act 1995 An Act to protect persons engaged in primary industry by limiting the operation of the common law of nuisance in respect of certain activities that are incidental to efficient and commercially viable primary production Private Forests Act 1994 An Act to establish an authority to provide assistance and advice on private forest management, to prescribe the functions and powers of that authority, to provide for related matters and to amend certain Acts Public Health Act 1997 An Act to protect and promote the health of communities in the State and reduce the incidence of preventable illness Public Land (Administration and Forests) Act An Act to amend and repeal certain legislation relating to forests, to amend the Boundary Fences 1991 Act 1908, Fire Service Act 1979, Mining Act 1929 and National Parks and Wildlife Act 1970 and for related purposes Resource Management and Planning Appeal An Act to establish the Resource Management and Planning Appeal Tribunal and to provide for Tribunal Act 1993 related matters Resource Planning and Development An Act to establish the Resource Planning and Development Commission and to provide for related Commission Act 1997 matters Rivers and Water Supply Commission Act 1999 An Act to provide for the Rivers and Water Supply Commission to continue and for other purposes Sale of Hazardous Goods Act 1977 An Act to prohibit or regulate the sale of products likely to give rise to danger
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State Coastal Policy Validation Act 2003 An Act to validate the State Coastal Policy 1996 and actions taken under or in pursuance of that Policy Tasmanian Development Act 1983 An Act to provide for the balanced economic development of Tasmania and for the establishment and operation of an authority for that purpose, to provide for related matters, and to repeal certain enactments Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 An Act to provide for the protection and management of threatened native flora and fauna and to enable and promote the conservation of native flora and fauna Timber Promotion Act 1970 An Act to provide for the establishment of a Tasmanian Timber Promotion Board for the promotion of the use of wood, and for the making of funds available to the Board for that purpose Vermin Control Act 2000 An Act to provide for the control of vermin and to repeal the Vermin Destruction Act 1950 Veterinary Surgeons Act 1987 An Act to provide for the registration of veterinary surgeons, the regulation of the practice of veterinary surgery, and incidental matters, and to repeal the Veterinary Act 1918 Water Management Act 1999 An Act to provide for the management of Tasmania's water resources and for other purposes Whales Protection Act 1988 An Act to provide for the protection of whales and to amend the Fisheries Act 1959 Workplace Health and Safety Act 1995 An Act to provide for the health and safety of persons employed in, engaged in or affected by industry, to provide for the safety of persons using amusement structures and temporary public stands and to repeal certain enactments
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VICTORIAN LEGISLATION PERTAINING TO ANIMALS IN THE WILD MARCH 2006
Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (Control The purposes of this Act are— of Use) Act 1992 (a) to impose controls in relation to the use, application and sale of agricultural and veterinary chemical products, fertilisers and stock foods and the manufacture of fertilisers and stock foods, for the purpose of— (i) protecting the health of the general public and the users of those products; and (ii) protecting the environment; and (iii) protecting the health and welfare of animals; and (iv) protecting domestic and export trade in agricultural produce and livestock; and (v) ensuring that a product is effective for the purposes described on its label; and (vi) promoting uniformity of regulation throughout Australia; and (b) to impose controls in relation to agricultural spraying and to provide protection against financial loss caused by damage to plants and stock from agricultural spraying; and (c) to impose controls in relation to the production of agricultural produce to avoid the contamination of food for human consumption; and (d) to impose controls in relation to the transport, handling, sale and other dealings with agricultural produce, fertilisers and stock food Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals The purpose of this Act is to apply certain laws of the Commonwealth relating to (Victoria) Act 1994 agricultural and veterinary chemical products as laws of Victoria
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Alpine Resorts (Management) Act 1997 The object of this Act is to make provision in respect of alpine resorts— (a) for the development, promotion, management and use of the resorts on a sustainable basis and in a manner that is compatible with the alpine environment, having regard to— (i) environmental and ecological considerations, in particular, climate change; and (ii) economic considerations; and (iii) cultural heritage considerations, in particular, Indigenous cultural heritage considerations; and (b) for the use of the resorts— (i) primarily for alpine recreation and tourism; and (ii) in all seasons of the year; and (iii) by persons from varied cultural and economic groups. Biological Control Act 1986 The purpose of this Act is to make provision for the biological control of pests in Victoria. Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994 The following are the purposes of this Act— (a) to set up a framework for the integrated management and protection of catchments; (b) to encourage community participation in the management of land and water resources; (c) to set up a system of controls on noxious weeds and pest animals; (d) to repeal and amend various Acts concerning catchment and land management.
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Coastal Management Act 1995 The purposes of this Act are— (a) to establish the Victorian Coastal Council; and (b) to provide for the establishment of Regional Coastal Boards; and (c) to provide for co-ordinated strategic planning and management for the Victorian coast; and (d) to provide for the preparation and implementation of management plans for coastal Crown land; and (e) to provide a co-ordinated approach to approvals for the use and development of coastal Crown land. Conservation, Forests and Lands Act 1987 The purposes of this Act are— (a) to create a body corporate called the Director-General of Conservation, Forests and Lands, to define its powers and to transfer to it the functions of the Forests Commission, the Soil Conservation Authority and the Vermin and Noxious Weeds Destruction Board, and to abolish those bodies; (b) to provide a framework for a land management system and to make necessary administrative, financial and enforcement provisions; (c) to establish a system of land management co-operative agreements; to make consequential amendments to various Acts. Control of Weapons Act 1990 The purpose of this Act is to regulate— (a) weapons other than firearms; and (b) body armour. Cultural and Recreational Lands Act 1963 An Act to amend the Law in relation to the Acquisition and Rating of Certain Lands used for Cultural Recreational Sporting and similar purposes.
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Dangerous Goods Act 1985 An Act to promote the safety of persons and property in relation to the manufacture, storage, transfer, transport, sale, purchase and use of dangerous goods and the import of explosives, to consolidate and amend the law relating to explosives and other dangerous goods, to repeal the Liquid Fuel Act 1941, the Liquified Petroleum Gas Act 1958, the Explosives Act 1960, the Inflammable Liquids Act 1966, the Liquefied Gases Act 1968 and the Dangerous Goods (Road Transport) Act 1984, to amend the Health Act 1958, the Mines Act 1958, the Transport Act 1983 and for other purposes Domestic (Feral and Nuisance) Animals Act The purpose of this Act is to promote animal welfare, the responsible ownership of 1994 dogs and cats and the protection of the environment by providing for— (a) a scheme to protect the community and the environment from feral and nuisance dogs and cats; and (b) a registration and identification scheme for dogs and cats which recognises and promotes responsible ownership; and (c) the identification and control of dangerous dogs; and (d) a registration scheme for domestic animal businesses which promotes the maintenance of standards of those businesses; and (e) matters related to the boarding of dogs and cats; and (f) payments to the Treasurer from fees received by Councils under this Act; and (g) other related matters. Drugs, Poisons and Controlled Substances Act An Act to re-enact with Amendments the Law relating to Drugs, Poisons and 1981 Controlled Substances, to amend the Health Act 1958 and the Crimes Act 1958 and for other purposes. Emergency Management Act 1986 The purpose of this Act is to provide for the organisation of emergency management in Victoria. Environment Effects Act 1978 An Act to require the Environmental Effects of certain Works to be assessed, and for other purposes. Environment Protection Act 1970 An Act to establish an Environment Protection Authority, to make Provision with respect to the Powers, Duties, and Functions of that Authority, to make further Provision for the Protection of the Environment and for other Purposes.
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Firearms Act 1996 The purposes of this Act are— (a) to give effect to the principle that the possession, carriage, use, acquisition and disposal of firearms are conditional on the need to ensure public safety and peace by— (i) establishing a system of licensing and regulating the possession, carriage and use of firearms and related items which does not allow for self defence to be used as a reason for obtaining a licence to possess, carry or use a firearm; and (ii) establishing a system of licensing and regulating the carrying on of the business of dealing in firearms; and (iii) establishing a system of permitting and regulating the acquisition and disposal of firearms and related items; and (iv) establishing a system of registering firearms; and (v) establishing requirements for the secure storage and carriage of firearms; and (vi) establishing a Firearms Appeals Committee to hear applications for review of decisions of the Chief Commissioner under the Act; and (vii) making provision for the education of the community in the safe and responsible use of firearms; and (viii) making other related provisions; and (b) to repeal the Firearms Act 1958; and (c) to make various consequential amendments to other Acts. Fisheries Act 1995 The purpose of this Act is to— (a) provide a modern legislative framework for the regulation, management and conservation of Victorian fisheries including aquatic habitats; (b) reform the law relating to Victorian fisheries; (c) repeal the Fisheries Act 1968; (d) make consequential amendments to other Acts. Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 The purpose of this Act is to establish a legal and administrative structure to enable and promote the conservation of Victoria's native flora and fauna and to provide for a choice of procedures which can be used for the conservation, management or control of flora and fauna and the management of potentially threatening processes.
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Forestry Rights Act 1996 The purpose of this Act is to provide for the creation of forest property rights. Forests Act 1958 An Act to consolidate the Law for the Management and Protection of State Forests Heritage Rivers Act 1992 The purpose of this Act is to make provision for Victorian heritage rivers by providing for the protection of public land in particular parts of rivers and river catchment areas in Victoria which have significant nature conservation, recreation, scenic or cultural heritage attributes and to make related amendments to other Acts. Impounding of Livestock Act 1994 The purposes of this Act are to— (a) provide for the impounding of livestock trespassing on any land or roads; (b) regulate the impounding, care, release, disposal or destruction of impounded livestock; (ba) provide for matters relating to the agistment of horses; Land Acquisition and Compensation Act 1986 The main purposes of this Act are— (a) to establish a new procedure for the acquisition of land for public purposes; and (b) to provide for the determination of the compensation payable in respect of land so acquired. Land Act 1958 An Act to consolidate the Law relating to the Sale and Occupation of Crown Lands Land Conservation (Vehicle Control) Act 1972 An Act to make Provision with respect to Vehicular Traffic on Public Land, the Prevention of Soil Erosion of and Damage to Public Land, to amend the Local Government Act 1958 and for other purposes. Livestock Disease Control Act 1994 The main purposes of this Act are to provide for the prevention, monitoring and control of livestock diseases and to provide compensation for losses caused by certain livestock diseases. Local Government Act 1989 The purpose of this Act is to establish a legislative scheme that supports the system of local government in accordance with Part IIA of the Constitution Act 1975.
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Marine Act 1988 The purposes of this Act are— (a) to re-enact with amendments the law relating to the registration of vessels and the pollution of State waters; and (b) to implement certain international conventions; and (c) to provide for the efficient and safe operation of vessels on State waters. Mines Act 1958 An Act to consolidate the Law relating to Mines. Murray-Darling Basin Act 1993 The purpose of this Act is to approve and provide for carrying out an agreement entered into between the Commonwealth, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia with regard to the water, land and other environmental resources of the Murray-Darling Basin. National Environment Protection Council (Victoria) Act 1995 National Parks Act 1975 Whereas it is in the public interest that certain Crown land characterized by its predominantly unspoilt landscape, and its flora, fauna or other features, should be reserved and preserved and protected permanently for the benefit of the public: And whereas it is in the public interest that certain areas of Crown land with landscape or other features of particular interest or suitability for the enjoyment, recreation and education of the public of or in matters appertaining to the countryside should be reserved permanently and made available for the benefit of the public …. Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 The objects of this Act are— (a) to secure the health, safety and welfare of employees and other persons at work; and (b) to eliminate, at the source, risks to the health, safety or welfare of employees and other persons at work; and (c) to ensure that the health and safety of members of the public is not placed at risk by the conduct of undertakings by employers and self-employed persons; and (d) to provide for the involvement of employees, employers, and organisations representing those persons, in the formulation and implementation of health, safety and welfare standards— having regard to the principles of health and safety protection set out in section 4.
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Parks Victoria Act 1998 The purpose of this Act is to establish Parks Victoria Planning and Environment Act 1987 The purpose of this Act is to establish a framework for planning the use, development and protection of land in Victoria in the present and long-term interests of all Victorians. Pollution of Waters by Oil and Noxious The purpose of this Act is to make certain provisions for the protection of the sea and Substances Act 1986 certain waters from pollution by oil and other noxious substances and to implement the Marpol Convention. Public Safety Preservation Act 1958 An Act to consolidate the Law making Provision for the Protection of the Community in Cases of Emergency. River Murray Waters Act 1954 An Act to ratify and approve an Agreement for the further Variation of the Agreement entered into between the Prime Minister of the Commonwealth and the Premiers of the States of New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia respecting the River Murray and Lake Victoria and other Waters, and for other purposes. Safety on Public Land Act 2004 The main purposes of this Act are— (a) to provide for public safety in State forests by providing for the establishment and enforcement of public safety zones; (b) to amend the Forests Act 1958 with respect to powers of committees of management in reserved forests; (c) to consequentially amend the Conservation, Forests and Lands Act 1987. Underseas Mineral Resources Act 1963 An Act to make Provision with respect to the Exploration and Exploitation of the Mineral Resources of the Sea Bed and the Subsoil in certain Waters within and beyond the Territorial Limits of Victoria, and for other purposes.
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Veterinary Practice Act 1997 The main purposes of this Act are— (a) to protect the public by providing for the registration of veterinary practitioners and investigations into the professional conduct and fitness to practise of registered veterinary practitioners; and (b) to establish the Veterinary Practitioners Registration Board of Victoria and the Veterinary Practitioners Registration Board Fund; and (c) to repeal the Veterinary Surgeons Act 1958; and (d) to make consequential amendments to other Acts; and (e) to provide for other related matters.
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Water Act 1989 This Act has the following purposes— (a) to re-state, with amendments, the law relating to water in Victoria; (b) to provide for the integrated management of all elements of the terrestrial phase of the water cycle; (c) to promote the orderly, equitable and efficient use of water resources; (d) to make sure that water resources are conserved and properly managed for sustainable use for the benefit of present and future Victorians; (e) to maximise community involvement in the making and implementation of arrangements relating to the use, conservation or management of water resources; (f) to eliminate inconsistencies in the treatment of surface and groundwater resources and waterways; (g) to provide better definition of private water entitlements and the entitlements of Authorities; (h) to foster the provision of responsible and efficient water services suited to various needs and various consumers; (i) to provide recourse for persons affected by administrative decisions; (j) to provide formal means for the protection and enhancement of the environmental qualities of waterways and their in-stream uses; (k) to provide for the protection of catchment conditions; (l) to replace many forms of detailed administrative supervision of Authorities with general supervision by the Minister, through approved corporate plans and express directions; (m) to continue in existence and to protect all public and private rights to water existing before the commencement of the relevant provisions of this Act. Wildlife Act 1975 An Act to re-enact with amendments the provisions of the Game Act 1958 and sections 9 and 10 of the Protection of Animals Act 1966.
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Zoological Parks and Gardens Act 1995 The purposes of this Act are— (a) to establish the Zoological Parks and Gardens Board; and (b) to provide for the management and administration of zoological parks and gardens.
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Appendix 6q Task 9 - consultancy to review current Australian legislation, produce a needs analysis report
WESTERN AUSTRALIAN LEGISLATION PERTAINING TO ANIMALS IN THE WILD MARCH 2006
Agricultural and An Act to apply certain laws of the Commonwealth relating to agricultural and veterinary chemical products as laws Veterinary Chemicals of Western Australia and for related purposes. (Western Australia) Act 1995 Agricultural Products Act An Act to regulate the Packing and Sale of Agricultural Products. 1929 Animal Resources An Act to establish and incorporate an Authority to supply laboratory animals for teaching, research, and Authority Act 1981 diagnostic purposes, and for incidental and other purposes. Animal Welfare Act 2002 An Act to provide for the welfare, safety and health of animals, to regulate the use of animals for scientific purposes, and for related purposes. Biological Control Act An Act to make provision for the biological control of pests in Western Australia, and for related 1986 purposes. Contaminated Sites Act An Act providing for the identification, recording, management and remediation of contaminated sites, 2003 to consequentially amend certain other Acts and for related purposes. Control of Vehicles (Off- An Act to prohibit the use of vehicles in certain places, to make provision as to the use of vehicles road Areas) Act 1978 otherwise than on a road, to provide for areas where the use of off-road vehicles shall be permitted, for the registration of off-road vehicles, and for related purposes. Dangerous Goods Safety An Act relating to the safe storage, handling and transport of dangerous goods and for related purposes Act 2004 Dog Act 1976 An Act to amend and consolidate the law relating to the control and registration of dogs, the ownership and keeping of dogs and the obligations and rights of persons in relation thereto, and for incidental and other purposes.
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Emergency Management An Act to provide for prompt and coordinated organisation of emergency management in the State, and Act 2005 for related purposes. Environmental Protection An Act to provide for an Environmental Protection Authority, for the prevention, control and abatement of pollution Act 1986 and environmental harm, for the conservation, preservation, protection, enhancement and management of the environment and for matters incidental to or connected with the foregoing. Exotic Diseases of An Act to provide for the detection, containment and eradication of certain diseases affecting livestock and other Animals Act 1993 animals, and for incidental matters. Explosives and Dangerous An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to explosives; to regulate the manufacture, importation and use of Goods Act 1961 explosives, and the classification, marking, storage, carriage, and sale of explosives and dangerous goods; and for other incidental purposes. Firearms Act 1973 An Act to make provision for the control and regulation of firearms and ammunition, the licensing of persons possessing, using, dealing with, or manufacturing firearms and ammunition, the repeal of the Firearms and Guns Act 1931 2, and for incidental and other purposes. Fish Resources An Act relating to the management of fish resources, to repeal and amend certain Acts, and for related purposes. Management Act 1994 Health Act 1911 An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to public health. Marine and Harbours Act An Act to provide for the advancement of efficient and safe shipping and effective boating and port administration 1981 through the provision of certain facilities and services, and for incidental and connected purposes. Mining Act 1978 An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to mining and for incidental and other purposes. National Environment An Act to provide for the establishment of a National Environment Protection Council, and for related purposes. Protection Council (Western Australia) Act 1996
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Occupational Safety and An Act to promote and improve standards for occupational safety and health, to establish the Commission for Health Act 1984 Occupational Safety and Health, to provide for a tribunal for the determination of certain matters and claims, to facilitate the coordination of the administration of the laws relating to occupational safety and health and for incidental and other purposes. Offshore Minerals Act An Act relating to exploration for, and the recovery of, minerals (other than petroleum) in the first 3 nautical miles of 2003 the territorial sea in respect of Western Australia, and for related purposes. Parks and Reserves Act An Act for the control and management of certain land reserved to the Crown. 1895 Petroleum Act 1967 An Act relating to the exploration for, and the exploitation of, petroleum resources, and certain other resources, within certain lands of the State; to repeal the Petroleum Act 1936, and for incidental and other purposes. Petroleum (Submerged An Act to make provision with respect to the exploration for and the exploitation of the petroleum resources, and Lands) Act 1982 certain other resources, of certain submerged lands adjacent to the coast of Western Australia, to repeal the Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967, and for incidental and other purposes. Poisons Act 1964 An Act to regulate and control the possession, sale and use of poisons and other substances; to constitute a Poisons Advisory Committee; and for incidental and other purposes. Pollution of Waters by Oil An Act relating to the protection of the sea and certain waters from pollution by oil and other noxious substances and Noxious Substances discharged from ships and places on land and for related purposes. Act 1987 Regional Development An Act to establish regional development commissions to coordinate and promote the economic development of Commissions Act 1993 regions of Western Australia, to provide for the establishment of regional development advisory committees, to establish a Regional Development Council, to continue existing regional development bodies as commissions under this Act, to repeal certain Acts and for related purposes. Rights in Water and An Act relating to rights in water resources, to make provision for the regulation, management, use and protection of Irrigation Act 1914 water resources, to provide for irrigation schemes, and for related purposes. Sandalwood Act 1929 An Act to regulate the quantity of sandalwood to be pulled or removed from Crown and other land.
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Soil and Land An Act relating to the conservation of soil and land resources, and to the mitigation of the effects of erosion, salinity Conservation Act 1945 and flooding. Spear-guns Control Act An Act to control the use of spear guns. 1955 Stock Diseases An Act to make better provision for the prevention, eradication and control of Diseases in Livestock, by repealing (Regulations) Act 1968 the Stock Diseases Act 1895, and enabling all necessary measures to be provided by Regulations and Orders, and for incidental and other purposes. Swan Valley Planning Act An Act to establish a committee to advise on land use planning and land development in the area known as the Swan 1995 Valley, and to prescribe planning and development objectives for the various parts of that area. Tree Plantation An Act to provide for the making and effect of certain agreements, and for the creation and effect of certain interests Agreements Act 2003 in land, in relation to tree plantations, and for related matters. Veterinary Chemical An Act Control and Animal - to provide for the control of the use of veterinary chemical products and the regulation of the sale of certain stock, Feeding Stuffs Act 1976 stock products, and carcasses of stock treated with veterinary chemical products; - to provide for the regulation of the sale and use of certain substances that promote, or are intended to promote, growth in stock and also of the sale of stock, or the carcasses of stock, which have been or are declared not to have been treated with a substance of that kind; - to control and regulate the production, importation, treatment, preparation for sale, marketing, storage, and sale of animal feeding stuffs, and for incidental and other purposes. Veterinary Surgeons Act An Act to consolidate certain Acts regulating the practice of veterinary surgery, by repealing those Acts 2 and re- 1960 enacting them with amendments, and for incidental and other purposes. Waterways Conservation An Act to make provision for the conservation and management of certain waters and of the associated land and Act 1976 environment, for the establishment of a Rivers and Estuaries Council and certain Management Authorities, to repeal the Swan River Conservation Act 1958, and for incidental and other purposes.
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Weapons Act 1999 An Act to prohibit the bringing or sending into the State, carriage, possession, purchase, sale, supply and manufacture of certain weapons, to control the carriage and possession of other weapons, to amend the Firearms Act 1973 2; and the Police Act 1892 2, and for related purposes. Western Australian An Act to provide for the protection of the environment by regulating the dumping into the sea, and the incineration Marine (Sea Dumping) at sea, of wastes and other matter and the dumping into the sea of certain other objects, and for other purposes. Act 1981 Wildlife Conservation Act An Act to provide for the conservation and protection of wildlife. 1950 Zoological Parks An Act to establish an Authority to control and manage zoological parks; repeal the Zoological Gardens Act 1972; Authority Act 2001 consequentially amend certain other Acts, and for related purposes.
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Appendix 7a Task 12 – review/collate websites and extension work promoting animal welfare legislation, codes, etc - websites
Animal Welfare Sites American Humane Association http://www.americanhumane.org/ Animal Ethics Infolink http://www.animalethics.org.au/ Animal Liberation NSW http://www.animal-lib.org.au/ Animal Liberation South Australia http://www.animalliberation.org.au/home.html Animal Welfare and Bioethics Centre http://animalwelfare.massey.ac.nz/ Animal Welfare Centre http://www.animal-welfare.org.au/ Animal Welfare Information Centre http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/ Animal Welfare MAF NZ http://www.maf.govt.nz/biosecurity/animal-welfare/index.htm Animals Australia http://www.animalsaustralia.org/ ANZCCART http://www.adelaide.edu.au/ANZCCART/ ARMCANZ Model Codes of Practice for the Welfare of http://www.affa.gov.au/docs/operating_environment/armcanz/pubsinfo/mcpwa/animal_welf Animals are.html Canadian Council on Animal Care http://www.ccac.ca/ DEFRA, UK – Animal health and welfare http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/animindx.htm Humane Slaughter Association http://www.hsa.org.uk/ Humane Society International http://www.hsi.org.au/ The Humane Society of the United States http://www.hsus.org/ace/352 International Fund for Animal Welfare http://www.ifaw.org/ifaw/general/ Law Society Animal Rights Committee http://www.lawsociety.com.au/page.asp?partid=6153 RSPCA Australia http://www.rspca.org.au/ RSPCA NSW http://www.rspcansw.org.au/rspca-homepage.htm RSPCA QLD http://www.rspcaqld.org.au/default.asp University of British Columbia Canada Animal Welfare http://www.agsci.ubc.ca/animalwelfare/ Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) http://www.ufaw.org.uk/index.htm University of Edinburgh Animal Welfare Research Group http://www.vet.ed.ac.uk/animalwelfare/default.htm University of Syd. Vet. Education and Information Network http://vein.library.usyd.edu.au/links/animalwelfare.html Viva network http://www.viva.org
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World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) http://www.wspa.org.uk/index.php?ilocale=2 World League for the Protection of Animals http://www.zipworld.com.au/~wlpa/index2.htm World Wildlife Fund Australia http://www.wwf.org.au/
Government Departments APVMA http://www.apvma.gov.au/ Australian Government, Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry http://www.affa.gov.au/index.cfm CSIRO Australia http://www.csiro.au/ Environment ACT http://www.environment.act.gov.au/ Department of the Environment and Heritage http://www.deh.gov.au/index.html Northern Territory Parks and Wildlife Commission http://www.nt.gov.au/ipe/pwcnt/ NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/npws.nsf/Content/Home NSW Agriculture http://www.agric.nsw.gov.au/ Pest Animal Control CRC http://www.pestanimal.crc.org.au/ Queensland Dpt of Natural Resources and Mines http://www.dnr.qld.gov.au/ South Australia Natural Resources http://sustainableresources.pir.sa.gov.au/ South Australia Department for Environment and Heritage http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/ South Australia Parks & Wildlife http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/parks/ Tasmania Dpt of Primary Industries, Water & Environment http://www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au/ Victorian Dpt Of Primary Industries http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/ Western Australia Conservation & Land Management http://www.calm.wa.gov.au/
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Australian university websites:
University of Sydney www.vetsci.usyd.edu.au/research/wild.shtml
University of Melbourne, The Animal Welfare Science Centre. www.animal-welfare.org.au/
Monash University Animal Welfare Committee www.monash.edu.au/research/ ethics/animal/welfare/muawc.html
The University of Newcastle Animal Care and Ethics Committee www.newcastle.edu.au/research/animal/index.htm
University of Newcastle Animal Care and Ethics Committee, wwwlib.newcastle.edu.au/research/contacts.htm
The Animal Welfare Unit, The University of Queensland www.uq.edu.au/research/orps/?id=5098
The University of Adelaide, Animal Welfare Centre www.adelaide.edu.au/library/guide/agri/welfare
Animal Ethics & Welfare. Adelaide University: Animal Ethics Committee Adelaide University www.adelaide.edu.au/animal_services/welfare/
The University of Queensland, Centre for Animal Welfare and Ethics http://www.uq.edu.au/vetschool/index.html?page=36100
Deakin university animal welfare committee. www.deakin.edu.au/research/admin/ ethics/animal/
Charles Sturt University. Animal Care and Ethics Committee. www.csu.edu.au/research/ committees/animal/acec_reslib.doc
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Stakeholder websites and extension work
Animal Active Vic www.animalactive.org Animal Liberation NSW www.animal-lib.org.au Animal Liberation Qld www.animalliberationqld.org.au Animal Liberation SA www.animalliberation.org.au Animals Australia www.animalsaustralia.org Australasian Wildlife Management Society www.awms.org.nz Australian Bird Clubs www.birddealer.com/australianbirdsclubs.html Australian Koala Foundation www.savethekoala.com Australian Wildlife Protection Council www.awpc.org.au Avicultural Federation of Australia home.vicnet.net.au/~avicons/ Ballarat Organisation for Animal Rights www.goldlinksweb.com/boar Humane Society International www.hsi.org.au International Fund for Animal Welfare www.ifaw.org National Wildlife Rehabilitation Conference Darwin 28 August- 1 September 2006 nwrc.com.au Queensland Wildlife Rehabilitation Council (umbrella organisation for wildlife carers) ww.epa.qld.gov.au/nature_conservation/wildlife/ RSPCA Australia www.rspca.org.au Tasmanian Conservation Trust www.tct.org.au Veterinary Nurses Council of Australia (Zoo and Wildlife Group) www.vnca.asn.au/f_vnca.htm Voiceless www.voiceless.org.au WildAid www.wildaid.org Wildcare www.wildcare.org.au Wildlife and Information Rescue Service www.wires.org.au Wildlife Protection Association of Australia www.wildlifeprotectaust.org.au Wildlife Victoria www.wildlifevictoria.org.au Wildlife Warriors www.wildlifewarriors.org.au Whale Watch www.whalewatch.org World Society for Protection of Animals (Australia)-WSPA Australia www.wspa.org.au World Wide Fund for Nature www.wwf.org.au
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WEBSITES ON ANIMALS IN THE WILD – note: first 25 pages only of Google search on vertebrate pest control
CRC sites
Vertebrate pest control and animal welfare - the National Consultative Committee on... Unpublished paper presented at the 10th Vertebrate Pest Control ...www.feral.org.au /content/ social_issues/AnimalWelfare.cfm - 17k
[PDF] Eradication of Australia's vertebrate pests: a feasibility study. Key words: eradication, vertebrate pest, pest control, fox, rabbit, feral goat.... preferable to continuing control for managing vertebrate pests. ...www.feral.org.au/feral_documents/eradication.pdf
Vertebrate Pests
Difficulty of control Impact of control measures Quantitative terminology. Part 2 - Vertebrate Pest Risk Assessment. Vertebrate Pests of the Wet Tropics ...www.rainforest-crc.jcu.edu.au/publications/ research%20reports/vertebratesRR.htm - 9k
[PDF] The bad, the worse and the ugly: Pest animals in the Wet Tropics describes the type and duration of… the negative effects of control. measures on habitat, native animals and other pest species. Top Ten Vertebrate Pests. www.rainforest-crc.jcu.edu.au/ publications/infosheets/vertebratePests.pdf
National Land & Water Resources Audit | Invasive Species The Vertebrate Pests Committee (VPC) and distributed as a draft for advice to... The CRC for Pest Animal Control has prepared an overarching statement on ...www.nlwra.gov.au/topics.asp?section=49 - 26k
[PDF] Invitation to workshop Round 9 Bid with CRC Board. National RSPCA President, Dr. Hugh Wirth disusses humane vertebrate pest control.with current Secretary to the Vertebrate Pest Committee, Dr.Clyde McGraw. ...www.pestanimal.crc.org.au/Impact/September2003.pdf [ More results from www.feral.org.au ]
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[PDF] The methodology used to arrive at impact figures presented in this ...relevance to current and potential Pest Animal Control CRC research ... knowledge of the major environmental and social impacts vertebrate pests have, ..www.pestanimal.crc.org.au/info/Pac_ExSum6.pdf [ More results from www.pestanimal.crc.org.au ]
Tropical Savannas CRC - Bill targets weakest links in exotics' control. Another important feature is the development of a national strategy for vertebratepests, which is currently lacking altogether. ...savanna.ntu.edu.au/news/invasive_species_r.html - 14k
14th Meeting of PMSEC. It is the major objective of the Cooperative Research Centre for Biological Control of Vertebrate Pest Populations (Vertebrate Biocontrol Centre, VBC)1. ...www.dest.gov.au/archive/Science/pmsec/14meet/rcd1.html - 36k
Tropical Savannas CRC - All Regions – Ferals. Control options are likely to be expensive and so can often only be justified ... Braysher, ML 1993, Managing Vertebrate Pests: Principles and Strategies, ...savanna.ntu.edu.au/information/ar/ar_fl.html - 26k
CRCA - Press Releases. "The vertebrate pest project aims to measure the impact reducing fox ..."An immunocontraceptive control program for fox and rabbit populations would reduce ...www.crca.asn.au/press_releases/1998/vbc.htm - 8k
State Government sites – New South Wales
Controlling vertebrate pests after a drought. The critical point to remember in vertebrate pest control is that if the pest population is already low, and can be made lower still by tactical control, ...www.agric.nsw.gov.au/reader/ management-planning-recovery-/dai293.htm - 21k
Fox. Proceedings of the 11th Vertebrate Pest Control Conference, Bunbury. ISBN 1 86308 067 8, 11: 313-16. McIlroy, J. and Saunders, G. (1998). ... www.agric.nsw.gov.au/ap/vpru/pubfox.htm - 13k
Exploring CRC Research: Highlights of Environmental CRCs in ... CRC for Vertebrate Pest Biocontrol. A myxoma virus contraceptive for wild rabbits - can the virus deliver? Scientists discover a new virus to control ...www.crca.asn.au/resource_materials/env_sector.htm - 12k
NSW SoE 2000: Biodiversity 6.5. For vertebrate pests, the rabbit calicivirus disease is an example of a biological control agent. Although the disease was released accidentally…
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Australian Animal Welfare Strategy Final report - Animals in the Wild Sector Review of Existing Animal Welfare Arrangements www.environment.nsw.gov.au/soe/soe2000/cb/cb_6.5.htm - 60k CANRI Project Plan 2003-2004: Project # 4041-Vertebrate pest and ... Vegetation; Other; Vertebrate pest and weed infestation data/declarations/Local Control Authority boundaries. 8.3 Type of deliverables ... www.canri.nsw.gov.au/activities/projects/ 2003/plan/4041_vertebrate_pest_and_weed_infestation_data_plan.html - 37k
Health Science, Strategic Alliances & Evaluation | NSW Department ... The Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, located at DPI‘s Orange Agricultural ... CRC on Biological Control of Vertebrate Pests, Pest Animal Control CRC, ... www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/research/key-areas/health-science - 27k
Features identified about 80 introduced species of vertebrate pests in Australia. ... Ensuring feral animal control programs don‘t become self- limiting due to ...www.npansw.org.au/web/journal/200110/features-feral.htm - 13k
EPA | NSW SoE 2003: Biodiversity 6.4. Table 6.5 outlines areas where the main vertebrate pests have been found and highlights ... In 2000–01, the NPWS conducted more than 900 pest animal control ... www.environment.nsw.gov.au/ soe/soe2003/chapter6/chp_6.4.htm - 55k [ More results from www.environment.nsw.gov.au ]
NPWS stages Bombala pest management workshop. ... workshop to educate some 30 pest management planners and practitioners from NSW and Victoria on the control of feral pigs and other vertebrate pests. ... www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/ npws.nsf/Content/dec_media_041124_bombalapest - 57k
[PDF] Fox control factsheet (PDF - 333KB). Vertebrate Pest. Control Manual Fourth edition. NSW Agriculture,. Orange, NSW. The NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service thanks the… www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/ PDFs/Factsheet4_Fox_control.pdf [ More results from www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au ]
NSW Police Online | Categories & genuine reasons. Vertebrate Pest Animal Control. You must be a professional contract shooter, be employed or authorised by a government body or be a primary producer. ... www.police.nsw.gov.au/.../forms,_brochures_ _and__permit_instructions/categories__and__genuine_reasons - 40k
State Government sites – Queensland
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Weed and pest animal management. NR&M researches, develops and improves methods of pest management and control. Approaches include the use of herbicides and vertebrate toxins, ... www.nrm.qld.gov.au/pests/index.html - 19k [ More results from www.nrm.qld.gov.au ]
State Government sites – Victoria
Animal Health Sciences - Vertebrate Pest Research Unit ... Humaneness and Vertebrate Pest Control: Proceedings of the Seminar held 27th March 1996. ... In: 'Solutions for achieving humane vertebrate pest control', ... www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/nrensr.nsf/LinkView/ 7B098FC9F2DE97D5CA256FA90012CB71729DAF1B61BB2DB5CA256FCD00067B7F - 20k -
Foxes: some useful references. Paper prepared for the 10th Australian Vertebrate Pest Control Conference, Hobart. 234-237 pp; Greentree, C., McLeod, L., Saunders, G., (1995). ... www.dpi.vic.gov.au/DPI/nreninf.nsf/childdocs/ -89E7A8DAFEA417624A2568B30004C26A-3DB1800178777EB4CA256BC700... - 22k -
Vertebrate Pest Management is concerned with the management of pest animals on responding to emergencies, overseeing vertebrate pest control activities, ... www.psv.com.au/vertebrate_pest_man.htm - 9k
Level 4. Daily supervision of staff and their vertebrate pest control activities with ...Providing advice to landholders on vertebrate pest control techniques and ...www.psv.com.au/vertebrate_pest_management_level_4.htm - 11k
Vertebrate Pest Research. 1996 "Humaneness and Vertebrate Pest Control - Proceedings of a seminar held on March 27th 1996" Editors P. Fisher and CA Marks ... www.dse.vic.gov.au/DSE/nrenpa.nsf/ FID/-AAE7A3BDA66315624A256AD90009C399?OpenDocument - 10k
[PDF] Foxes: some useful references (VIC). Australian Vertebrate Pest Control Conference, Hobart. 234-237 pp. Greentree, C., McLeod, L., Saunders, G., (1995). The. Impact and Management of Foxes on ..www.dse.vic.gov.au/.../eec6c96e0ff5cb3dca256e72002293b1/$FILE/ATTPBV2K/LC0313.pdf More results from www.dse.vic.gov.au ]
State government Sites – Western Australia
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Department of Agriculture, Western Australia : Vertebrate Pest ... The Department of Agriculture and the Vertebrate Pest Research Section ... Pest bird control options and strategies (starlings and rainbow lorikeets). ...www.agric.wa.gov.au/pls/portal30/ docs/FOLDER/IKMP/PW/VP/KW/VPRS.HTM - 6k – FINAL NACC STRATEGY. In Western Australia‘s agricultural systems, weed control costs have been ... Rabbits, foxes and feral pigs are the most common vertebrate pests in the NAR; ...finalstrategy.nacc.com.au/default.asp?documentid=15 - 47k . www.agric.wa.gov.au
State Government sites – Tasmania
[PDF] RESTRICTIONS on the SUPPLY and USE of CERTAIN AGRICULTURAL ... Must not be used for vertebrate pest control,. unless authorised by the Chief Veterinary ... vertebrate pest control contractors. Pindone ready to use baits ... www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au/.../$FILE/ Restrictions%20on%20supply%20&%20use%20of%20certain%20chemicals.pdf –
DPIWE - Categories of Chemical Users. Vertebrate Pest Control Completion of a 1080 bait layers course and on-the-job assessment by a Wild Animal Management Officer of the Department of Primary ... www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/ WebPages/EGIL-52RV9Z?open - 22k
Animal Pests. No vertebrate pests are known from the marine environment. ... Environmental Pests Covered by Control/Eradication Plans - at a glance. Continued in depth ... www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/soer/bio/4/issue/23/index.php - 41k
State Government sites – Australian Capital Territory
[DOC] Fox Control - Code of Practice. Comprehensive information on controlling fox impact is to be found in ―Managing Vertebrate Pests: Foxes‖ (Saunders et al 1995) which is available from ... www.environment.act.gov.au/__data/ assets/word_doc/14843/foxwelfare-codeofpracticeword.doc –
[DOC] Commercial Pest and Weed Control Application Form. vertebrate pest control. Yes, No. roadside weed control. Yes, No. general weed control. Yes, No. school insect pest and weed control ... www.environment.act.gov.au/__data/assets/ word_doc/14681/commercialpestcontrolapplicationformword.doc
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[PDF] INDICATOR PEST ANIMALS. forms the basis for vertebrate pest control in the ... Monitoring – deer sightings are reported to the Vertebrate Pest Control Officer. Status and. outlook: ... www.environmentcommissioner.act.gov.au/ pestanimals03p.pdf –
State Government sites – Northern Territory
Pest animals - Animals - Wildlife - NRETA - NT Government – Australia. Apart from the overriding environmental impact the impacts at other levels should be considered when planning a vertebrate pest control program. ... www.nt.gov.au/nreta/wildlife/animals/pests/index.html - 20k
NTPFES - POLICE - Genuine Reason/Need. The applicant must have a genuine reason for possessing or using a firearm that is for vertebrate pest animal control, and must be: ... www.nt.gov.au/pfes/police/ services/firearms/genuine.html - 19k
Council sites
[PDF] LAKE MACQUARIE CITY COUNCIL. identifies particular circumstances when vertebrate pest control ... and outlines a procedure on how to undertake a vertebrate pest control program. ... www.lakemac.com.au/Files/Vertebrate.pdf
Lake Macquarie City Council. This Policy outlines the impact that vertebrate pests are having on the City‘s environment, identifies particular circumstances when vertebrate pest control ... www.lakemac.com.au/AboutCouncil/ policies_detail.asp?intFileID=71 - 46k
Controlling pest animals in Tumut Shire. The objectives of this plan are to minimise the impact of vertebrate pest species by eradicating rabbits (rangers really expect to achieve control), ... www.tumut.nsw.gov.au/soe/SoE/ IndicatorResults/ControllingPestAnimals.htm - 6k
Pest Animals in Gundagai Shire. Gundagai RLPB undertakes feral animal control programs within Gundagai Shire. The RLPB has developed Vertebrate Pest Management plans that cover all major ... www.envcomm.act.gov.au/ soe/soe2004/Gundagai/pestanimals.htm - 29k [ More results from www.envcomm.act.gov.au ]
CSIRO sites
CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems – Research. ... Natural Resource Management, Outback Sustainability, Pest Management, Rainforests, Sustainable Agriculture, Tropical Savannas, Urban Ecosystems, Water ... www.cse.csiro.au/research/ - 32k –
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CSIRO Biodiversity – Immunocontraception. CASE STUDY PEST CONTROL BY CONTRACEPTION. Australia would be a more idyllic place without its three most damaging vertebrate pests — the European fox, ... www.biodiversity.csiro.au/2nd_level/ 3rd_level/Immunocontraception.htm - 16k
[PDF] ANALYSIS OF VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL Jim Hone Publisher: Cambridge ... research on vertebrate pest control before they plan or undertake research programs. Very few typographical errors were noted, and all were minor. ... www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_ file&file_id=RJ9950242.pdf
[PDF] Monitoring bait removal in vertebrate pest control: a comparison ... baits in control programmes for vertebrate pests in eastern. Australia. Wildlife Research 25, 33–40. Page 5. Monitoring bait removal photographically ... www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_ file&file_id=WR01059.pdf –
RABBIT CONTROL AND RABBIT CALICIVIRUS DISEASE. Information on the availability of the virus is obtainable through your State or Territory vertebrate pest control authority . ... www.csiro.au/communication/rabbits/rcd_book.htm - 37k
Managing Australia‘s pests (Overview - Research). Invertebrates in cotton; Vertebrate pests; Other ways we are helping. CSIRO research is helping to control pest invertebrates and animals. ... www.csiro.au/csiro/content/standard/ps11x,,.html - 24k
[PDF] MANAGEMENT OF RODENT PESTS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ... A Master's Class on Vertebrate Pest Control, supported by the Crawford ...the CRC for the Biological Control of Vertebrate Pest Populations, and will ... www.cse.csiro.au/research/ rodents/rats_newsletters/War2.pdf
CSIRO Biodiveristy - plan_pests. CSIRO currently leads the world in reproductive and development studies for vertebrate pests, in biological control of weeds, and in developing and applying ... www.biodiversity.csiro.au/ 2nd_level/3rd_level/plan_pests.htm - 43k
Landlinks – Browse. Managing Vertebrate Pests - Principles and Strategies ... density and damage for three theoretical situations and between cost of control and pest density ... www.landlinks.com/nid/18/pid/425.htm - 19k – [ More results from www.cse.csiro.au ] [ More results from www.csiro.au ]
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Lyn Hinds Publications. Proceedings of the 10th Vertebrate Pest Control Conference, Hobart, May 1995 5. Hinds, LA, Jackson, RJ, Maguire, DJ, Ramshaw, IA, Kerr, PJ, Holland, ... www.ento.csiro.au/staffhome/lhindspublics.html - 45k –
[PDF] NHT GRANTS TOOLBOX FOR MARINE PEST CONTROL. The history of terrestrial pest control varies from country to country and dates... vertebrate feeders œ the class of biological control agents that have ...www.marine.csiro.au/crimp/reports/Toolbox.pdf –
Federal Government - APVMA
1080 – FAQ. 1080 is a poison used for the purpose of vertebrate pest control. ... Are there any alternative vertebrate pest control techniques available? ... www.apvma.gov.au/chemrev/1080_FAQ.shtml - 29k
[PDF] Responding to Land and Water Challenges - 15 October 2002. fox control by the National Registration Authority for Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals,. and has requested that the Vertebrate Pest Committee review ...www.mincos.gov.au/pdf/nrmmc_03.pdf
APVMA animal welfare statement http://www.apvma.gov.au/about_us/animal_welfare.shtml
[PDF] 1080 scope document. Effectiveness of 1080 as a vertebrate pest control agent and its role in ...Australia for the control of various vertebrate pests. ...www.apvma.gov.au/chemrev/1080_scope.pdf
Federal Government - EA
Impact of Fox Baiting on Tiger Quoll Populations - Final Report ... Proceedings of the 10th Australian Vertebrate Pest Control Conference, Hobart. Murray AJ, Belcher CA, Poore RN, Darrant J (2000) The ability of ... www.biodiversity.ea.gov.au/biodiversity/ invasive/publications/quolls/acknowlegement.html - 14k –
Natural Heritage Trust - Skills Tool Kit - Qualifications ... RUAAG4352GRA Plan and implement long term disease, pest and weed control. RUAAG4520DYA Install drainage systems. RUAAG4070PMA Define the vertebrate pest ...www.nht.gov.au/skills/qualification.html - 25k
Vertebrate Pest. Vertebrate Pest. Rabbits. The European Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus is present throughout much of the Board area. Effective rabbit control relies on knowing ... www.eeapcb.sa.gov.au/vertebrate_pest_control.htm - 6k
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Review of Progress on Invasive Species - Containment and Control. The most successful control of a vertebrate pest species in Australia in the ...There is no national coordination of control of vertebrate pests already ... deh.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/ publications/review/containment.html - 15k
Natural Heritage Trust Annual Report 2002-03 - Chapter 6 ... Under the program, work progressed on a range of feral pest control activities, ... Contribution to the successful implementation of the Vertebrate Pest ... www.nht.gov.au/publications/annrpt0203/ chapter-6-program-achievements.html - 22k
Impacts of animal and insect pests on Australian environments. Most vertebrate pest control uses baits with toxins at very low doses, and with the baits buried. However, the toxins are non-specific, and it is often very ... www.nlwra.gov.au/.../30_themes_and_projects/ 50_scoping_projects/04_methods_papers/20_Newsome/newsome_1.html - 69k
Landlinks – Browse. Managing Vertebrate Pests - Rabbits ... The authors recommend management techniques and strategies for control, using four case studies, and identify ... www.landlinks.com/nid/18/pid/429.htm - 17k [ More results from www.landlinks.com ]
Federal government – NRM
Impacts of regionally significant invasive vertebrate pests ... The major vertebrate pests cause direct short-term economic losses of at least $500 ... Control methods and their impact on pest animal density and any ... www.nrm.gov.au/monitoring/indicators/vertebrate.html - 50k
[PDF] Vertebrate pests of built-up areas in Queensland (NR&M). Oogjes, G. 1996, ‗The ANZFAS view of vertebrate pest control using chloropicrin fumigation and 1080 poisoning‘, in Humaness and Vertebrate Pest Control ...
[PDF] Extent and impact of selected ecologically significant invasive ... of data, including recording vertebrate pest activity, the control actions. undertaken in response to pest animal damage and the results of ongoing ... www.nrm.gov.au/monitoring/ indicators/pubs/vertebrate.pdf
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Review of existing Red Fox, Feral Cat, Feral Rabbit, Feral Pig and ... Analysis of vertebrate pest control. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ... Proceedings 11th Australian Vertebrate Pest Control Conference, Bunbury, ... www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/ publications/information-gaps/recommendations.html - 24k - [ More results from www.deh.gov.au ]
Federal government – Senate
[DOC] Submission - Inquiry into the regulation, control and management ... Boards work on vertebrate pest control with assistance from NSW Agriculture. This assistance involves matters such as the provision of research, ... www.aph.gov.au/senate_communications/ invasive_species/submissions/sub32.doc
[PDF] RSPCA Australia/AWC/VPC joint workshop. Towards humane vertebrate pest control and to identify the required research, ... vertebrate pest control should include: uniformity of approach across ... www.aph.gov.au/House/committee/ primind/pestanimals/subs/sub047b.pdf
Federal Government – Australian Academy of Science
Integrated pest management-Key text. Combining different pest control strategies is the basis of integrated pest ...It can be applied, in theory at least, to any kind of pest – vertebrate, ... www.science.org.au/nova/041/041key.htm - 13k
[PDF] 3 F: CROPS AND PEST CONTROL James Ridsdill-Smith Pest losses in crops. Rabbits are still the major vertebrate pests in pastures. Mouse plagues are more of a. problem in grain crops. Calcivirus is reported to be controlling ... www.natsoc.org.au/html/papers/rsmith.pdf
Eureka moments! There are many vertebrate pest species in Australia in addition to the rabbit ... Pest control techniques covers the control techniques used in integrated ... www.science.org.au/eureka/teachersnotes.htm - 67k - 17 Mar 2006
Federal Government – ABS
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1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2003. A further $60m per year is spent on controlling these vertebrate pests, while the costs of combating associated long-term land degradation are likely to be ... www.abs.gov.au/.../[email protected]/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/ 01cee6181b8b870cca256cae001599c2!OpenDocument - 34k
Federal Government – Treasury
Investing in Our Natural and Cultural Heritage - FERAL ANIMALS AND ... The CRC for Biological Control of Pest Animals aims to contribute to the better management of Australian biodiversity by limiting the growth of vertebrate ... www.budget.gov.au/1999-00/ ministerial/ch4/ch4-FERAL.html - 11k
Federal Government – DAFF
Vertebrate Pests. A number of introduced animals, including rabbits, foxes, ... and the National Feral Animal Control Program. Vertebrate Pests Committee ... www.affa.gov.au/content/ output.cfm?ObjectID=730878F3-8504-4369-B31D1358B7AA6763 - 105k –
GRDC - Annual Report 2001-2002 - Program 3.2- Vertebrate pests. Program 3.2- Vertebrate pests. Program effectiveness ... delivery of the latest pest-control information to graingrowers ... www.grdc.com.au/about/ar2001/do3_2.htm - 12k
[DOC] Vertebrate Pest Research Unit. Presenting lectures on aerial survey techniques to the annual Vertebrate Pest Management Courses run for pest control officers by VPRU (1998-2003). ... www.daff.gov.au/corporate_docs/publications/ word/rural_science/lms/ferals/96-04_nsw_goat_monitoring.doc
Managing Vertebrate Pests: Rabbits (1995). The authors recommend management techniques and strategies for control, ...You can also download a copy of Managing Vertebrate Pests - Rabbits in the ... www.affa.gov.au/content/ publications.cfm?Category=Bureau%20of%20Rural%20Sciences&ObjectID=1DED56B2-D0... - 102k
National Feral Animal Control Program (NFACP). Vertebrate pests, such as rabbits, foxes and feral goats now make up about ten ... Monitoring agricultural production responses to pest control during the ... www.daff.gov.au/content/ output.cfm?ObjectID=D2C48F86-BA1A-11A1-A2200060B0A06278 - 121k
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[PDF] Managing Vertebrate Pests: Feral Pigs. on pest control should be justified in terms. of economic returns on such investments, ... the Vertebrate Pest Program in the Bureau of. Resou rce Sciences. ... affashop.gov.au/PdfFiles/PC12791.pdf
BRS Shopping Mall. It provides information on a wide range of control techniques which can be used ... 12933, Managing Vertebrate Pests: Rabbits, e-Publications, Jan 1995, free. affashop.gov.au/product.asp?prodid=12101 - 24k –
Agriculture Portal Partners - Australian Government: Bureau of ... Managing Vertebrate Pests: Principles and Strategies (1993) · Managing Vertebrate Pests: Rabbits (1995) ... National Feral Animal Control Program Projects ... www.agriculture.gov.au/ partners2.cfm?organisation=Australian%20Government%3A%20Bureau%20of%20Rural%20Scie... - 29k
Industry sites
[DOC] Nm,nm,nm,cmdkzmc,x Overall coordination of vertebrate pest control programs including machinery ... Overall management responsibility for a vertebrate pest control business ... www.rtca.com.au/CLM/Files/ RTD02%20Sector%20Booklet%20-%20Part%20D%20VPM.doc -
Animal Control Technologies. Animal Control Technologies is a specialist manufacturer of broadacre vertebrate pest control solutions. Through environmentally focused research and ...www.animalcontrol.com.au/ - 9k
AWS – Staff. Development of draft control plans for wild animals in an exotic disease emergency in collaboration with State vertebrate pest control authorities and under ...www.awt.com.au/content/clients_previous.htm - 22k
Weeds and Pests. Managing Vertebrate Pests: Rabbits - Williams/Parer/Coman/Burley/Braysher. (95) 284p P $24.95. Manual of Fumigation for Insect Control - Bond, ed. ... www.theruralstore.com.au/PriceLists/Weeds.html - 36k
Pest Control. ... Skunk · Weevils · Roach · Vertebrate Pest Management · The Pest · Help Control ... Integrated Fruit Production In Canterbury (Pest Control) ... www.growinglifestyle.com.au/au/j109 - 17k
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Yahoo! Directory AU & NZ > B2B > Pest Control. (NZ) Animal Control Products · Open site in a new window - Manufacturer, distributor, and exporter of vertebrate pesticides and pest control products and ... au.dir.yahoo.com/Business_and_Economy/ Business_to_Business/Home_and_Garden/Pest_Control/ - 21k
Markwilliamstalk. The control of non?indigenous vertebrate animals (mammals, birds, ... This review process is conducted primarily by the Vertebrate Pests Committee (VPC) at ... www.venomsupplies.com/ exoticconference/markwilliamstalk.html - 15k
Pest Control. Pest Control · The Pest · Pest Management · Vertebrate Pest Management · Natural ... Integrated Fruit Production In Canterbury (Pest Control) ... www.growinglifestyle.com.au/au/j4342593 - 17k
Vertebrate Pests. Vertebrate pests cause problems of an economic, social or environmental nature. www.animalcontrol.com.au/pest.htm - 7k
Garrards Pty Ltd - News & Events. A new range of products for the control of vertebrate pests is now available. Click to read more about the Animal Control Technologies range. ... www.garrards.com.au/news_&_events.cfm - 46k
[PDF] Fox control options. on the biology and control of specific parrot species, refer ... implement a vertebrate pest management program using. these guidelines can be found at the ... www.naturebase.net/plants_animals/ living_with_wildlife/pdf/1805_parrot_control.pdf
[PDF] Fox control options. the biology and control of specific cockatoo species, refer to ... implement a vertebrate pest management program using. these guidelines can be found at ...www.naturebase.net/plants_animals/ living_with_wildlife/pdf/1505_cockatoo_control.pdf
Petnet - Urban Animal Management Conference. Information on ... Hydatid Control Campaign Vertebrate Pest Project Jervis Bay Territory. Paul is currently researching the biology and ecology of foxes, domestic cats and ... www.petnet.com.au/uam/meek94.html - 6k
Australian Wool Innovation Limited - Animal health and welfare. Developed in conjunction with the Pest Animal Control Cooperative ... Another version of this video is available for vertebrate pest field officers. ... www.wool.com.au/LivePage.aspx?pageId=2233 - 17k
NATIONAL LAUNCH OF RABBIT CONTROL HANDBOOK (12th December 1997) The release of Rabbit Calicivirus (RCD) around Australia in September 1996 dealt a major blow against the rabbit, Australia's greatest vertebrate feral pest ... www.iinet.net.au/~rabbit/hbook.htm - 7k
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Media Sites
WildWatch 2: Credits. Peter Fleming, Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, NSW Dept of Primary Industries ... Ian Temby, Pest Control Officer, Dept of Sustainability and Environment VIC ... www.abc.net.au/wildwatch/credits.htm - 10k
WildWatch 2: Top Five Pest Profiles. People brought Indian Mynas to Australia around 140 years ago to control ... and the most destructive environmental and agricultural vertebrate pest. ... www.abc.net.au/wildwatch/results/profiles.htm - 17k –
Tertiary Institution sites
Yield, compensation and fertility control: a model for vertebrate ... The control of damage by vertebrate pests may be by lethal. or non-lethal methods. ... interest in the control of fertility of vertebrate pests as a ... aerg.canberra.edu.au/reprints/2004_HoneWR.pdf
Applied Ecology Research Group. Title: Vertebrate Pest control Summary: Funding agency: NSW Agriculture ... Summary: Funding agency: CRC for Vertebrate Pest Biocontol Grant amount: $14500 ... aerg.canberra.edu.au/cgi-bin/ grant_short.cgi?target=hone - 17k [ More results from aerg.canberra.edu.au ]
ANIML SC 3019RW - Ecology and Management of Vertebrate Pests. This course strongly emphasises the field application of vertebrate pest control techniques and provides the theoretical bases for these techniques. ... access.adelaide.edu.au/courses/ details.asp?year=2006&course=007023+1+2605+0 - 16k
CRC for Biological Control of Vertebrate Pest Populations ... CRC for Biological Control of Vertebrate Pest Populations - Australian Science at Work Corporate entry, Australian Science at Work is a biographical, ... www.austehc.unimelb.edu.au/asaw/biogs/A001945b.htm - 9k -
TAFE NSW - Course information. This course is for people who want to work as vertebrate pest management managers/contractors for land management, pest control agencies and regional boards ... www.tafensw.edu.au/howex/servlet/ Course?Command=GetCourse&CourseNo=3430 - 18k
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CRC for Biological Control of Vertebrate Pest Populations ... CRC for Biological Control of Vertebrate Pest Populations - Australian Science at Work Published Sources, Australian Science at Work is a biographical, ... www.austehc.unimelb.edu.au/asaw/bib/A001945p.htm - 6k
Unit of Competence: RTE3406A Implement vertebrate pest control program ... Candidates will be required to implement a vertebrate pest control program ... www.wappa.com.au/rto/ RTE3406A%20Implement%20vertebrate%20pest%20control%20program%20(v1.3).doc
UWA Handbooks 2005 - Animal Resource Management 350. (2) Control of Vertebrate Pests (20 hours)—This study guide deals with the major vertebrate pests and feral animals in Australia. ...handbooks-2005.weboffice.uwa.edu.au/units/703/703.350 - 26k
Units of Study - Wildlife Health and Population Management - The ... Vertebrate pests occur in many parts of the world, ... from problem analysis to acceptable levels of control, using case studies of cane toads, rabbits, ... www.vetsci.usyd.edu.au/wild/ future_students/uos_wild5004.shtml - 16k
TAFE NSW - Course information. Vertebrate pest management supervisor, vertebrate pest management enforcement officer, private pest control contractor, land and environment manager. ... www.tafensw.edu.au/howex/servlet/ Course?Command=GetCourse&CourseNo=3588 - 19k
ANU Reporter. Another conventional method of pest control involves introducing diseases into the pest population - such as myxoma used to control rabbits. ... info.anu.edu.au/mac/Newsletters_and_Journals/ ANU_Reporter/_pdf/vol_29_no_03/foxes.html - 5k –
Weed Research Publications. Australian Vertebrate Pest Conference, Bunbury, WA, 11: 341-6. Other. Day, MD 1998, ‗Biological Control of Lantana‘, CRC for Tropical Pest Management ... www.cbit.uq.edu.au/biocontrol/pest_ plant_management/weed_research_publications.htm - 12k
Careers in Pest Management. Julie Nicol, A career in research into plant disease control. Sharelle Hart, An outdoors career in controlling vertebrate pests ... www.waite.adelaide.edu.au/school/Pests/careers.html - 5k
Flinders University. Proceedings of the Humaneness and Vertebrate Pest Control Conference. Humaneness and Vertebrate Pest Control Conference (27 March 1996; Keith Turnball ... www.flinders.edu.au/research/Reports/1996/Edu96.htm - 46k
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General Research Sites – not for profit
Spatial analysis for better wild dog management. Vertebrate pest control programs are coming under increasing scrutiny by the public and the need for implementing each program must be soundly justified ... www.regional.org.au/au/gia/23/769worsley.htm - 23k
Museum Sites
Run rabbit run! It has been instrumental in developing a lot of control techniques for vertebrate pests in WA - particularly wild dog and fox control, and the control of ... amol.org.au/runrabbitrun/modern.asp - 7k and amol.org.au/runrabbitrun/transcripts/DrTwigg.rtf
National Community Group / Professional Organisations sites
[PDF] Solutions for achieving humane vertebrate pest control Assessing public attitudes to vertebrate pest control. Prof Grahame Coleman, Animal Welfare Centre ... Session 2 – Ethics of controlling vertebrate pests ... www.rspca.org.au/events/seminars03_Agenda.PDF and www.rspca.org.au/events/seminar2003.asp - 17k -
[PDF] Bandicoots and rabbit control It is important to establish integrated pest control. programs to include effective management of ... Managing Vertebrate Pests: Rabbits. Bureau of ... www.communitywebs.org/BandicootValley/ pdf_files/rabbit_control.pdf
[PDF] AVJ Nov 99 layouts Biological Control of Vertebrate Pests: The History of Myxomatosis, an Experiment in Evolution by. Frank Fenner and Bernardino Fantini, CABI Publishing, UK, ... www.ava.com.au/avj/9911/99110751.pdf
[PDF] AVJ December '97 Do we need a new vertebrate pest control ethic? In: Fisher P,. Marks CA, editors. Humaneness and vertebrate pest control. Agriculture ... www.ava.com.au/avj/9712/97120878.pdf
[DOC] Peter Musk At least 73 introduced vertebrate pests have established wild populations on the ... Associated Issues of Controlling Pest Animals includes the impacts on ... www.conservationwa.asn.au/Sub_HouseReps_ Inq_Impacts_Agric_Pest%20Animals_14-5-04.doc
Feral Animals – References Vertebrate Pest Control & Animal Welfare, A Report of the National Consultative Committee on Animal Welfare, Feb 1992. VACTA, Aug-Sep 1992 ... www.animal-lib.org.au/lists/feral/frefs.shtml - 6k
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State Community Group / Professional Organisations sites
Tasmanian Conservation Trust Effectiveness of 1080 as a vertebrate pest control agent and its role in environmental protection. Animal welfare concerns. Assessment of product labels and ... www.tct.org.au/n22h.htm - 18k
UWA Handbooks 2006 - Animal Resource Management Part 1 (2) Control of Vertebrate Pests (20 hours)—this study guide deals with the major vertebrate pests and feral animals in Australia. ... handbooks.uwa.edu.au/units/anim/anim3356 - 28k
Agri-food Industry Skill Council - Training Packages – Conservation Animals that are classified as vertebrate pests represent complex management problems for agriculture and the environment. Their control can involve a range ... www.agrifoodskills.net.au/training- conservation.php - 15k
Media release: Pest resistant eucalypts for agroforestry The use of chemical pesticides and poisons to control insect and vertebrate pests is costly to plantation owners and can also result in hidden costs of ... www.rirdc.gov.au/pub/media_releases/8nov01.html - 13k
Untitled Document These figures do not include those employed in vertebrate pest control by lands, parks and wildlife and indigenous land management sectors. ... www.ruralskills.com.au/pages/whats_new.html - 167k
[PDF] RTE30203 Certificate III in Agriculture (Beef Production) RTE3406A Implement vertebrate pest control program ... applications for the effective control of vertebrate pests without harm to other species or the ... www.rite.com.au/pdf/study-plan-cert-iii.pdf
National Training Information Service (FDFWGGVPCB) Perform vertebrate pest control activities ... Access workplace information to identify vertebrate pest control requirements ... www.ntis.gov.au/cgi-bin/waxhtml/~ntis2/ unit.wxh?page=80&inputRef=29598&sCalledFrom=pkg - 22k
Animal Pest Management Services are specialists in providing vertebrate pest and wildlife control services to agriculture, mining, industrial, urban, ... www.animalpest.com.au/services.html - 17k
Pest Animals in Cootamundra Shire, Australia Gundagai RLPB undertakes feral animal control programs within Cootamundra Shire. The RLPB has developed Vertebrate Pest Management plans that cover all ...
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ANBG Management Plan 2002-2008 - Chap.3 – Growing Pest and disease management measures are required to maintain the health and ... Develop and implement control methods for vertebrate animals that damage ... www.anbg.gov.au/anbg/manplan/2002/07-chap3.html - 28k
[PDF] Institute of Foresters of Australia - Forest Policy Statement industry, use in specific locations where vertebrate pest control may be necessary, to more regular use. for management and production purposes. ... www.forestry.org.au/pdf/pdf-public/policies/ Statement-v2-5-UseofChemicalsinPlantationForestry.pdf
National Training Information Service RTE3406A/01, Assess requirements for pest control. 1.1 Vertebrate pest control requirements are assessed and clarified according to enterprise objectives. ... www.ntis.gov.au/cgi-bin/waxhtml/~ntis2/ unit.wxh?page=80&inputRef=29865&sCalledFrom=pkg - 44k [ More results from www.ntis.gov.au ]
Phillip Island Nature Park – 2001 (12th Australasian Vertebrate Pest Conference, Melbourne , May). ... of a mechanical ejector baiting program to control foxes on Phillip Island . ... www.penguins.org.au/content.asp?pg=179 - 26k
Genuine reasons for having a firearms licence Vertebrate pest animal control. Be a professional contract shooter or employed in controlling pest animals on rural land, or employed or authorised by a ... www.afp.gov.au/afp/page/Prevention/ GunLicensing/GenReasLicence.htm - 22k
A&T : Course Outline RTE3406A, Implement vertebrate pest control program. RTE3901A, Comply with industry quality assurance requirements. A total of 16 units must be completed ... apprenticeships.training.wa.gov.au/.../tships/ primary/agriculture-pig-production-level-3.asp&print=true - 11k
[DOC] Western Australia regional landcare projects Planning and implementing on-ground works to control surface water and erosion in the ... A community-based approach to vertebrate pest management in the ... www.maff.gov.au/releases/04/walandcareprojects.doc
Innovation Australia – Services Cutting-edge research in vertebrate pest control technologies; 40 partner national and international organisations; Strong teams of researchers with ...
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[DOC] MEMBERSHIP EXAMINATION JUNE/JULY 2003 c. the ethical issues with routine vertebrate pest control. d. the ―gold standard‖ versus ―incremental improvement‖ approach to animal welfare ... www.acvs.org.au/assets/documents/ member/exams/2003/Animal%20Welfare%202003.doc
National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia's Biological ... A national strategy for the control of weeds and guidelines for the control of vertebrate pests are being developed and should be implemented as a matter of ... eriss.erin.gov.au/biodiversity/ publications/strategy/chap3.html - 34k
Cooperative Research Centres in the Life Sciences CRC for Biological Control of Vertebrate Pest Populations. CRC for Ecologically Sustainable Development of the Great Barrier Reef ... science.uniserve.edu.au/ disc/BiolSci/CRCLifeScience.html - 18k
La Trobe University - Mildura Campus - Science Conference August 2004 Use of beneficial vertebrates. Biological control of vertebrate pests. Use of beneficial plants. Biological control of plant weeds ... www.psy.latrobe.edu.au/mildura/science_conference.htm - 31k
FDFWGGVPCB Perform vertebrate pest control activities. 1. Prepare for vertebrate pest control activities. 2. Carry our vertebrate pest control activities ... www.crcv.com.au/education/resources/ Resources/FDF03%20Summary%20of%20Units.pdf
[PDF] National Management Strategy for Carp Control practice for vertebrate pest management, control. should focus on (i) impact not numbers; (ii) the. level of control to be applied and the level of ... www.mdbc.gov.au/publications/ pdf/national_management_strategy.pdf
RLPB - Landholder Info/Pest Animal and Insects Pest Animal and Insect Control. RLPBs Pest Animal and Insect Role ... to develop vertebrate pest management plans and cooperative management programs. ... www.rlpb.org.au/landholder_info/pest_animal_insects.htm - 17k
[PDF] January 6, 2004 Vertebrate pests represent a major threat to agricultural production, in particular livestock industries and. require a sustained, and cooperative control ... www.nff.org.au/pages/policies_printfiles/ NFF_policy_Sustainable_Production.pdf
Australian Authorities Contact Details Write to: (1)The State ... (3)Vertebrate Pest Control Vertebrate Biocontrol CRC GPO Box 284 Canberra ACT 2601 Australia Street address: Barton Highway, Crace ACT 2911 ... www.iinet.net.au/~rabbit/ausconmyx.htm - 2k
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Muresk Institute ... salt lakes, marine pollution, entomology, insect ecology, pest control, ... sustainable rural development and vertebrate pests research. ... muresk.curtin.edu.au/research/index.html - 19k
[PDF] Exotic Pest Fishes framework of best practice for vertebrate pest control and provides a framework for regional. planning and on-ground actions. ... www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/extra/ pdf/fishweb/execsummary_intro.pdf –
Animal Pests ... pests that exist in Tasmania, only 14 are covered by control/eradication ... Of the 32 environmental vertebrate pests, only three species have active, ... www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/soer/bio/4/issue/23/ataglance.php - 17k [ More results from www.rpdc.tas.gov.au ]
ACT Commissioner for the Environment - Pest animals Pest animals remain a potentially significant threat to biodiversity in the ACT despite measures for their control and management. The ACT Vertebrate Pest ... www.environmentcommissioner.act.gov.au/ soe/2003actreport/indicators03/pestanimals03 - 24k - [ More results from www.environmentcommissioner.act.gov.au ]
Rural Lands Protection Bill - 14/10/1998 - 1R 2R These include management of travelling stock reserves, control of vertebrate pests and noxious insects, implementation of animal health policy and ... www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/ parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA19981014048 - 21k
Invasive Animals CRC | NSW Department of Primary Industries Through its Vertebrate Pest Research Unit (VPRU) located at the Orange Agricultural ... Estimate costs of bird impacts and costs of current control to ... www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/research/ alliances/invasive-animals-crc - 19k – [ More results from www.dpi.nsw.gov.au ]
Timbercorp - Pest Management ... that may be caused by a range of vertebrate pests, insects and diseases. ... Chemical control for this pest has ceased as a result of this research. ... www.timbercorp.com.au/default. asp?cid=11052&rid=11008&menuid=11021 - 13k
Science Network WA :: Pest Animal Control CRC The Pest Animal Control CRC is currently evolving into the Invasive Animals CRC. ... Australia is host to 56 invasive vertebrate animal species, ... www.sciencewa.net.au/science_rd.asp?pg=223 - 22k
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[PDF] 2003 – 2006 Strategic Plan destructive weeds,wool production,vertebrate pest control,cereal and grain legumes and sustainable. soil management.The expertise of the scientists in this ... www.tiar.tas.edu.au/documents/ tiar_strategic_plan_2003_2006.pdf –
Controlling pest animals 2004 The RLPB prepares management plans for ratepayers to the RLPB (over 10 hectares) for vertebrate pest control. These plans only focus on the impacts of ... www.shoalhaven.nsw.gov.au/council/pubdocs/ soe/Region/Indicator%20Results%2004/Controllingpestanimals%2004.htm - 26k –
Damage Robertshaw (1995) reviewed the history of rabbit control in Queensland. ... Proceedings of the 10th Australian Vertebrate Pest Control Conference Hobart. www.cbit.uq.edu.au/biocontrol/animal/rabbit/damage.htm - 4k
[PDF] Page 1 FDF03 Wine Sector Units of Competency with Support ... Perform vertebrate pest control. activities. RTC2706A. Apply chemicals under supervision. RTC2309A. Operate tractors. FDFWGGHWTB ... www.crcv.com.au/education/resources/ Resources/FDF03%20Units%20with%20Support.pdf
Carp - NSW DPI – Fisheries Stuart I, Jones M, Koehn J. (2001). Targeting Spawning Habits to Control Carp Populations. Proceedings of the 12th Australasian Vertebrate Pest Conference, ... www.fisheries.nsw.gov.au/threatened_ species/general/content/fn_carp.htm - 67k
AABR Also numerous staff have completed the NSW Agricultures Vertebrate Pest Control Course. Footprints of some animals found in this area. Control Methods ... www.aabr.org.au/aabr/index.php?option=com_ content&task=view&id=64&Itemid=74 - 25k
[PDF] Info sheet 1 : Habitat conservation mechanism (Part ) Info sheet ... in vertebrate pest control: a comparison using track. identification and remote photography. Wildlife Research 30,. 29-33. Green RH (1973) ‗The Mammals of ... www.quollseekers.com/QSN_info_kit_P43-54.pdf
Farm Business and Risk Analysis Bioeconomic models to aid vertebrate pest control decisions - rabbits & mice. Optimising models to choose the best control strategies ... www.care.net.au/farm.htm - 6k
FIREARMS REGULATIONS Requirements relating to vertebrate pest animal control 6. Requirements relating to business or employment 7. Requirements relating to occupational ...notes.nt.gov.au/dcm/legislat/legislat.nsf/ 0/b1c92878c767c7d469256e84001d0657?OpenDocument - 108k
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Methods to control feral pests Search a database of information on vertebrate invasive animals in Australia ... To control the pest biologically, we can find a natural predator for this ... www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au/enviro/feralpests.cfm - 12k
Biosafety Workshop Non-target testing would need to show that the GM-rumen bacteria would not decrease the ability to control vertebrate pests using 1080-based control ... wwwscience.murdoch.edu.au/centres/rumen/Workshop.html - 79k
Rangeland: Everything Agricultural Rural New Zealand - Pest Control research and development. Rust of faba beans ... Vertebrate animal pest policy, management and regulation ... www.rangeland.com.au/ClientSide/ Downloads.asp?CategoryID=33 - 204k
Tasmania Online: Home > Primary industry and energy > Pest control ... Pest control (Agriculture) ... in the management of browsing damage caused by vertebrate browsing animals to agricultural and forest crops in Tasmania ... www.tas.gov.au/.../Nav/ Heading.asp?Topic=Primary+industry+and+energy&Heading=Pest+control+(Agriculture) - 9k –
Yahoo! Directory AU & NZ > New Zealand > B2B > Pest Control Animal Control Products · Open site in a new window - Manufacturer, distributor, and exporter of vertebrate pesticides and pest control products and ... au.dir.yahoo.com/.../New_Zealand/Business_and_Economy/ Business_to_Business/Home_and_Garden/Pest_Control/ - 8k
: Award AW773639 Cleaning (Building and Property Services) (Act ... 20.3.4(e) carries out pest control (domestic and commercial), ... feral vertebrate animal control duties and who holds a current State Pest Control Licence; ... www.wagenet.gov.au/Wagenet/Search/view. asp?docid=260031&query=&page=20&quickview=Y - 36k
Pilbara TAFE S3522 IMPLEMENT VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL PROGRAM (RTE3406A) ... What types of vertebrate pests may be identified for control? Vertebrate pests are those ... psc24.pilbara.tafe.wa.edu.au/ student/search/ModuleDetail.asp?ID=4964 - 27k
[PDF] Fact Sheet PEST ANIMAL & INSECT CONTROL. No 4. October 2004. Locust Control ... and government stakeholders to develop vertebrate pest management plans and ... www.rlpb.org.au/landholder_info/ paifactsheet4locustcontrol.pdf
[PDF] National Food Industry Strategy Pest control. Vertebrate pests include rabbits, foxes, feral cats, feral pigs, foxes, and. carp that damage the conservation value of landscapes and reduce ... www.nfis.com.au/dmdocuments/sustind.pdf –
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[PDF] Submission to the National Registration Authority on the Review of ... Australian farmers to use in on-farm vertebrate pest control. ... upon the use of 1080 in vertebrate pest control, may totally undermine this significant ... www.nff.org.au/pages/sub/submission_NRA%20_1080.PDF
1998 Fresh Science All systems are glow in vertebrate pest control – new bait markers use hair samples to monitor bait uptake in rabbit and fox control. ... www.sciencenow.org.au/sciencenow/1998/fresh_1998.htm - 16k
Greens Policies > National Parks 3.12 adequate funding for NPWS for weed and feral animal control; ... 3.15 removing all deer, horses and other non-indigenous vertebrate pests from national ... www.nsw.greens.org.au/policies/NationalParks.php - 23k - 18 Mar 2006
Fox For further information on foxes and their control see Saunders G, Coman B, Kinnear J and Braysher M (1995) Managing Vertebrate Pests: Foxes. ... www.mlrapcb.net/pest_fox.htm - 31k
Agriculture Learning Guides RUA98 Core Unit and Learning Guides ... RUA AG3513BC, Implementing Vertebrate Pest Control Program, $9.90. RUA AG3516BC, Performing Advanced Level Stock Horse Activities, $9.90 ... www.wapitc.org/publications/ agriculturelearningguides_files/sheet001.htm - 112k
School of Life and Environmental Sciences Vertebrate pest management (mainly mammals). Habitat manipulation as a population management ... Dandenong Creek Valley Coordinated Fox Control Committee. ... www.deakin.edu.au/scitech/ les/environment/staff/white.php - 15k
Untitled Document RUA AG3513BC, Implementing vertebrate pest control programs, $9.90. RUA AG3516BC, performing advanced level stock horse activities, $9.90 ... www.ruralskills.com.au/pages/ag_learning.html - 96k
IPCA Forum -> Events 2005-2006 5-8 September 2005 European Vertebrate Pest Management Conference Budapest Hungary Hungarian Pest Control Association Email: [email protected] ... www.bestpest.com.au/ipca/forum/ index.php?showtopic=134&view=getnewpost - 36k
I.Managing Climate Variability – Pastures Proceedings of the 10th Australian Vertebrate Pest Control Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, pp 309- 312. Freudenberger, DO and Hacker, RB (1997). ... www.regional.org.au/au/asit/compendium/i-04.htm - 16k
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SSAA - Breaking News - October 2005 contact the Fox Control Project, Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Orange, NSW 2800. Victoria had a fox bounty which was so successful it had to be ... www.ssaa.org.au/newssaa/breakingnews/ october2005/261005foxinformation.htm - 6k
Organisations and People | Bremer Bay | Centre for Ecosystem ... Her main work focuses on environmental weeds and vertebrate pest control. Ruth Kirchner is a Shire Councillor for Ravensthorpe Shire and is based in ... cem.ecu.edu.au/BremerBay/organisations-and-people.php - 42k
[DOC] Ethel Mary Read Research Grants ... of South Australia (RZSSA) established a Research Grant to encourage research into the control of Australia‘s worst vertebrate pest – the rabbit. ... www.adelaidezoo.com.au/media/files/431.doc
[PDF] 39 7.2. Control of pollutants, mould and pests 7.2.1. Air ... If these practices are not carried out, any form of pest control at the ... or be covered with a wide mesh metal screen to exclude vertebrate pests. ... sector.amol.org.au/__data/page/45/environ_
[PDF] Rural & Regional Bulletin 4 Control Project, Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Orange, NSW 2800. Victoria had a fox. bounty which was so successful it had to be stopped as the volume of ... www.younglibs.org.au/media/rural_regional/ newsletter/rr_newsletter_200510.pdf
DET - CIB 036 - Attachment C GTS27, 3, AG3466GT, Implement vertebrate pest control programs ... 2, AG2084PM, Use 'judas' animals to locate and control vertebrate pests ... apprenticeship.det.nsw.edu.au/html/cibs/036c.htm - 221k –
Cane toads – extinction in motion The state government representative from CALM to the Vertebrate Pests ... exploitation of resource species or the control/extermination of pest species. ... www.westernangler.com.au/ default.asp?action=article&ID=66 - 40k –
Australian Training Products - Control Weeds ... weed management, for example, weed control contractors and vertebrate pest management, for example, management of rabbits, foxes and cats. ... www.atpl.net.au/itemdetail.aspx?piid=10435 - 28k –
[DOC] CONSERVATION COUNCIL OF WA Submission to the Environment ... At least 73 introduced vertebrate pests have established wild ... enable the rapid implementation of measures to control the spread of invasive species; and ... www.conservationwa.asn.au/Final_weeds_pests_Oct03.doc
[PDF] RTD02 Conservation and Land Management Training Package Vertebrate Pest Control in the Rural. Production package should be. included to address this omission. 66. There are few competencies in the current package ...
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[PDF] Use of zinc phosphide to overcome rodent infestations In: Kaukeinen, DE, ed., Vertebrate. pest control and management materials— fourth symposium,. ASTM STP 817. Philadelphia, American Society for Testing ... sgrl.csiro.au/aptc2003/21_staples_etal.pdf
Heyne's Garden Centre – Birds Other birds, for example owls, may visit your garden and prey upon vertebrate pests such as mice and rats. (But if you have an aviary you may need to ... www.heyne.com.au/gardencentre/ factsheets/factsheet.php/Birds.htm - 41k
ASSAB_contacts Lincoln, Vertebrate pest control,Learned aversions, Feeding behaviour, Population census/indexing. Munro, Ursula. email ... galliform.bhs.mq.edu.au/ASSAB/ASSAB_contacts.html - 79k
Keeping Marsupials : Keeping and Breeding Marsupials in Captivity ... Different control methods for pest animals include conventional control techniques ... that although cane toads appear to be an important vertebrate pest, ... www.marsupialsociety.org/members/04sp03.html - 41k
Reproductive Biology Group / Research / School of Environmental ... To develop effective and humane population control methods for problem populations ... where the Australian Brushtail possum is the major vertebrate pest. ... www.newcastle.edu.au/school/environ-life-science/ research/reproductive_biology.html - 30k
[PDF] CHAPTER 9: THE BEHAVIOUR AND MANAGEMENT OF PEST SPECIES Control of Vertebrate Pest Populations is researching a. method, called immunocontraception, to suppress the. fertility of rabbits. ... animalbehaviour.net/JudithKBlackshaw/JKBlackshawCh9.pdf –
NAFI |View News Article The fundamental objective must be to secure effective control at acceptable cost. ... The DPIWE found compound 1080 is the most effective vertebrate pest ... www.nafi.com.au/news/view.php3?id=1527 - 16k
[DOC] 2003/04 FINAL PROJECT REPORT A project to make available information on vertebrate pest infestations and infestation ... Weed Local Control Authority boundaries and contact details. ... www.canri.nsw.gov.au/activities/projects/ 2003/report/4041_vert_pest_and_weed_infest_final.doc –
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[DOC] Serial No Requirements relating to vertebrate pest animal control. 6. Requirements relating to business or employment. 7. Requirements relating to occupational ... notes.nt.gov.au/dcm/legislat/legislat.nsf/ 0/b1c92878c767c7d469256e84001d0657/$FILE/Repf006R1.doc [ More results from notes.nt.gov.au ]
AWS – Staff Vertebrate Pests and Exotic Animal Disease Plans. Wilson GR (1987). SCA Vertebrate Pests Conference, Coolangatta. Management of Feral Animals and Vertebrate ... www.awt.com.au/content/staff_pub.htm - 21k
Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Short ...... all the government conservation, vertebrate pest and agricultural agencies, ... Flocks of pest birds could be exported to control damage but the premium ... www.rirdc.gov.au/pub/shortreps/sustain.html - 40k
Biodiversity - Introduced Species This illustrates the complexity of issues associated with pest control and ... Other vertebrate pests, 1.4. Exotic disease†, 0.5. Total, $171.7 million ... www.environment.sa.gov.au/ reporting/biodiversity/introduced.html - 65k
[PDF] Recent advances in the scientific knowledge of kangaroos. Dr Steve McLeod, Vertebrate Pest Control Unit, NSW Agriculture. Current Kangaroo Management Programs have three objectives; maintain viable ... www.bios.unsw.edu.au/rootourism/abstracts.pdf
[PDF] 6118 WAC Enviro Report 2001 2 Vertebrate pest control commenced (Landside & Airside) ... The Vertebrate Pest Control Program is aimed at controlling populations of ... westralia2.vivid.global.net.au/uploads/DOCUMENT_40.pdf –
WAPRES Weeds and other agents such as insects and vertebrate pests that have the ... Erosion of firebreaks is minimised by applying surface water control and ... www.wapres.com.au/op2.htm - 30k
[PDF] 71. Kent & Banyer (F) nature, identification and control of grain insects;. • vertebrate pests of grain;. • grain defects and contaminants including weed seeds. and mycotoxins; ... sgrl.csiro.au/aptc1998/71_kent_banyer.pdf
Threatened Species - Yellow-footed Rock-wallaby ... Ascertain the most cost-effective and efficient methods of vertebrate pest control for long- term application; Determine what the optimum parameters are ... www.environment.sa.gov.au/biodiversity/yellow_foot.html - 21k – [ More results from www.environment.sa.gov.au ]
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Pests Australia needs to develop a strategy to control cats on our continent. ... you will exit this site. Koala culling · Vertebrate Pest Management. www.waite.adelaide.edu.au/school/Habitat/pests.html - 7k [ More results from www.waite.adelaide.edu.au ]
[PDF] ACTIVE ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT IN INSECT PEST AND WEED CONTROL ... Adaptive management is also being used for the control. of vertebrate pests. For example, in Australia adaptive. management is being used or considered for ... eprint.uq.edu.au/archive/00003499/ 01/2002_Shea_etal_Active_adaptive_management.pdf
[RTF] Chapter 3: Biodiversity The CRC for Biological Control of Vertebrate Pest Populations aims to contribute to the better management of Australian biodiversity by limiting the growth ... www.budget.gov.au/1998-99/environ/CH3.rtf
Game Bill - 28/11/2001 - 1R 2R The Carr Government is keen to build on these joint pest control ... is a popular and very widespread activity and many vertebrate pests are sought after by ...www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/ parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA20011128003 - 31k [ More results from www.parliament.nsw.gov.au ]
Book review of Tooth and Nail , by Brian Coman ... by man and remains this country‘s most serious vertebrate pest (p10)‖. ... and the ongoing quest for the perfect solution to control or eliminate the ... www.bh.rmit.edu.au/abbt/bookclub/reviews/tnjagoe.html - 6k –
Al Glen – Profile Monitoring bait removal in vertebrate pest control: a comparison using track ... Australasian Vertebrate Pest Conference, May 2005; Pest Animal Control CRC ... www.bio.usyd.edu.au/staff/ students/alglen/alglen_publications.htm - 18k –
Tasmania Police – Reason You must be a professional shooter whose principal or only occupation is the business of controlling vertebrate pest animals or be a person employed by or ... www.police.tas.gov.au/permits/firearms/licence/reason - 15k
Pacific Conservation Biology - Contents: Volume 1 The CRC for Biological Control of Vertebrate Pest Populations: fertility control of wildlife for conservation. H. Tyndale-Biscoe. 160. FORUM ESSAY ... www.science.murdoch.edu.au/centres/ others/pcb/toc/pcb_contents_v1.html - 21k [More results from wwwscience.murdoch.edu.au ]
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NSW Ministry for Science and Medical Research - Science and ... Murray Darling Basin Commission; Rural Lands Protection Boards and NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service; CRC on Biological Control of Vertebrate Pests, ...www.msmr.nsw.gov.au/state_ of_research/science/view.php?id=992 - 31k –
GRDC - Annual Report 2001-2002 - Appendix 6 - GRDC project list ... 3.2 Vertebrate pests. CSV15, Management of mouse plagues based on monitoring and predictive models. CSV16, Biological control of mice - immunocontraception ...www.grdc.com.au/about/ar2001/appendix6_3.htm - 78k [ More results from www.grdc.com.au ]
Landcare Case Studies Pest animals: Terrestrial and aquatic vertebrate pest control. Vegetation: Remnant protection, remnant loss/decline, revegetation, pasture loss/decline, ... www.landcarensw.org/Barham.htm - 6k –
Natural Resource Issues in NSW For more information on feral animals and other vertebrate pests please click ... Biological control involves introducing an insect or animal which feeds on ... www.landcarensw.org/NSWissues-biodiversity.htm - 14k
Innovation Australia – Services Evolving from the Pest Animal Control CRC, the Centre will begin operating under ... new tools to assist in the management and control of vertebrate pests. ... www.stroudgate.net/innovation/ article/article.php?id=4,090 - 17k orange.yourguide "This survey makes people aware of the need for fox control and the valuable role hunters ... vertebrate pest research unit, Orange Agricultural Institute, ... orange.yourguide.com.au/detail.asp?class=news& subclass=local&story_id=463140&category=General... - 23k
Responding to land and water challenges – AFFA ... and fox control by the National Registration Authority for Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals, and has requested that the Vertebrate Pest Committee ... www.maff.gov.au/releases/02/nrmmc302.html - 32k
Course Profiles, The University of Queensland It suggests some of the control measures that can be brought together in an integrated ... Module 4 Vertebrate pests of protected areas and their management ... https://www.courses.uq.edu.au/ student_section_loader.php?section=1&id=198 - 56k
The Barossa Council - Barossa Ranges Animal & Plant Control Board Weed identification; Weed control advice; Animal and plant control information leaflets; Pest animal control advice; Hay checks for weeds ... www.barossa.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=290 - 40k
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[PDF] State Forests of NSW: Cooperative Wild Dog / Fox Control Plan ... Vertebrate Pests: Foxes. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Australian ... through the Wild Dog Pest Control Order which was gazetted on 2 October 2001. This ... www.forest.nsw.gov.au/publication/ dog_fox_control/pdfs/brindabella_plan_refapp.pdf
Poisoning An estimated 0.5-1.0 tonne of 1080 is used to poison so-called pest animals in ... Department of Agriculture in its fact sheet "Rabbit control" (Agdex 671). ... www.animalliberation.org.au/feralpois.html - 12k
Myna Fightback - April - Scribbly Gum - ABC Science Online ... council and a member of the North Coast Vertebrate Pest Working Group. ... Poisoning, a favoured method for controlling pest birds, has also failed to ... www.bananasinpyjamas.com/science/ scribblygum/april2004/default.htm - 36k
Computer Simulation Of Cell-Surface Signalling And Control Of ..."A microcomputer model for predicting the spread and control of foot and mouth disease in feral pigs". Proceedings of the 15th Vertebrate Pest Conference, ... www.complexity.org.au/ci/vol03/klomp/klomp.html - 38k
Abbeys Bookshop - Natural Enemies: An Introduction to Biological ... Biological Control of Invertebrate and Vertebrate Pests: 6. Ecological basis for use of predators, parasitoids and pathogens; 7. ... www.abbeys.com.au/items/27/60/15/ - 17k
Markhutchinsonstalk Thanks to Mary Bomford for her provision of a Draft of her recent analyses and figures regarding the ecological model used in assessment of vertebrate pest ... www.venomsupplies.com/ exoticconference/markhutchinsonstalk.html - 21k
[PDF] NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT combined with targeted weed surveys and weed control by the Queensland Department of ... Vertebrate Pests Committee to investigate options for a national ... www.mincos.gov.au/pdf/nrmmc_06.pdf
[DOC] DRAFT AT 25 MARCH 2002 Discuss the ethical justification for the use of traps and poisons for vertebrate pest control. Identify the disciplines which contribute to animal welfare ... www.acvs.org.au/assets/documents/ member/exams/2002/Animal%20Welfare%202002.doc
[RTF] VICTORIA 08 Pest animal control: research and development of procedures for the control of in/vertebrate pest animals. 09 Physiological alteration: the experimental ... research.vu.edu.au/ordsite/ethics/schedule8_3.rtf
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Captive Vertebrate Management ... sustainable use of natural resources; vertebrate pest control; planning and design of zoological parks and captive animal management facilities; ... www.csu.edu.au/student/cvm/body_staff.htm - 16k
[PDF] Wilbur Smith - Shooters‘ Ambassador hunting/vermin control, primary production,. vertebrate pest animal control, business or. employment and occupational requirements ... www.ssaa.org.au/newssaa/ASJ/ 2002%20v4-3%20May/ASJ%202002%20May.pdf
[PDF] Managing Riparian Lands in the Cotton Industry: References Braysher, M. 1993, Managing Vertebrate Pests: Principles and Strategies, ... New South Wales Agriculture, Herbicides for Lippia control, Agnote DPI-384. ... cotton.pi.csiro.au/assets/ pdffiles/enviro/ripguide/RGRef.pdf –
[PDF] Microsoft Word _ 26_2006 Leading Hand Environment_doc Assist in vertebrate pest animal control programs under guidance from Environmental Officer ... Knowledge of vertebrate pest ecology and control techniques. ... www.thuringowa.qld.gov.au/ business/employment/documents/26-2006.pdf
[PDF] Invasive Weeds,Pests and Diseases involved in pest control, the expertise often does not reach other ... the scope of the Vertebrate Pest Committee under the NRM Standing Committee to ... wwf.org.au/publications/ABGInvasiveSolutions.pdf
[PDF] Organic Farm Plan Questionnaire No pest control materials used. If you use substances for controlling weeds, insects, vertebrates or diseases. 1) Under what conditions will you use natural ... www.nasaa.com.au/data/pdfs/ F2.1.11%20NOP%20Organic%20System%20Plan%20Questionnaire%20-%20farm.pdf
[PDF] Land for Wildlife Notes series Enjoying both your cat and your ... remain one of Australia‘s most. successful vertebrate pests. Control. methods thus far have been. ineffective. Until a solution arrives and ... www.nrmseq.com/downloads/2004/12_LFW_Technote16.pdf
Additional resources - Current control measures Combining different pest control strategies is the key to integrated pest ... It can be applied, in theory at least, to any kind of pest — vertebrate, ... www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/extra/ aquaticinvaders/add_control_measures.html - 35k [ More results from www2.dpi.qld.gov.au ]
Use of feral animals in research 2.0 Areas of Introduced Vertebrate Pest Research. 2.1 Processes for Effective Control. 2.1.1 Methods of capture. eg. trapping, netting, helicopter mustering ... www.ojdinfo.nsw.gov.au/reader/wildlife-research/ arrp-fereal-animals.htm?printfriendly=Yes - 10k –
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Web sites with reference to animal welfare
Taronga Zoo – Wild world Conservation Vet programs - www.zoo.nsw.gov.au/content/view.asp?id=124
Taronga Zoo – Zoo Education www.zoo.nsw.gov.au/content/view.asp?id=51
ARAZPA www.arazpa.org.au/Conservation_Overview.htm
Frogs Australia Network www.frogsaustralia.net.au/conservation/
Australasian Society of Zookeeping www.aszk.org.au – husbandry manuals
Code of Practice for animals used in hunting http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/nreninf.nsf/LinkView/14BDBD4B45BC43AFCA256C19000EFC29F007D5D1A76CE68F4A256DEA0027A730
Code of practice for the welfare of wildlife during rehabilitation http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/nreninf.nsf/childdocs/-9E7A8DAFEA417624A2568B30004C26A-B49A42716C4DB484CA256BC70081154C- E7F8E4DBA5A6FDD04A256DEA0027A820-B60B567FD0CF8A42CA256C19000EFCA3?open
Care of orphaned, sick or injured protected animals by wildlife care volunteers – EPA Qld http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/publications?id=66
South Australia – Department of Education and Children‘s Services – Animal Ethics http://www.decs.sa.gov.au/animalethics/default.asp?id=17020&navgrp=1037
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EPA/QNPWS http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/nature_conservation/wildlife/
UFAW http://www.ufaw.org.uk/ http://www.science.org.au/nova/053/053print.htm – review of harvesting Australian Wildlife
Australasian Wildlife Management http://www.awms.org.nz
Pest animal control www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/aboutus/resources/majorpubs/guides/humane_pest_animal_control
FATE - Future of Australia‘s Threatened Ecosystems is an Australian Museum initiative to investigate the commercialisation of Australia‘s native flora and fauna as a means of conserving them for the future. The FATE program involves a series of experiments in the NSW Rangelands and across various bio-diverse environments. The program addresses such questions as: What is the potential for landholders to gain commercial return from native vegetation on their properties? Can the commercial use of native species help achieve conservation and production outcomes from the same area of land? http://www.fate.net.au/index.htm
Geoff Coombe, courses in venomous snakes at: www.livingwithwildlife.com.au
Advisory Bodies Animal Ethics Committees Australian VeterinaryBoards Council Fish diseases Commission overview Indigenous Advisory Committee
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NHMRC - National Health and Medical Research Council NSW Advisory Council on Rec Fishing NT Animal Welfare Advisory Committee QLD Animal Welfare Advisory Committee South Australian Recreation Fishing Advisory Council
Education, Research, Research funders, Research and Education Training providers, CRCs About Us aquafin Australian BioSecurity CRC feral.org.au https--www.crc.gov.au-HTMLDocuments-Documents-PDF-CRC fact sheet FINAL.pdf Pest Animal Control CRC STCRC - Home Page Sustainable Tourism CRC Tropical Savannas CRC
Higher education sector Anthrozoology Research Group Bond University, QLD Central Queensland University Ctr for Animal Welfare & Ethics, Uni of Qld Vet School Griffith University, QLD Queensland University of Technology The University of Queensland
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The University of Southern Queensland The University of Sydney - Homepage
Schools sector, VET sector Australian Agricultural College Corporation, Qld Australian Agricultural College Corporation Canberra Institute of Technology Charles Darwin University - TAFE Division Directories Australian Tafe Colleges foodtrainingsa - about us National Agri-food Industry Skills Council Rural Training Council of Australia Seafood Training Australia Seafood Training Council TAFE - WA TAFE NSW TAFE Queensland TAFE Tasmania TAFE Victoria TAFE- WA Animal Welfare Science Centre (U of Melb, Monash, DPI Vic) Animal Welfare Science Centre, Victoria Australian Institute of Marine Science CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research James Cook University, QLD
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Special interest groups Animals & Society Study Group Animals & Society ANZCCART - Humane Science assab.org Australasian Wildlife Management Society Australia & NZ Society of Laboratory Animals Sciences Australian Academy of Science Australian Animal Technicians Association Australian Association for Environmental Educators Australian Bird Study Association Australian Society for Medical Research http--www.apen.org.au-about- National Association of Agricultural Educators - Welcome to our web site Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales The Australian Mammal Society
Governments, Federal Govt, DEH Department of the Environment and Heritage - Approvals and Wildlife Division (AWD) home page Department of the Environment and Heritage - Parks Australia Division Department of the Environment and Heritage - structure Land, Water and Coasts Division Marine Division Natural Resource Management Programmes Division home page APVMA Corporate Information
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NRM & PI Ministerial Councils Office of the Gene Technology Regulator Therapeudic Goods Administration Welfare LegislationLinks
Local Govt ACT Government entry point Australian Local Government Association Local Goverment Association of NSW and the Shires Association of NSW. Local Government Association of Queensland Local Government Association of South Australia - Welcome - Adelaide, South Australia Local Government Association of Tasmania - Welcome - LGAT Local Government Association of the Northern Territory - Home Municipal Association of Victoria WA Local Government Association - Welcome
State Govt Agriculture Protection Board of WA Animal Welfare Unit DEH - Animal welfare Department of Agriculture, Western Australia Department of Local Government and Regional Development - Animal Welfare Dept of Primary Industries & Resources SA
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Dept of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation - SA DPI Victoria - Bureau of Animal Welfare DPIWE - Animal Welfare Environment ACT NSW Animal Welfare Unit NSW Department of Environment & Conservation NSW Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources - DIPNR NT Animal welfare NT Dept of Local Govt, Housing & Sport - Animal Welfare Unit NT Dept of PRimary Industries, Fisheries & Mines - Animal Welfare QLD DPI - Biosecurity Queensland's Animal Welfare program Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service VicDPI - Bureau of Animal Welfare Vict Dept of Sustainability & Environment WA Dept of Fisheries Western Australia - Dept of Conservation & Land Management
Indigenous Central Land Council Indigenous Land Management Facilitator Network Northern Land Council Tiwi Land Council Tropical Savannas CRC - North Australian Indigenous Land & Sea Management Alliance
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Industry, Animal transport Australian Trucking Association
Other Animal Control Technologies, Victoria NATIONAL FARMERS' FEDERATION NSW Farmers 2 - NSW Farmers Association NSW Farmers Association SA Farmers Federation Tasmanian Farmers & Graziers Association Victoria Farmers Federation Western Australian Farmers Federation (Inc.) Ecotourism Australia - Certified Product Search Web Directory Industry organisations
NGOs, Community Groups, Animal rights WORLD LEAGUE for PROTECTION of ANIMALS About PETA Contact Information About PETA Against ANimal Cruelty Tasmania Animal Liberation (WA) Inc. Animal Liberation ACT Animal Liberations Queensland
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AnimalLiberation SA Animals Angels Home Animals West Australian Feminists for Animal Rights Australians for Animals Ballarat Organisation for Animal Rights CIWF about us home page CIWF UK home page Lawyers for Animals voiceless the fund for animals Welcome to Animal Liberation NSW Welcome to the Animal Liberation Victoria web site
Animal welfare Against Animal Cruetly Tasmania (AACT) Animal Activism Queensland Animal Aid, Victoria Animal Welfare League, QLD Australian Vegetarian Society Circus Watch WA Circus Watch Federation of Ethnic Communities Councils Home Animals Australia federation of animal welfare and animal rights http--www.rspcaqld.org.au- http--www.rspcaqld.org.au-aboutus-whatwedo.htm International Fund for Animal Welfare - Asia Pacific People Against Cruelty in ANimal Transport Petnet - Responsible Ownership in Australia
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RSPCA (ACT) Inc RSPCA - Western Australia RSPCA Australia RSPCA New South Wales, Australia - Home page RSPCA Tasmania The Animal Welfare League of Queensland Inc The Blue Cross Animals Society of Victoria
Environment, Wildlife, Conservation About Greenpeace Australia Pacific ACF About ACF Australian Bush Heritage Fund Australian Conservation Foundation Australian Dingo Conservation Society Australian Fauna Care Australian Herpetological Society Australian Marine Conservation Society Contact Us Australian Wildlife Conservancy Birds Australia Conservation Council of the SE Region & Canberra Directory of Conservation Councils in Australian states Environment Victoria Frog Groups of Australia Humane Society International Marine and Coastal Community Network About Us National Parks Association of NSW Nature Conservation Council of NSW
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Queensland Conservation Council Tasmanian Conservation Trust The Australian Orangutan Project The Environment Centre Northern Territory The Wilderness Society - Australia Wetlands Care Australia (Ducks Unlimited) Whale & Dolphin Conservation Society - Australasia Wildlife Protection Association of Australia WIRES Home WWF Australia - About WWF Australia - How we work WWF Australia - the conservation organisation WWF Australia International Fund for Animals - Asia Pacific
Veterinary, animal health sectors and groups Animal Health Australia Australian College of Veterinary Scientists ava Veterinary Nurses Council of Australia
Zoos / Wildlife Parks ARAZPA Home Australia Zoo - Home of the Crocodile Hunter Australian Zoo and Gold Coast Wildlife Park, Queensland, Animal, Holiday, Currumbin Sanctuary Cairns Tropical Zoo
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Circus Federation of Australasia Inc. (CFA) Cleland Crocodylus Park Wildlife Research and Education Centre Dreamworld - Gold Coast Theme Park - Australia F E A T H E R S S A N C T U A R Y Halls Gaps Wildlife Park & Zoo International Brotherhood of Magicians - Australia International Brotherhood of Magicians Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary - Since 1927 Royal Zoological Society of South Australia Incorporated Seaworld, QLD Three Great Zoos - Melbourne Zoo, Healesville Sanctuary and Werribee Open Range Zoo Welcome to Alice Springs Desert Park Welcome to Australia Zoo - Home of The Crocodile Hunter Welcome to Brisbane's Alma Park Zoo Wildlife Management International - Sustainable Use and Conservation Australian Development Gateway Australian Government Agriculture Portal
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Appendix 7b Task 12 – review/collate websites and extension work promoting animal welfare legislation, codes, etc – extension work
Flinders University (SA) Animal Welfare Committee Policy on Inter-institutional Animal Ethics Approval
Given that increasing numbers of research projects involve collaborative work between investigators at more than one institution, the Animal Welfare Committee (AWC) has established the following process of evaluating such project proposals to ensure the appropriate care of animals involved.
The AWC is responsible for ensuring that at all times animals involved in research are properly cared for. The AWC abides by the SA Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act and the NHMRC's Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes (the Code of Practice).
The AWC is responsible for ensuring that all animal research proposals involving Flinders researchers or facilities are properly approved by an appropriate ethics committee operating under the SA Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, the Code of Practice or under equivalent legislation or guidelines.
The University of Melbourne (Victoria) - Quality Assurance in Animal Welfare
The University of Melbourne is committed to quality research and teaching and to maintaining the highest ethical standards and complying with internal and external regulations, general community expectations and codes of research practice. The University seeks to promote best practice in animal welfare on the basis that 1. People who use animals for scientific purposes have an obligation to treat them with care and are legally responsible for their welfare. 2. Quality animal care and use promotes excellence in research outcomes.
The University‘s Code of Conduct for Research sets out the obligations on all University researchers, staff and students, to be aware of the ethical framework governing research at the University and comply with institutional and regulatory requirements. It is a requirement under the Victorian Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 that all Scientific Establishments wishing to use animals in scientific procedures be licensed by the Bureau of Animal Welfare. The Act requires licensed scientific institutions to establish Animal Experimentation Ethics Committees (AEEC‘s) to review all applications to use animals and to ensure that the use of animals complies with the Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes.
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Appendix 8a Task 16 – research/monitor community attitudes to, and behaviours about, animal welfare Research/discussion papers
Humane Vertebrate Pest Control Working Group (2004) A national approach towards humane vertebrate pest control. Discussion paper arising from the proceedings of an RSPCA Australia/AWC/VPC joint workshop, August 4-5, Melbourne. RSPCA Australia, Canberra. Component D: public attitudes and awareness.
Johnston MJ and Marks CA (1997). Attitudinal survey on vertebrate pest management in Victoria. Victorian Institute of Animal Science.
Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (1998) Improving consumer perceptions of kangaroo products. Retrieved February 10, 2003, from http://www.ridc.gov.au/pub/shortreps/improve.html.
Wilkinson R and Fitzgerald G (1997). Public perceptions of biological control of rabbits in New Zealand: Some ethical and practical issues. Agriculture and Human Values 14: 273-282.
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Appendix 8b Task 16 – research/monitor community attitudes to, and behaviours about, animal welfare
Kangaroo Industry Background - abbreviated John Kelly, B. Ru Sci. (Hons), Kangaroo Industries Association of Australia. 2002
Introduction
Whilst the sustainability of pastoral activities in much of the Australian arid rangelands is under constant investigation, the fact remains that they are currently supporting a large population of kangaroos which, if uncontrolled, would seriously threaten the economic viability of the pastoral industry and the environmental sustainability of huge tracks of land (Caughley 1998). These are extremely fragile areas which can support a limited number of grazing animals. Allowing the grazing pressure from all animals to increase is one of the most serious environmental hazards in the rangelands. The kangaroo Management Plan is the only tool currently available to exercise control over the kangaroo contribution to grazing pressure.
This document examines the scientific evidence indicating the kangaroo harvest is sustainable and the controls in place to protect the animals it utilises. The areas covered are:
1. Kangaroo Populations 2. The Harvest Quota Setting Process 3. Licensing Controls over Kangaroo Harvesters 4. Monitoring of the System 5. Environmental Impacts of Utilising Kangaroos 5.1 Population sustainability 5.2 Effects on the species 6. Environmental Impacts of NOT Utilising Kangaroos 7. Animal Welfare 7.1 The regulatory controls over kangaroo harvesting 7.2 The evidence concerning welfare outcomes 7.3 The ‘evidence’ of cruelty
8 Public Support for a Model of Sustainable Utilisation
Numerous professional and credible environmental management organisations have published guidelines for the sustainable utilisation of wildlife resources including: * CSIRO * Australasian Wildlife Management Society * International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) * World Wide Fund for Nature. In all cases the kangaroo harvest fits perfectly or very tightly to the criteria for sustainable utilisation. Indeed the first two organisations have openly endorsed the kangaroo industry as fitting their criteria. For example CSIRO (Australia‘s peak scientific research body) states: "Kangaroo harvesting clearly meets most of the principals of sustainable use of wildlife" (CSIRO 1998).
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The Australasian Wildlife Management Society, the peak representative body for professionals actively involved in wildlife management, state: "AWMS supports the idea of achieving a conservation benefit from a government regulated, high value, sustainable kangaroo industry" (AWMS 1998).
Even many non government ‗conservation‘ groups are vocal in supporting the utilisation of kangaroos. The South Australia Nature Conservation Society told a Senate Inquiry into Wildlife Utilisation that: ―We are in full agreement that regulated commercial utilisation eg. Kangaroo harvesting, on private lands are a potent driving force for the retention of habitats.‖ (SANCS 1997)
Indeed many Australian NGO‘s dedicated purely to wildlife preservation support commercial kangaroo harvesting as delivering conservation benefits. The Australian Wild Life Preservation Society is actually the oldest conservation NGO in Australia, and regularly comment on the industry. ―There is no problems with harvesting native wildlife given adequate controls as well as no cruelty in the gathering.‖ (WLPS 1998)
The level of support for the kangaroo harvest amongst professional Australian ecologists and conservationists sometimes astounds international commentators. Public groups vocal in supporting the industry or with position papers in support of kangaroo use include:
The Australian Veterinary Association The Australasian Wildlife Management Society Australian Association of Veterinary Conservationists and Biologists Ecological Society of Australia Wildlife Preservation Society of Australia Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland Conservation Council of South Australia Nature Conservation Society of South Australia
8.1 Public support for the kangaroo harvest
Research has indicated that the majority of the Australian public also support the sustainable utilisation of kangaroos. Market research published by RIRDC has shown that in response to the question "Do you think kangaroos are a valuable natural resource and we should make use of their meat and leather", 77% of Australians said yes, 16% had no opinion whilst only 4% said no (RIRDC 1998). The study also demonstrated that over 50% of Australians have tried kangaroo meat.
The results of a range of public surveys on attitudes to the kangaroo industry are given below. Some of these are media generated response polls, these types of surveys need to be interpreted carefully. However they do suggest overwhelming public support for kangaroo harvesting in Australia.
Public surveys on attitudes to the kangaroo industry
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Mar 97 RIRDC Kangaroos are a valuable natural resource and we should use their meat and leather? 503 77% yes, 8% unsure
July 00 publicdebate.com Should we be eating kangaroo meat? 7540 75% yes, 5% unsure
Mar 02 60 Minutes Is it barbaric to cull kangaroos? 81% no
May 02 Herald Sun Should state laws allow commercial use of slaughtered kangaroos? 1698 87% yes
8.2. Kangaroo utilisation and a new ecological model 9. Conclusion
Internet based information on the kangaroo industry http://www.kangaroo-industry.asn.au/morinfo/fs023.pdf http://www.ea.gov.au/biodiversity/trade-use/wild- harvest/kangaroo/harvesting/kangharv1.html
References ABARE (2002) Australian Livestock Numbers. Canberra. Andrew AE 1988. Kangaroo meat - public health aspects. Australian Zoologist, 23(3) AVA 1998. Submission to Senate Reference Enquiry: Commercial utilisation of native wildlife (Proof Hansard Report) AWMS 1998. Submission to Senate Reference Enquiry Caughley, G.J., Sheppard, N and Short, J. (1987). Kangaroos, their ecology and management in the rangelands of Australia. Cambridge Uni Press. CNCM (1990) Code of practice for the humane shooting of kangaroos. Environment Australia. CSIRO 1998. Submission to Senate Reference Enquiry Flannery, T. 1996. The Future Eaters, Reed Publishing. Fletcher, M., Southwell, c, Sheppard, N, Caughley, G, Grice, D, Grigg, G, and Beard, L. (1990) Kangaroo population trends in the Australian rangeland, 1980-87. Search vol 21 no1 Grigg, G, Pople, A, Hale, P McCallum, H (1998) Reference committee submission. Landsburg, J (1999). The effects of artificial sources of water on rangeland biodiversity. CSIRO Div. Wildlife and Ecology, Biodiversity Technical Paper no 3. Hale, P. (2001) Kangaroo genetics, Impacts of Harvesting. Conservation Biology Program, The Ecology Center, University of Queensland, Brisbane Hopwood P and Martin P. 1991. Report to the NSW Meat Industry Authority on zoonosis of pigs and lambs and their implications for public health.
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McLeod, S.R, Hacker, R.B. and Druhan, J.P. (2001) Sustainable management of age-structured kangaroo populations NPWS (1997) Dubbo District Court transcripts 31 July 1997 NSW NP&WS v Eichner. NPWS (2001) Kangaroo Management Program. State Printers NSW Dept. Agriculture (2002). Evaluating Alternative Management Strategies for Kangaroos in the Murray Darling Basin. Cited with permission R.B. Hacker, NSW Dept Ag Olsen, P. and Braysher, M (2001) Situation Analysis Report: Current state of scientific knowledge on kangaroos in the environment, including ecological and environmental impact and effect of culling. A report for NSW NPWS. Pople A (1996) Effects of harvesting upon the demography of red kangaroos in Western Queensland. University of Queensland Thesis. Pople, A.R and Grigg, G (2001) Commercial Harvesting of Kangaroo in Australia. Environment Australia. Canberra RIRDC (1998). Improving consumer perceptions of kangaroo products, Rural Industries Research & Development Corporation. Pub. no97/36. RSPCA (1985) Incidence of cruelty to kangaroos, RSPCA Australia. RSPCA (2002) Kangaroo Shooting Code Compliance. RSPCA Australia. Safe Foods NSW (2002). Annual Report. SANCS (1997) Submission to Senate Inquiry into Wildlife Utilisation. Sluiter, I., Allen, G., Morgan, D. and Walker, I. (1997) Vegetation responses to stratified kangaroo grazing at Hattah-Kulkyne National Park, 1992-96. Dept. Natural Resource, Melb Wild Life Protection Society 1998. Submission to Senate Reference Enquiry
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Appendix 9 Task 29 – review current literature and existing operating procedures and guidlelines for care of captive and non-captive Australian wildlife
Note: non-exhaustive search of current literature
Edwards, S., Stockil, C., Webb, G.J.W. and Sugg, I. (1999). Conservation through commerce - a roundtable discussion. A Project of the Competitive Enterprise Institute.
Isberg, S.R., Thomson, P.C., Nicholas, F.W., Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C., Barker, S.G. and Moran, C. (2006). Quantitative analysis of production traits in saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus): IV. Number of scale rows. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 123: 48-55.
Manolis, S.C., Webb, G.J.W. and Britton, A.R. (2002). Crocodiles and other reptiles: bioindicators of pollution. Pp. 65-69 in The Finniss River; a Natural Laboratory of Mining Impacts - Past, Present and Future. ANSTO: Sydney.
Manolis, S.C., Webb, G.J.W., Britton, A.R. Jeffree, R.A. and Markich, S.J. (2002). Trace element concentrations of wild saltwater crocodile eggs. Pp. 58-61 in The Finniss River; a Natural Laboratory of Mining Impacts - Past, Present and Future. ANSTO: Sydney.
Manolis, S.C., Webb, G. and Richardson, K. (2000). Improving the quality of Australian crocodile skins. RIRDC Publication No. 00/21. RIRDC: Canberra.
Packett, R., Ford, P., Lever, J., Britton, A., Manolis, C., Bredl, R. and Watson, S. (2004). Persistent organic pollutants in eggs of the saltwater crocodile from tropical Australia: a preliminary survey. Pp. 424-429 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 17th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. Darwin, Australia, 24-29 May 2004. IUCN: Gland.
Vardon, M.J., Gaston, S.M., Niddrie, J. and Webb, G.J.W. (1999). Wildlife use at Momega, north-central Arnhem Land. Australian Biologist 12(1): 15-22.
Webb, G. (1999). Sea turtles and tree trunks. IWMC World Conservation Trust 5: 10- 11.
Webb, G.J.W. (1999). Sustainable use and conservation. Pp. 55-64 in Issues Relating to Indigenous Whaling: Tonga, ed. by M.M.R. Freeman. World Council of Whalers: Brentwood Bay, Canada.
Webb, G.J.W. (1999). Utilisation of Victorian Native Flora and Fauna. Submission on behalf of Field and Game Australia Inc. and Shooting Sports Council of Victoria to Victorian Parliamentary Inquiry by the Environment and Natural Resources Committee. 31 pp.
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Webb, G.J.W. and Manolis, S.C. (1999). Saltwater crocodiles in the Northern Territory - and important case study for wildlife management. Australian Biologist 12(1): 96.
Webb, G.J.W. (2000). Are all species equal? A comparative assessment. Pp. 98-106 in Endangered Species Threatened Convention, ed. by J. Hutton and B. Dickson. Earthscan Publications: London.
Webb, G.J.W. (2000). Making a buck from the environment whilst preserving it. Paper presented to the Nursery Industry Association of Australia - 2000 Conference. Darwin, 29-30 April 2000.
Webb, G.J.W. (2000). Sustainable use of large reptiles - an introduction to issues. Pp. 413-430 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 15th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. Varadero, Cuba, 17-20 January 2000. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.
Webb, G.J.W. and Carrillo, E.C. (2000). Role of extinction and categories of endangerment: perspectives from long-lived reptiles. Res. Pop. Ecol. 42: 11-17.
Webb, G.J.W., Britton, A.R.C, Manolis, S.C, Ottley, B. and Stirrat, S. (2000). The recovery of Crocodylus porosus in the Northern Territory of Australia: 1971-1998. Pp. 196-235 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 15th Working Meeting of the IUCN- SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. Varadero, Cuba, 17-20 January 2000. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.
Webb, G.J.W., Carrillo, E. and Manolis, S.C. (2000). Failings of the IUCN criteria with sea turtles. In Proceedings 2nd IWMC World Conservation Trust Symposium, Chengdu, China, 21-26 November 1999.
Webb, G.J.W. (2002). Conservation and sustainable use of wildlife - an evolving concept. Pacific Conserv. Biol. 8(1): 12-26.
Webb, G.J.W. (2004). Article IV of CITES and the concept of non-detriment. Pp. 72- 77 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 17th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. Darwin, Australia, 24-29 May 2004. IUCN: Gland. Webb, G.J.W. (2003). Conservation and sustainable use: some principles and problems. In Proceedings 23rd Annual International Sea Turtle Symposium. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, March 2003.
Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C and Gray, M. (2005). Captive breeding and marketing of turtles. RIRDC Publication No. 05. RIRDC: Canberra.
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Appendix 10a Task 31 - review practices/procedures for humane control of pest animals
NSW Standard Operating Procedures, policies, guidelines etc for control of pest animals
Jurisdiction Title/date Status of document Scope Comments
NSW Humane Pest Animal The documents have been adopted in Provides SOPs for the control of www.deh.gov.au/biodiversi Control: Codes of NSW after they were approved by most pest species (rabbits, foxes, ty/invasive/publications/hu practice and standard Pest Animal Council which has reps feral pigs, wild dogs, feral cats, mane-control/ operating procedures, from all agencies and state RSPCA. feral goats, wild deer, pest birds, October 2005 They are used by NSW DPI and DEC. hares, feral horses)
NSW Game Council NSW Compiled by the Council's Ethics and This Code of Practice addresses Game Council Website Code of Practice for Education Committee, chaired by a number of hunting issues:
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Appendix 10b Tasks 31 and 32 - review practices/procedures for humane control of pest animals and develop national standard operating procedures
The Department of Environment and Heritage commissioned NSW Department of Agriculture to develop a series of Codes of Practice and Standard Operating Procedures for the control of pest animals, at: http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/humane-ontrol/index.html .
The development of these codes did not have the level of consultation or development of consensus used in the Model Codes of Practice for the Welfare of Animals developed by AWWG.
Codes of practice
Download Model Code of Practice for the Humane Control of Feral Cats (cop-feral- cats.pdf - 282 KB) Download Model Code of Practice for the Humane Control of Feral Goats (cop-feral- goats.pdf - 280 KB) Download Model Code of Practice for the Humane Control of Feral Horses (cop- feral-horses.pdf - 283 KB) Download Model Code of Practice for the Humane Control of Feral Pigs (cop-feral- pigs.pdf - 146 KB) Download Model Code of Practice for the Humane Control of Foxes (cop-foxes.pdf - 156 KB) Download Model Code of Practice for the Humane Control of Rabbits (cop- rabbits.pdf - 174 KB) Download Model Code of Practice for the Humane Control of Wild Dogs (cop-wild- dogs.pdf - 155 KB)
The Model Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals: Feral Livestock Animals http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/22/pid/370.htm was developed by the AWWG and has been signed of by PIMC.
Parliamentary inquiries into feral animals and/or the environment
‗Taking control – a national approach to pest animals‘ released in November 2005 available at: www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/primind/pestanimals/report.htm
‗Turning back the tide – the invasive species challenge‘ released in 2004
‗Culling of large feral animals in the Northern Territory‘ released in June 1991
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Current inquiries: Regulation, control and management of invasive species and the EPBC amendment (Invasive Species) Bill 2002, details at: www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/ecita_cte/invasive_species/index.htm Sustainability Charter, including ecology, details at: www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/environ/charter/tor.htm
Completed inquiries at: www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/ecita_cte/completed_inquiries/index.htm Committee pages for browsing http://www.aph.gov.au/committee/inquiries_subject.htm http://www.aph.gov.au/committee/inquiries_comm.htm http://www.aph.gov.au/committee/committees_type.htm#senate search for, use http://sitesearch.aph.gov.au/wsi/?js=1
Feral horse management
English A W. Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney A report on the management of feral horses in national parks in New South Wales.
The report is in response to terms of reference from the NSW Minister for the Environment, specifically: recommend future management of feral horses, develop a code of practice for their capture and transport and development of research programs to investigate the adverse impact of feral horses in a range of habitats.
The report follows two previous ones (English 2000, 2001) submitted in relation to the management of feral horses in Guy Fawkes River National Park.
Plus:
Michelle Walter, 'The population ecology of wild horses in the Australian Alps', PhD thesis, University of Canberra, 2002.
Fox Baiting Without Bait Retrieval Procedures and Standard South Australian Department for Environment and Heritage
The Biodiversity Conservation Program has developed two DEH procedures and one standard for the ground and aerial delivery of semi-dried 1080 fox baits without the need for bait retrieval. They replace the "Fox Control for Biodiversity Conservation Standard Operating Procedure". The main changes for Departmental Staff is the legal requirement to account for all semi-dried 1080 baits manufactured and supplied by the Department, and the provision of a new label to accompany semi-dried 1080 baits. The procedures and standard define what bait type is permissible for large-scale baiting without retrieval, where such baiting may be undertaken, and what DEH requires to allow such baiting to occur. The procedures and standard apply only to DEH programs under its Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority
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Staff should note that the list of places where such baiting is permitted does not guarantee that baiting will proceed at those places. Regions must furnish for approval a proposal to bait under these procedures to the Regional Conservator and the Manager Biodiversity Conservation Program.
For information on the use of 1080 baits to control foxes, telephone (08) 8222 9439. o 1080 Fox Baits for Ground or Aerial Application for Large-scale o Biodiversity Conservation Standard o Ground Baiting for Fox Control for Large-scale Biodiversity o Conservation Procedure o Aerial Baiting for Fox Control for Large-scale Biodiversity o Conservation Procedure o Label "1080 Bait for the Control of Foxes for Biodiversity o Conservation" o Approval for the Supply of Semi-dried Meat 1080 Fox Bait for o Biodiversity Conservation
NSW – Brindabella and Wee Jasper valleys - co-operative wild dog/fox plans
This is an innovative and cooperative approach to wild dog and fox management that covers an area of approximately 150,000 hectares at the northern end of the Australian Alps. The plan works across all land tenures and attempts to stop wild dogs from entering grazing lands by creating a buffer zone within adjoining bushland areas.
Under the initial plan (2002-05) attacks on stock decreased by an average of 75 per cent per year. The NPWS, Yass Rural Lands Protection Board and Forests NSW have committed resources to continue the plan until 2010. The Brindabella and Wee Jasper program has been adopted across NSW as a model plan for wild dog and fox control.
Documents to download Brindabella and Wee Jasper valleys - co-operative wild dog/fox plan 2002-05 (PDF - 2.0MB) o Wild dog/fox control plan - references and appendices (PDF - 1.2MB) Brindabella and Wee Jasper valleys - co-operative wild dog/fox plan 2005-10 (PDF - 306KB)
An extensive list of pest animal control plans and information is available at www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/
South Australia - Report into the camel program in Witjira national park, 2005 Deb Kelly, Manager Animal Welfare, Department for Environment and Heritage
In May 2005, an aerial cull of camels in Witjira National Park and surrounding pastoral properties was undertaken by officers of DEH, the Department for Water
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Land and Biodiversity and the Marla/Oodnadatta Soil Conservation Board, in consultation with local pastoralists and the traditional owners of the land. In total 3,149 camels were killed.
DEH sought independent verification that the operation was managed professionally, effectively and utilizing the highest standards of animal welfare. Elsewhere, aerial shooting of feral livestock had allegedly resulted in wounded animals being left alive. This is totally unacceptable to DEH and to the public in general.
The Manager Animal Welfare, DEH and the Chief Inspector, RSPCA (SA) were invited to attend the operation and did so from 13-16 May 2005. As observers to the cull, they were asked to examine some animals to verify that killing was humane and the claim that the animals were ―killed twice‖, that is that the brain shot was fatal but, if anything went wrong, the heart-lung shot would also be fatal. They observed from the spotter plane and from the perspective of the land support required. In addition, they undertook a close visual inspection of 28 camels that had been killed, including a post mortem on one.
Based on their observations, both concluded that the operation was humane, effective and necessary.
Other
Recognition and control of threats to wildlife from urban and feral cats, pest animals and community expectations are referred to in many papers on the Urban Animal Management website, at http://www.uam.net.au
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Appendix 11 Task 33 - review APVMA processes regarding animal welfare assessment for new/existing control techniques
APVMA position statement on Animal Welfare, December 2005
Background As part of its policy to inform and engage stakeholders, the APVMA Board believes it is appropriate to clarify the APVMA‘s role in relation to animal welfare. The intent of this is to inform the community, and increase understanding of ongoing APVMA activities which address animal welfare issues.
The legislation which underpins the APVMA‘s activities is the Agvet Code, a schedule to the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code Act 1994. The Agvet Code requires that when deciding whether or not to grant registration for an agricultural or veterinary chemical product, the APVMA must be satisfied that: the product does not have an unintended effect that is harmful to humans, animals, plants or things or to the environment; and the product is efficacious.
The Agvet Code does not specifically mention animal welfare, but the requirement of the Agvet Code that a product be safe and effective when used according to label instructions, does mean that animal welfare outcomes are considered. When the APVMA evaluates an application for registration, or reviews the registration of an existing agricultural or veterinary chemical product, it takes into account the impact on target and non-target species of animals and plants. These criteria for registration ensure that when used according to label directions, a product will be safe and effective for its purpose.
Unsafe and/or ineffective products cannot be registered, therefore negative animal welfare impacts from the use of such products are avoided.
Animal experimentation
In Australia it is a legal requirement that all research trials on animals must first be approved by an animal ethics committee (AEC) established and operating in accordance with the Australian code of practice for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes 7th Edition 2004. This includes animal trials designed to generate and collect data for applications to the APVMA for product registration. The role of the AEC is to ensure that: the use of animals is justified; the welfare of those animals is provided for during the experiment; and the principles of Replacement, Reduction and Refinement (‗the 3 Rs‘) have been considered in the experimental design.
In specifying data requirements for regulatory purposes which impact on the use of experimental animals (for example, efficacy tests for vaccines), the APVMA will take account of the principles of replacement, reduction and refinement in accordance with its duty of care for the welfare of experimental animals.
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Vertebrate pest poisons
Some agricultural chemical products are designed to kill vertebrate pests such as rabbits, foxes, wild dogs, feral pigs and also native marsupials when they are considered to be pests. Examples of these products are 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate), phosphorus pig poison, and rabbit calicivirus. It has been argued that the APVMA should not register vertebrate pest poisons unless it can be shown that their lethal action is humane.
The purpose of vertebrate pest poisons is to destroy pests which are a threat to animal or human health, or which reduce agricultural production, or which cause environmental degradation. Each evaluation of these products and each registration decision is made individually. This is a complex process taking into account the criteria provided by the Agvet Code, unintended effects on animals, and the possible impact of the product on other species. The APVMA registers vertebrate pest poisons if they fulfil the criteria for registration provided by the Agvet Code.
Further development of animal welfare policy
The APVMA continually reviews and develops its policies, including those relevant to animal welfare. The APVMA has established an animal welfare liaison team with the Animal Welfare Unit in the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. This team provides policy advice to the APVMA on animal welfare aspects of registration or review.
The APVMA is a stakeholder in the Australian Animal Welfare Strategy (AAWS) and has contributed to the development of an AAWS Implementation Plan. It will continue to be a partner in the effective delivery of the AAWS, in particular where it relates to the registration and use of agricultural and veterinary chemicals.
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Appendix 12 Task 34c - outline inconsistencies in Australian legislation
Relevant legislation - the welfare of introduced wild animals Prepared By Dominique Thiriet - DRAFT ONLY
AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY In short: ‘Pest’ is defined. There is an exemption to cruelty provisions of AWA if compliance with code of conduct. Pest management plans must be consistent with code of practice.
1. Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT) Dictionary "pest" does not include domestic or native animal. "feral animal" means an animal (other than a native animal) that does not live in a domestic state" s 12 Administering poison is an offence if administered to domestic or native animals (but pest animals not included) s 20 Exception—approved code of conduct [See Endnotes] [ Note: This provision was uncommenced at republication date. ] This part (other than the following provisions) does not apply if the conduct making up the offence was in accordance with an approved code of practice: (a) section 14 (Spurs); (b) section 17 (1) or (2) (Matches, competitions and baiting); (c) section 18 (1) or (2) (Rodeos and game parks); (d) section 19A (Medical and surgical procedures—veterinary surgeons).
2. Pest Plants and Animals Act 2005 (ACT) s17 - Pest Animal Management Plan (3) The Plan must be consistent with any code of practice under the Animal Welfare Act 1992 Sections 20 and 24 specify that it is an offence to recklessly supply or dispose of a pest animal – But it is not an offence to recklessly cause suffering..)
NEW SOUTH WALES In short: No specific references to pest, feral or introduced animals in POCTA. There is a defence if hunting did not cause unnecessary pain. Also defence under POCTA if act is committed according to a code of practice but this seems to relate only to domestic and farm animals.
1. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW) 34A Guidelines relating to welfare of farm or companion animals (3) Compliance, or failure to comply, with any guidelines prescribed or adopted by the regulations for the purposes of subsection (1) is admissible in evidence in proceedings under this Act of compliance, or failure to comply, with this Act or the regulations.
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24 Certain defences (1) In any proceedings for an offence against this Part or the regulations in respect of an animal, the person accused of the offence is not guilty of the offence if the person satisfies the court before which the proceedings are being taken that the act or omission in respect of which the proceedings are being taken was done, authorised to be done or omitted to be done by that person: (b) in the course of, and for the purpose of: (i) hunting, shooting, snaring, trapping, catching or capturing the animal, or (ii) destroying the animal, or preparing the animal for destruction, for the purpose of producing food for human consumption, in a manner that inflicted no unnecessary pain upon the animal,
2. Game and Feral Animal Control Act 2002 (NSW) No mention of "welfare" or "humane treatment". Only reference to "care" is in regards to the inspectors having to take care!
NORTHERN TERRITORY In short: No specific references to pest, feral or introduced animals, but there is a defence under AWA if the act was committed in accordance with an adopted code of practice. Minister can declare an animal feral or prohibited entrant under TPWC Act and give obligation to land owner to eradicate but there are no welfare requirements.
1. Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NT) S 79 Defences (1) It is a defence to a prosecution for an offence under this Act if the defendant establishes that the act or omission constituting the offence, or an element of the offence, was - (a) in accordance with an adopted code of practice; …..
2. Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act (NT) 47. Declaration of feral animals (1) The Minister may, by notice in the Gazette, declare a species of animal - (a) that is not indigenous to Australia or, if it is indigenous to Australia, its natural habitat is not in the Territory; (b) that, since its introduction into Australia or the Territory, has spread from the site of its introduction and established itself within Australia or the Territory; and (c) whose population or presence in a particular area in the Territory is not able to be easily controlled, to be a feral animal. (2) The declaration may be made in relation to the whole or a specified part of the Territory.
QUEENSLAND In short: Definition of ‘feral’ and ‘pest’ animal. There is a specific offence exemption for feral or pest animals under ACP Act if the act is done with as little pain as possible and complies with conditions prescribed in regulations.
1. Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld)
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42 Feral or pest animals (1) This section applies for an offence if the act that constitutes the offence is-- (a) an act done by a person to control a feral animal or pest animal, including, for example, by killing it; and (b) the act does not involve the use of a prohibited trap or spur. (2) It is an offence exemption for the offence-- (a) if the act is done in a way that causes the animal as little pain as is reasonable; and (b) the control complies with any conditions prescribed under a regulation. (3) In this section-- feral animal means an animal living in a wild state that is a member of a class of animals that usually live in a domestic state. Examples of classes of animals that usually live in a domestic state-- Buffalo, cats, dogs, donkeys, goats, horses and pigs. pest animal means any of the following-- (a) a non-indigenous animal generally regarded as being a pest; Examples-- Black rats, brown rats and cane toads. (b) noxious fisheries resources under the Fisheries Act 1994; (c) an animal declared under a regulation made under this or another Act to be a pest; (d) an animal required to be controlled under an Act; (e) an animal the subject of a measure or program to control disease under the Fisheries Act 1994, Stock Act 1915, Exotic Diseases in Animals Act 1981 or another Act.
2. Land Protection (Pest & Stock Route Management) Act 2002 (Qld) No welfare requirements - only mention of suffering relates to owner suffering damage!
3. Pest Management Act 2001 (Qld) No welfare requirements for control by pest management agencies
4. Fisheries Act 1994. Fish are covered under this Act
5. Control of introduced feral animals is subject to: . Health (Drugs and Poisons) Regulations 1996 . Weapons Act 1990; and . Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 . Local Governments may also make Local Laws about pest animals under the power of the Local Government Act 1993.
A full copy of this legislation is available at http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/Acts_SLs/Acts_SL.htm
A Memorandum of Understanding exists between the Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Water and the Local Government Association of Queensland outline the responsibilities of each in relation to pest animal control. (Basically Local Governments have responsibilities for the control of Class 2 pests)
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SOUTH AUSTRALIA In short: No specific references to pest, feral or introduced animals in POCTA. There is a defence if the act was committed in accordance with a code of practice (or does s 43 refer only to farm animals because of the term ‘husbandry’??)
1. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1985 (SA) Act does not render unlawful practices that are in accordance with prescribed code of animal husbandry practice 43. Nothing in this Act renders unlawful anything done in accordance with a prescribed code of practice relating to animals.
TASMANIA In short: No definition of ‘animal’ and no specific references to pest, feral or introduced animals in AWA. There is a defence of cruelty if hunting did not cause excessive suffering and also if the act was committed in accordance with regulations.
1. Animal Welfare Act 1993 (Tas) 4. Non-application of Act (1) Sections 8, 9 and 10 do not apply to practices used in the hunting of animals done in a usual and reasonable manner and without causing excess suffering unless the practices are prohibited by this or any other Act. S 50 Regulations (3) Regulations made under this section may provide that any provision of this Act does not apply to any specified animal or class or kind of animal, matter, practice or person.
VICTORIA In short: There are no specific references to pest, feral or introduced animals in POCTA - There is a defence if the act was committed in accordance with a code of practice. Killing of feral cats and dogs must not cause unnecessary suffering.
1. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 1986 (Vic) 6.Application of Act (1)This Act does not apply to— (a)the slaughter of animals in accordance with the Meat Industry Act 1993 or any Commonwealth Act; or (b)except to the extent that it is necessary to rely upon a Code of Practice as a defence to an offence under this Act the keeping, treatment, handling, transportation, sale, killing, hunting, shooting, catching, trapping, netting, marking, care, use, husbandry or management of any animal or class of animals (other than a farm animal or class of farm animals) which is carried out in accordance with a Code of Practice; or (c)any act or practice with respect to the farming, transport, sale or killing of any farm animal which is carried out in accordance with a Code of Practice; or (d)anything done in accordance with the Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994; or
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2. Domestic (Feral and Nuisance) Animals Act 1994 (Vic) 83.Method of destroying dogs or cats (1) If a Council, person or body is authorised under this Act to destroy a dog or cat, that person must destroy the animal as quickly as possible and without causing unnecessary suffering. Penalty: 5 penalty units.
WESTERN AUSTRALIA In short: It is a defence to cause cruelty when killing a pest under AW Act if act committed was done in a manner generally accepted as usual and reasonable for the relevant kind of pest. Also general defence if act done according to code of practice.
1. Animal Welfare Act 2002 (WA) 24 . Defence — killing pests (1) It is a defence to a charge under section 19(1) for a person to prove — (a) that the act alleged to constitute the offence was done while the person was attempting to kill pests; (b) that the person was attempting to kill pests in a manner that is generally accepted as usual and reasonable for killing pests of the kind the person was attempting to kill; and (c) if the animal the subject of the charge was not a pest, that the person took reasonable steps to ensure that animals other than pests would not be harmed. (2) In this section — ―pest‖ means a prescribed animal, fish or invertebrate. 25 . Defence — code of practice It is a defence to a charge under section 19(1) for a person to prove that the person was acting in accordance with a relevant code of practice.
Animal Welfare Regulations 2003 (WA) 5 . Prescribed ―pest‖ (s. 24(2)) An animal set out in the list of declared animals published under section 35 of the Agriculture and Related Resources Protection Act 1976 is prescribed as a pest under section 24(2) of the Act, if — (a) the animal is not being kept as a domestic pet; (b) the animal is not being kept for the purposes of racing, riding or harnessing; (c) the animal is not being kept for the purpose of confined display or entertainment; (d) the animal is not being kept as a form of livestock; and (e) at the time a person attempts to kill the animal, it is not under effective control of an owner.
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Appendix 13 Task 40 - target groups not identified in the AAWS Communication Strategy and Welfare Reporting System
AAWS Stakeholder List – see attached
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Appendix 14 Task 54 - review existing/proposed training and quality assurance programs for animal care and welfare content
Training courses relating to animal in the wild
Hunter Education Handbook produced by the Game Council of NSW, email [email protected]. http://www.atpl.net.au/itemdetail.aspx?piid=10240 – Australian Training products – pest animal management. Managed by Victorian Primary Industries Training Boards http://www.international.mq.edu.au/study/areas_coursedetails.aspx?CourseLevelID=1 &StudyOptionID=1&cse=78 Macquarie University Masters of wildlife management http://www.acs.edu.au/courses/product_listings.aspx?catid=Pet%20Care Australian Correspondence school http://www.nci.tafensw.edu.au/tvet/courses/animal_care.htm Animal Care Attending = North Coast TAFE NSW http://www.nci.tafensw.edu.au/courses/primary%20industries%20and%20natural%20 resources/1045.htm - Animal Studies – some native animal components http://www.bhtafe.edu.au/Courses/CAZ31.htm Box Hill Tafe – Cert 3 in Captive Animals http://www.nmit.vic.edu.au/courses/agriculture/animal_sci/animal_studies_cer2_a.ht ml#description - Cert 2 in Animal Studies – section on wildlife rehabilitation http://bn.tafe.qld.gov.au/courses_and_careers/topics/eatplate.php?team=Animal%20S cience – Brisbane North Institute of TAFE – reptiles & amphibian courses as well as captive animals for wildlife. http://www.uq.edu.au/study/plan.html?acad_plan=ANIMAX2004 University of Queensland - Bachelor of Applied Science http://www.greypath.com/courses/wildlife/wildfiles/Introduction1.htm – wild care and habitat course – free online http://www.latrobe.edu.au/agriculture/animalscience.htm La Trobe University Bachelor Animal Science http://www.ntis.gov.au/cgi-bin/waxhtml/~ntis2/pkg.wxh?page=83&inputRef=220 National Training Information – lists TAFE courses – many related to wildlife. http://www.wires.org.au/join_training.htm - Wires training courses
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CALM WA Fauna Management Course – [email protected]
Forest Resources Research DPI Beecroft run occasional courses on wildlife research techniques. Contact Traecey Brassil [email protected]
Wildlife Victoria Training courses - http://www.wildlifevictoria.org.au/training.html (numbers of different courses ) http://www.noahsark.org.au/ - has information on website about rearing orphans. http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/wildlife/animals/rescue.html NT government site with wildlife rescue information. http://www.sydneywildlife.org.au/carer.html – courses listed are out of date. http://www.users.bigpond.com/natf/index.html Hunter region NSW – no training mentioned. http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/npws.nsf/Content/Wildlife+rehabilitation+grou ps+in+NSW lists groups in NSW. http://www.seabirdrescue.org/index.php?option=content&task=section&id=4&Itemid =46 - seabird rescue training. http://www.fawna.org.au/ - Fawna NSW training courses. http://www.tvwc.org/HTML/animal%20first%20aid.htm Tweed Valley Carers – information on caring for wildlife http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/wildlife/lww/lwwindex.html Tasmanian Parks – living with wildlife
Far North Qld rescue - runs training courses http://www.faunarescue.org.au/ - monthly training meetings
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University of Sydney THE CAPTURE AND HANDLING OF WILD ANIMALS
2 day training course covering: Introduction and background Physical Restraint Chemical restraint – options. Delivery systems, sights, range finders Ballistics – effective ranges, theory of the group, target zones, zeroing, dart impact damage, taking the shot Practical session – remote delivery systems and drug discharge systems Induction and monitoring of an immobilised animal Animal emergencies, records Drugs used in animal capture Practical session – safe handling of syringes, needles and drugs Human emergencies, safety with firearms and drugs Euthanasia, legislation Practical session with dart systems MCQ Examination
University of Sydney THE MANAGEMENT OF INJURED DEER AND OTHER ANIMALS
A Training Course covering: Introduction Deer as a traffic hazard Factors to be considered Human safety Occupational health and safety Animal welfare Treatment policy Policy on euthanasia of injured deer Assessment of an injured deer Approaching and injured deer Category A – recumbent and immobile Category B– recumbent but clearly alive Category C – still on its feet Category D – moving readily Minimising the risk of disease transmission Management of euthanasia Criteria for euthanasia Professional conduct Euthanasia Methods of euthanasia Shooting with a firearm
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References: Deer Management Plan - NPWS Deer Working Group publication 10 January 2002 Injured Deer Protocol - NPWS Deer Working Group publication 8 January 2002 NSW Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (POCTA) (1979) NPWS Firearms policy 2002.
In NSW a training module on humane animal euthanasia has been incorporated into the Goulburn Academy‘s program. This follows the training by Tony English of police firearms instructors in euthanasia.
Environment ACT Snake Training
1. Snake training is undertaken by all staff involved in the Urban Wildlife 2. Program once a year every year 3. Where staff have undergone one or more seasons as trained snake handlers, they are required to undergo a full day's refresher training. 4. New staff to be involved in snake handling undergo a three day training session 5. An Urban Wildlife Manual is available to all staff who participate 6. All staff attend regular Urban Wildlife Meetings (including snakes policy) to fine tune response policy 7. Wherever possible (always if inexperienced) rangers attend snake callouts in pairs. One Day Refresher: Reviews snake catching skill, tailing, handling the head of the snake, basic venom serology, advances in first aid, case studies. 3 Day Course: Snake ecology and biology, snake bite first aid, extensive training in snake capture, bagging, release, tailing and head capture.
SA Department for Environment and Heritage Snake Handlingges How to do it Risks Risk Rating PPE MUST BE WORN 1. Operator instruction & training: Personnel, who have not completed a recognised course in snake handling, MUST NOT under any circumstances handle venomous snakes. Snake handlers must have a current First Aid certificate as must the assistant Inexperienced persons should only handle non-venomous snakes when accompanied by an experienced handler. Snake bite or other injury to snake handler or to a bystander. Suitable clothing 2. Things to consider prior to preparation: Species of snake, venomous or non-venomous, size of snake and location. Equipment and assistance required. Tasks - cleaning, veterinary treatment, capture, feeding etc. 3. Task preparation Ensure appropriate clean equipment is available and First Aid kit. Keep roll bandages attached to hoop bag to ensure availability at captive site
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Possible fatality to self or a bystander
Taronga Zoo has provided short courses in reptile handling to inspectors and rangers at Department of Primary Industries and the Department of Environment and Conservation.
Peter Bryant at Newcastle (ph: 0401092200) also provides courses.
Others teach the wildlife rescue service WIRES staff how to handle venomous snakes.
Living with Wildlife - Working with Venomous Snakes training courses Generally available as either intensive (three day) or abbreviated (one day) courses designed to give basic information and instruction to staff or employees with no (or minimal) knowledge and experience with venomous snakes. Learning Outcomes for the three day course include: Understand the implications of coming into contact with venomous snakes Be able to apply the current first aid for snakebite, and understand the importance of medical management of snakebite Have an understanding of snake biology and ecology, and know the importance and implications of temperature as it effects snakes Be able to identify potential snake hazards, and have an understanding of snake hazard management in the workplace Be able to effectively and safely restrain, capture and remove venomous and/or other snakes in the workplace, and in other areas Living with Wildlife courses have been run 185 times throughout Australia (except Tasmania). Clients have included state and territory wildlife agencies; New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry and Department of Conservation; local government; mining companies; Torrens Valley Institute of TAFE; University of South Australia; Flinders University of SA; other government departments; other industry; other organisations/public (as of April 2005).
Content of the courses: Objectives of course Medical reasons for avoiding venomous snakes Introduction to snakes Snake "handling" and health risks Rules for contact with venomous snakes Interpretation of snake behaviour First aid for snakebite (introductory exercise) Identification of venomous snakes * Introduction to snake biology Snake hazards & risk management Elapid snake biology * Restraint of venomous snakes Euthanasia of reptiles *
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Effects of snakebite * First aid & medical management of snakebite Note: Elements with an asterisk (*) are only covered in the three day course.
Living with Wildlife has an Emergency Response Plan and Safety planning of training courses to: Understand the implications of coming into contact with a venomous snake. Covers zoonoses, personal hygiene, and essential rules for working with venomous snakes, including when not to become in any way involved Be able to efficiently apply the current first aid for snakebite, and understand the importance of medical management of snakebite. Participants must be able to do the first aid before they are exposed to any of the venomous snakes Have a sound understanding of snake hazards and risk management in the workplace. Taipans (of either species) are not used at any time, as the courses are designed for people with minimal or no knowledge and experience with venomous snakes.
References: Whitaker, P.B. & Shine, R. (1999). When, where and why do people encounter Australian brownsnakes (Pseudonaja textilis : Elapidae)? Wildlife Research 26: pp 675 – 688 Whitaker, P.B. & Shine, R. (1999). Responses of free-ranging brownsnakes (Pseudonaja textilis : Elapidae) to encounters with humans. Wildlife Research 26: pp 689 – 704 Whitaker, P.B., Ellis, K. & Shine, R. (2000). The defensive strike of the Eastern Brownsnake, Pseudonaja textilis (Elapidae). Functional Ecology 14: pp 25 – 31 Whitaker, P.B. & Shine, R. (2000). Sources of Mortality of Large Elapid Snakes in an Agricultural Landscape. Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 34, No.1, pp 121 – 128 Whitaker, P.B. & Shine, R. (2002). Thermal Biology and Activity Patterns of the Eastern Brownsnake (Pseudonaja textilis): A Radiotelemetric Study. Herpetologica 58(4) pp 436 - 452 Whitaker, P. B. & Shine, R. (2003). A Radiotelemetric Study of Movements and Shelter-site Selection by Free-ranging Brownsnakes (Pseudonaja textilis, Elapidae). Herpetological Monographs 17, 2003, pp 130 – 144
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Appendix 15 Task 67 - review national/international animal welfare websites and promote dialogue through AAWS communication strategy
Agencies with interests in Animal Welfare research Note: the following is a result of a non-exhaustive web search and is not specific to the welfare of animals in the wild
NSW Animal Welfare League Helping to formulate policy on animal welfare issues, and taking an active part in the welfare of companion animals. www.animalwelfareleague.com.au/ - 14k - 12 Feb 2006
Animal Welfare League of SA Inc. Animal Welfare League 1-19 Cormack Road Wingfield SA 5013 Phone: (08) 8348 1300 Boarding: (08) 8348 1310 Fax: (08) 8268 9545 [email protected] www.animalwelfare.com.au/ - 8k - 13 Feb 2006
Animal Welfare League of Queensland Includes history, news, guests, re-homing, events and sponsoring information. www.awlqld.com.au/ - 1k
Animal Welfare Centre Dedicated to improvements in the welfare of farm, laboratory, and companion animals. Publications, information on upcoming projects and meetings, ... www.animal-welfare.org.au/
Animal welfare Animal welfare. Animal Welfare Legislation. Acts, Regulations and Amendments relating to animal welfare. Animals in research and teaching · Zoos, ... www.agric.nsw.gov.au/reader/welfare -
Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries - Animal welfare and ... DPI&F is the government's lead agency for animal welfare activities in Queensland. We develop, monitor and enforce animal welfare policy, legislation and ... www.dpi.qld.gov.au/cps/rde/xchg/dpi/hs.xsl/27_125_ENA_HTML.htm -
Animal Welfare Committee
The Animal Welfare Committee provide advice on all matters pertaining to the conduct and ethics of animal experimentation. www.nhmrc.gov.au/ethics/animal/awc/ - 19k - 12 Feb 2006 - Cached - Similar pages
Animal Welfare
Department of Primary Industries, Victoria, Australia. www.dpi.vic.gov.au/.../childdocs/-180715ADC627966E4A256B750004BDD5- 6166E48F26CF64DACA256EDD0082EDF1?open
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Animal Welfare
Information regarding a number of national Animal Welfare issues. www.daff.gov.au/animalwelfare - 101k - 13 Feb 2006 - Cached - Similar pages
National Consultative Committee on Animal Welfare (NCCAW)
The National Consultative Committee on Animal Welfare (NCCAW) is an advisory committee which advises the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry on ... www.affa.gov.au/content/output.cfm?ObjectID=D2C48F86-BA1A-11A1- A2200060B0A00761 - 107k - Cached - Similar pages
AWSC - About the Animal Welfare Science Centre
Animal Welfare and its constant improvement are a societal and cultural norm. ... Improve welfare practices of domestic animals and increase the value of ... www.animal-welfare.org.au/about/about.html - 8k - 12 Feb 2006 - Cached - Similar pages
Department of Local Government and Regional Development - Animal ...
The Animal Welfare Act 2002 and it's accompanying regulations, govern the treatment and welfare of animals in Western Australia. It has the power to enforce ... www.dlgrd.wa.gov.au/localGovt/animalWelfare/act2002.asp - 31k - 12 Feb 2006 - Cached - Similar pages
Department of Local Government and Regional Development - Animal ...
For further information on animal welfare, select on the relevant link below. ... The Western Australian animal welfare codes of practice are based on ... www.dlgrd.wa.gov.au/localGovt/animalWelfare/overview.asp - 32k - 12 Feb 2006 - Cached - Similar pages
NSW Agriculture - Animal welfare
Page has moved. This page has moved. The new address is:. http://www.agric.nsw.gov.au/reader/625. This message should only appear on version 1 Browsers ... www.agric.nsw.gov.au/Aw/ - 1k - Cached - Similar pages [ More results from www.agric.nsw.gov.au ]
Bureau of Animal Welfare
Department of Primary Industries, Victoria, Australia. www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/nrenfa.nsf/LinkView/
VEIN Links : Animal welfare, alternatives and ethics
Draft National Implementation Plan of the Australian Animal Welfare Strategy ...
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Links are provided to other Animal Welfare Organisations and Committees in ... vein.library.usyd.edu.au/links/animalwelfare.html - 54k - Cached - Similar pages
VEIN Links : Animal welfare essays main index
Every veterinary science student is required to submit an essay for assessment in VETS3018 Animal Behaviour and Animal Welfare Science. ... vein.library.usyd.edu.au/links/Essays/ - 22k - Cached - Similar pages
DPIWE - Animal Industries & Welfare
Animal industries account for about half of the gross value of all agricultural commodities in Tasmania. www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/ThemeNodes/RPIO-52C475?open - 29k - Cached - Similar pages
DPIWE - Animal Welfare
The Animal Welfare Act 1993 and associated Animal Welfare Standards prevent cruelty to animals and set minimum standards of care. www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/EGIL-535VVF?open - 28k - 13 Feb 2006 - Cached - Similar pages
Centre for Animal Welfare & Ethics - School of Veterinary Science ...
Information about School of Veterinary Science at UQ. www.uq.edu.au/vetschool/?page=36100 - 18k - Cached - Similar pages
Ethics - Animal Welfare - The Office of Research and Postgraduate ...
Information about the Office of Research and Postgraduate Studies at UQ. www.uq.edu.au/research/orps/?page=5098 - 15k - 13 Feb 2006 - Cached - Similar pages
Animal Welfare Branch
The Animal Welfare Branch is a government section concerned with the welfare ... The Animal Welfare Branch works closely with community groups and industry ... www.animalethics.org.au/reader/arrp-awu - 15k - 12 Feb 2006 - Cached - Similar pages
Environment ACT - Animal Welfare
Animal Welfare. Find out more about Animal Welfare in the ACT. Animal Welfare. Animal Welfare—Government Responsibilities · Animal Welfare Act 1992 ... www.environment.act.gov.au/petsandlocalwildlife/animalwelfare - 33k - 12 Feb 2006 - Cached - Similar pages
ANZCCART | Animal Welfare
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Animal welfare refers to how well an animal is coping both with its ... They show us where animal welfare problems can occur, and they help us work out how ... www.adelaide.edu.au/ANZCCART/humane/welfare.html
Portal Content Area Builder
Welfare for all animals - goannas included! The Animal Welfare Act, ... Animal welfare inspectors are appointed under the Act, and include RSPCA ... kakadu.nt.gov.au/pls/portal30/url/FOLDER/DBIRD_PI/ANIMALS/WELFARE - 76k - 13 Feb 2006 - Cached - Similar pages
MLA Animal welfare
MLA is committed to investing in animal welfare research which will provide tools ... Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry â€― Animal Welfare ... www.mla.com.au/TopicHierarchy/InformationCentre/AnimalHealthandWelfare/Ani malwelfare/
Animal Welfare Research organisations Animal Welfare Centre ( Victoria -Australia) link Animal Welfare Centre ... Australia and New Zealand Councils for the Care of Animals in Research and ... www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/nrenfa.nsf/LinkView/
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