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Europa, De Entrada, No (1963-1968) Europa, de entrada, no (1963-1968) JESÚS M. ZARATIEGUI EUROPA, DE ENTRADA, NO (1963-1968) EDICIONES UNIVERSIDAD DE NAVARRA, S.A. PAMPLONA Primera edición: Enero 2014 © 2014. Jesús M. Zaratiegui Ediciones Universidad de Navarra, S.A. (EUNSA) Plaza de los Sauces, 1 y 2. 31010 Barañáin (Navarra) – España Teléfono: +34 948 25 68 50 – Fax: +34 948 25 68 54 e-mail: [email protected] ISBN: 978-84-313-0000-0 Depósito legal: NA 000-2014 Queda prohibida, salvo excepción prevista en la ley, cualquier forma de reproducción, distribución, comunicación pública y transformación, total o parcial, de esta obra sin con- tar con autorización escrita de los titulares del Copyright. La infracción de los derechos mencionados puede ser constitutiva de delito contra la propiedad intelectual (Artículos 270 y ss. del Código Penal). La colección «Europa» está coordinada por el Instituto de Estudios Europeos e Interna- cionales. Facultad de Derecho. Universidad de Navarra. Diseño de cubierta: Rafael Esquíroz (ken) Imprime: ULZAMA DIGITAL, S.L. Arre (Navarra) Printed in Spain - Impreso en España Índice ABREVIATURAS ................................................................................ 9 PRÓLOGO ....................................................................................... 11 INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................... 19 I. EL RAPTO DE EUROPA. LA FORZOSA ELECCIÓN DEL MERCADO COMÚN (1962-64) ................................................................. 27 1. La política de «esperar y ver»: las cumbres de París y Madrid ........................................................................... 27 2. España reitera su solicitud ........................................... 54 3. Las represalias económicas: «campañas de Italia» y ac- ciones en Holanda ........................................................ 64 4. La Comunidad accede a negociar con España ............ 79 II. CONVERSACIONES EXPLORATORIAS (1964-67) ......................... 123 1. La primera audición ...................................................... 123 2. 1965: más que un cambio de guardia .......................... 140 3. Ullastres, embajador de España ante la Comunidad ... 171 4. La «guerra de las naranjas» ............................................ 178 5. Se reanudan las conversaciones exploratorias ............ 189 6. Alemania coge las riendas ............................................ 202 7. La «declaración de Roma» ............................................. 212 8. Represalias económicas ............................................... 222 9. Fin de las conversaciones exploratorias ...................... 243 7 10. El Informe Hallstein ...................................................... 266 11. Por fin se crea el «Grupo España» ................................ 290 III. EN CAMINO HACIA EL ACUERDO PREFERENCIAL (1967-68) ....... 311 1. De vuelta en Bruselas ................................................... 311 2. Frenazo en la preparación del Mandato ...................... 319 3. El Mandato de 1967 ...................................................... 329 4. Primera y segunda sesión ............................................ 347 5. Tercera y cuarta sesión ................................................. 375 6. Intentos de secuestro del embajador Ullastres ............ 390 FUENTES ......................................................................................... 405 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ................................................................................. 407 8 Abreviaturas AECE Asociación Española de Cooperación Europea CDAE Comisión Delegada de Asuntos Económicos CDGDCN Comisión Delegada del Gobierno para el Desarrollo del Convenio con Norteamérica CEDI Centro Europeo de Documentación e Información CICE Comisión Interministerial para el Estudio de las Comu- nidades Económicas y EURATOM CISL Confederación Internacional de Sindicatos Libres COREPER Comité de Representantes Permanentes DGOI Dirección General de Organismos Internacionales FEOGA Fondo Europeo de Orientación y Garantía Agrícola IB Informe Birkelbach ICH Instituto de Cultura Hispánica IEME Instituto Español de Moneda Extranjera MCE Mercado Común Europeo (luego Comunidad Econó- mica Europea, y Unión Europea) ME Movimiento Europeo OCYPE Oficina de Coordinación y Programación Económica OID Oficina de Información Diplomática OSE Organización Sindical Española PAC Política Agraria Común PD Países Desarrollados 9 PEL Plan de Estabilización y Liberalización PVD Países en Vías de Desarrollo REI Relaciones Económicas Internacionales (Dirección General de) SEE Servicio de Economía Exterior TEA Trade Expansion Act TEC Tarifa Exterior Común UEP Unión Europea de Pagos 10 Prólogo La trilogía programada por Jesús M. Zaratiegui sobre el pro- ceso de entrada de España en la Unión Europea, se enrique- ce con este segundo volumen que lleva por título «Europa, de entrada no», en el que se examinan y analizan los aconteci- mientos que se desarrollaron entre España y las Comunidades Europeas, en los años 1963 a 1968. Aunque en el volumen anterior («Una Europa para dos Espa- ñas») se trataba ya extensamente la carta dirigida por el Ministro Fernando María Castiella, el 9 de febrero de 1962, al Presidente del Consejo de las Comunidades Europeas, Maurice Couve de Murville, y aunque el autor reserva para el próximo volumen el relato del final de la negociación para el Acuerdo Preferencial que firmó España con las Comunidades Europeas el 29 de ju- nio de 1970, no elude Zaratiegui darnos en este volumen más información sobre la famosa Carta y sus efectos, ni anticiparnos veladamente sus criterios sobre el Acuerdo Preferencial. No es tarea fácil escribir un Prólogo sobre un libro en el que convergen aspectos históricos, técnicos, diplomáticos, e incluso polémicos muy diversos, sobre nuestra aproximación a Europa, con cientos de citas sosteniendo, como es natural, criterios y opiniones a veces complementarias y otras contradictorias. El Diccionario de la Lengua Española» dice del prólogo que es el «Discurso antepuesto al cuerpo de la obra en un libro de cualquier clase, para dar noticia al lector del fin de la misma obra o para hacerle alguna otra advertencia». 11 Empecemos por lo primero. Asumo mi transitorio oficio de prologuista de Jesús M. Zaratiegui, como un gran honor que le agradezco. Un libro tan valioso como el que tengo entre manos merecía probablemente una pluma mejor que la mía. El autor me ha distinguido con el encargo, seguramente por mi decidida vocación europeísta, y en esto no se equivoca. La obra que hoy comentamos está entrañablemente ligada al futuro de nuestro País y es recomendable para los lectores españoles, que deben saber de dónde venimos, con qué obstáculos tropezamos en un pasado no lejano, cuál es el futuro previsible y deseable de Europa y cómo conducirnos los españoles para no ser miopes y para contemplar nuestro porvenir en función de lo que más conviene a nuestros intereses y crecimiento. Estamos ante un libro erudito, elaborado al microscopio, por un historiador respetuoso, que recoge todas las opiniones y tendencias que provocó nuestra aproximación a Europa en- tre 1963 y 1968. Trata el tema con una minuciosidad extraordi- naria, admirable e indiscutible. Su investigación ha sido profe- sional y muy cuidada. 753 citas a pie de página son testimonio de muchas horas de archivo y hemeroteca, y de una firme vo- luntad de no pasar por alto, o hurtar al lector, opiniones varia- das, aun en el supuesto de que no se compartan. No hay duda de que hay un profesor universitario en el relato de los hechos. Lo que sucedió en aquellos años tiene un alto interés, en primer lugar porque no son acontecimientos lejanos, y en se- gundo lugar porque afectaron a nuestra historia, a nuestra eco- nomía, a nuestro futuro y a nuestra propia estima. ¿Podía España, bajo el Régimen del General Franco, ingresar o asociarse a las Comunidades Europeas, hoy Unión Europea? Este es el núcleo central del libro. En una síntesis rigurosa, apre- tada e incómoda deberíamos precisar la pregunta: ¿tenía sentido la Carta del Ministro Castiella solicitando en 1962: «una asocia- ción susceptible de llegar en su día a la plena integración»? El autor da rienda suelta a la información abundante de que dispone. Es su libro, y quiere informar escrupulosamente al lec- tor sobre aquel día a día que duró desde el 9 de febrero de 1962 hasta el 29 de junio de 1970, y aún antes y después de ambas fechas. El resultado es pasmoso. Decenas y decenas de opinio- 12 nes diversas que se enfrentan, se entrelazan, se excluyen, y se modifican y que incluso se matizan o cambian diametralmente, en el tiempo que transcurre entre 1962 y 1970. Opiniones de políticos, de economistas, de diplomáticos, de profesores, de periodistas, de hombres inteligentes, de hombres de ideología variada, de algún fanático, de algún desorientado y de alguno que no sabía de la misa la mitad. De todos da noticia el profe- sor Zaratiegui, honestamente preocupado por no dejar a nadie fuera del concierto. Este libro denso y completo, es una tentación irresistible para el prologuista. Le resulta imposible, no cumplir la segun- da parte de la definición del conceptoprólogo , del Diccionario de la Lengua Española, de «hacer alguna advertencia» al lector. En este caso no se trata de advertencias, sino de simples ob- servaciones y opiniones de quien siguió nuestra marcha hacia Europa con apasionamiento. ¿Valía la pena la solemne carta de Castiella sabiendo que nunca entraríamos o nos asociaríamos a Europa en vida del General
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