DOCSLIB.ORG

Abilene Network Current Infrastructure

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Abilene Network Current Infrastructure Internet2 Network Steve Cotter Director, Network Services [email protected] Abilene Network Current Infrastructure Carrier provisioned backbone on Qwest footprint 0 A highly reliable 10-Gbps ‘best effort’, over-provisioned IP network 0 Dual stack IPv4/IPv6, native multicast, MPLS LSPs Abilene is widely used – it has the vast majority of the R&E community’s traffic, the applications, the users, the peerings, and the experiments. 35 direct connections (OC-3c → 10 Gbps) 246 Primary Participants – research universities and labs 0 150+ Sponsored Participants - Individual institutions, K-12 schools, museums, libraries, research institutes Federal Peers: ESnet, DREN, NISN, NREN, USGS See: http://abilene.internet2.edu/ 80+ Networks Reachable via International Peerings Europe-Middle East Asia-Pacific Americas Austria (ACOnet) Malta (Univ. Malta) Australia (AARNET) Argentina (RETINA) Belgium (BELNET) Netherlands (SURFnet) China (CERNET, CSTNET, Brazil (RNP2/ANSP) Croatia (CARNet) Norway (UNINETT) NSFCNET) Canada (CA*net) Czech Rep. (CESNET) Palestinian Territories Fiji (USP-SUVA) Chile (REUNA) Cyprus (CYNET) (Gov’t Computing Center) Hong Kong (HARNET) Costa Rica (CR2Net) Denmark Poland (POL34) Indonesia (INHERENT) Mexico (Red-CUDI) (Forskningsnettet) Portugal (RCTS2) Japan (SINET, WIDE, JGN2) United States (Abilene) Estonia (EENet) Qatar (Qatar FN) Korea (KOREN, KREONET2) Panama (RedCyT) Finland (Funet) Romania (RoEduNet) New Zealand (NGI-NZ) Peru (RAAP) France (Renater) Russia (RBnet) Philippines (PREGINET) Uruguay (RAU2) Germany (G-WIN) Slovakia (SANET) Singapore (SingAREN) Venezuela (REACCIUN2) Greece (GRNET) Slovenia (ARNES) Taiwan (TANet2, ASNet) Hungary Spain (RedIRIS) Thailand (UNINET, ThaiSARN) (HUNGARNET) Sweden (SUNET) Vietnam (Vinaren) Iceland (RHnet) Switzerland (SWITCH) Ireland (HEAnet) Syria (HIAST) Israel (IUCC) United Kingdom Italy (GARR) (JANET) Central Asia Africa Jordan (JUNET) Turkey (ULAKBYM) Armenia (ARENA) Algeria (CERIST) Latvia (LATNET) *CERN Georgia (GRENA) Egypt (EUN/ENSTIN) Lithuania (LITNET) Kazakhstan (KAZRENA) Morocco (CNRST) Luxembourg (RESTENA) Tajikistan (TARENA) Tunisia (RFR) Uzbekistan (UZSCI) South Africa (TENET) http://abilene.internet2.edu/peernetworks/international.html The New Internet2 Network Fundamental Changes in Researchers’ Needs In the community there is: 0 Great interest in hybrid networks 0 Greater availability of circuit-based capabilities 0 Greater interest worldwide to bring circuit-based services closer to the edge 0 Most regional optical networks have these capabilities Researchers now require a wide ranging set of attributes on a single network 0 Type: Shared (IP) to dedicated (wavelength) 0 Temporal: Dynamic to static 0 Robustness: Experimental (breakable) to production quality The New Internet2 Network Researched Community Requirements Examined a wide variety of projects with different types of capabilities 0 DRAGON and CHEETAH - NSF funded projects examining dynamic provisioning 0 ESnet’s OSCARS 0 Science related projects such as UltraLight and eVLBI 0 OptIPuter and TeraGrid 0 Internet2’s HOPI (Hybrid Optical Packet Infrastructure) Testbed Input from the international community 0 GEANT2 already providing hybrid types of capabilities 0 GLIF and lightpath capabilities for scientific work The New Internet2 Network Network Services Same highly reliable IP network built on top of optical system 0 Professional NOC and experience running near 5 9’s IP network 0 Commodity and content peering service offering “On-net” Waves: point-2-point full wavelength or sub-λ circuits 0 Free short-term, dynamically provisioned, deterministic STS-1 (50Mbps) granularity circuits with framing either SONET or GFP mapped Ethernet – subject to blocking. 0 Guaranteed medium to long-term circuits – price determined by distance, speed, duration 0 Long-term waves for a minimum of 1 year with guaranteed SLAs 0 Can provide ultra-high availability waves (protected) utilizing Infinera protection capabilities “Off-net” Waves: OC-x or DS-x provisioned services on the Level(3) footprint beyond Internet2 Network backbone The Internet2 Network Seattle 1000 Denny Way Detailed Layer 1 Topology Pacific Northwest GP Level 3 2001 6th Ave Westin Bldg Albany Portland Rieth Cleveland Oregon GP TFN 316 N Pearl Cambridge NOX 707 SW Washington Portland Chicago 4000 Chester Syracuse Level 3 Qwest 1335 NW Northrop Level 3 300 Bent St CIC/MREN Rochester Level 3 Level 3 MERIT BOREAS Buffalo Boise Internet2 Hartford 710 N New York th New York Lakeshore 111 8 Tionesta Detroit Level 3 NYSERNET Starlight 32 Ave of the Chicago Americas Ogden Rawlins Omaha 600 W Chicago Philadelphia Eureka Level 3 MC via 1075 Triangle Ct Reno Pittsburgh MAGPI Edison Sacramento 35mi Pittsburgh 401 N Broad overlap GP Level 3 Oakland via 1005 N B St Indianapolis 143 S 25th Washington Salt Lake 1902 S East CincinnatiLevel 3 San Francisco Inter-Mountain GP Denver St MAX 572 S DeLong Front Range GP 1755 Old Meadow Level 3 Level 3 Sunnyvale Level 3 1850 Pearl Kansas City Louisville Level 3 St. Louis CENIC GPN 848 S 8th St 1380 Kifer Tulsa 1100 Walnut Level 3 Raleigh San Luis Obispo Level 3 Level 3 OneNet Nashville Charlotte NCREN 18 W Archer 5301 Departure Level 3 Tennessee GP Raton 2990 Sidco Dr Dr Los Angeles Albuquerque Level 3 Santa Barbara th Level 3 Atlanta 818 W 7 New Mexico GP SLR Level 3 104 Gold Ave SE 345 Los Angeles Level 3 Courtland Atlanta CENIC 180 Peachtree St 600 W 7th Phoenix NW San Diego Rancho De La Fe Equinix Tucson (tentative) Level 3 MC Birmingham Jacksonville Dallas FLR El Paso Mobile 4814 Phillips Hwy Network Deployment Schedule 501 W Overland Valentine Level 3 Level 3 Tallahassee Nov 17, 2006 Regen DTN Sanderson Austin New Orleans Mar 1, 2007 Core Node Orlando Baton Rouge Mar 2, 2007 Drop DTN San Antonio LONI Tampa Apr 19, 2007 Other Level 3 Houston 9987 Burbank Apr 27, 2007 LEARN Level 3 1201 N I-45 May 24, 2007 Level 3 Miami Jun 12, 2007 South Florida GP 45 NW 5th Level 3 Node Architecture •Advanced optical DWDM equipment – Infinera DTN •Grooming capabilities in Ciena CoreDirector to provide sub channels •Simplified and standardized interface to connectors, exchange points, and other global research and education networks - 2 x 10 Gbps interfaces •Greatly enhanced support for the Observatory enabling the collection of network data at nodes The New Internet2 Network Example Projects on the New Network Dynamic services 0 Creating lightpaths across multiple administrative domains in seconds 0 Development of “Domain Controllers” 0 Support for applications - setup of “Application Specific Topologies” Dynamic inclusion of optical paths into IP networks for backup or expansion Phoebus Project - TCP data transfers over long segments not requiring congestion control Network research projects deploying programmable Ethernet capable chipsets at each optical node using “NetFPGA” cards from Stanford Service trial with GEANT2 on dynamic provisioning of 1 GigE circuits across Internet2 and GEANT2 The New Internet2 Network Network Research Support The Internet2 Network is an ideal platform for network research - the ability to support both highly experimental projects along with production-based services is a key objective The Abilene Observatory will be expanded to include the new capabilities of the network 0 Data collection at all layers of the network, with datasets made available to network researchers 0 Support for collocation of equipment in optical nodes Flexibility is key feature of the new network 0 Smaller projects at lower bandwidths can be supported on variable footprints 0 Projects can also be supported for variable lengths of time NSF projects like VINI and GENI can be supported by the new network.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Redclara Went from Being an Illusion to Become a Mature Institution”
    Invitation - Call Shall we talk seriously about natural disasters and the end of the world? Rafael Ibarra, RAICES president “RedCLARA went from being an illusion to become a mature institution” MERCOSUR’s Virtual School was launched March 2012 - n°30, year 8 This Project is funded by the European Union A project implemented by RedCLARA European Commission Press Contact: EuropeAid Cooperation Office María José López Pourailly Directorate B2 - Latin America PR & Communications Manager - CLARA @LIS Programme [email protected] Rue Joseph II, 54 J54 4/13 (+56) 2 584 86 18, extension 504 B-1049 Brussels Avenida del Parque 4680-A BELGIUM Edifico Europa, oficina 505 Ciudad Empresarial Huechuraba Santiago CHILE «The European Union is constituted by 27 member states which have decided to progressively join their practical knowledge, their resources and their destinies. Over an expansion period of 50 years, together they have built a stability, democracy and sustainable development zone, and have also preserved cultural diversity, tolerance and individual liberties. The European Union is committed to sharing its achievements and values with countries and peoples which are beyond its borders». The European Commission is the executive body of the European Union. Contents 6 Open Call to present papers for TICAL 2012 Conference 7 Register and participate in the First Virtual Day of Culture Fernando Liello, ELLA Project Coordinator 8 “Latin America needs the new submarine connection to Europe because it cannot rely only on connectivity to
    [Show full text]
  • Esnet: Advanced NETWORKING for SCIENCE
    ENERGY SCIENCES NETWORK ESnet: Advanced NETWORKING for SCIENCE Researchers around the world using advanced computing for scientific discovery are connected via the DOE-operated Energy Sciences Network (ESnet). By providing a reliable, high-performance communications infrastructure, ESnet facilitates the large-scale, collaborative science endeavors fundamental to Office of Science missions. Energy Sciences Network tive science. These include: sharing of massive In many ways, the dramatic achievements of 21st amounts of data, supporting thousands of collab- century scientific discovery—often involving orators worldwide, distributed data processing enormous data handling and remote collabora- and data management, distributed simulation, tion requirements—have been made possible by visualization, and computational steering, and accompanying accomplishments in high-per- collaboration with the U.S. and international formance networking. As increasingly advanced research and education (R&E) communities. supercomputers and experimental research facil- To ensure that ESnet continues to meet the ities have provided researchers with powerful requirements of the major science disciplines a tools with unprecedented capabilities, advance- new approach and a new architecture are being ments in networks connecting scientists to these developed. This new architecture includes ele- tools have made these research facilities available ments supporting multiple, high-speed national to broader communities and helped build greater backbones with different characteristics—redun- collaboration within these communities. The dancy, quality of service, and circuit oriented DOE Office of Science (SC) operates the Energy services—all the while allowing interoperation of Sciences Network (ESnet). Established in 1985, these elements with the other major national and ESnet currently connects tens of thousands of international networks supporting science.
    [Show full text]
  • Trapped in a Virtual Cage: Chinese State Repression of Uyghurs Online
    Trapped in a Virtual Cage: Chinese State Repression of Uyghurs Online Table of Contents I. Executive Summary..................................................................................................................... 2 II. Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 5 III. Background............................................................................................................................... 6 IV. Legislation .............................................................................................................................. 17 V. Ten Month Shutdown............................................................................................................... 33 VI. Detentions............................................................................................................................... 44 VII. Online Freedom for Uyghurs Before and After the Shutdown ............................................ 61 VIII. Recommendations................................................................................................................ 84 IX. Acknowledgements................................................................................................................. 88 Cover image: Composite of 9 Uyghurs imprisoned for their online activity assembled by the Uyghur Human Rights Project. Image credits: Top left: Memetjan Abdullah, courtesy of Radio Free Asia Top center: Mehbube Ablesh, courtesy of
    [Show full text]
  • Deliverable D8.4 Final Report on Sustainability and Exploitation
    07-07-2020 Deliverable D8.4 Final Report on Sustainability and Exploitation Deliverable D8.4 Contractual Date: 31-05-2020 Actual Date: 07-07-2020 Grant Agreement No.: 732049 – Up2U Work Package: WP8 Task Item: Task 8.1. Nature of Deliverable: R (Report) Dissemination Level: PU (Public) Lead Partner: GWDG Authors: Faraz Fatemi Moghaddam (GWDG), Philipp Wieder (GWDG), Aytaj Badirova (GWDG), Erik Kikkenborg (GÉANT), Gyöngyi Horváth (GÉANT), Casper Dreef (GÉANT), Andrea Corleto (GARR), Eleonora Napolitano (GARR), Gabriella Paolini (GARR), Krzysztof Kurowski (PSNC), Raimundas Tuminauskas (PSNC), Michal Zimniewicz (PSNC), Nelson Dias (FCT|FCCN), Antonio Vieira Castro (ISEP), Mary Grammatikou (NTUA), Dimitris Pantazatos (NTUA), Barbara Tóth (KIFÜ), Csilla Gödri (KIFÜ), Gytis Cibulskis (KTU), Jack Barokas (TAU), Ingrid Barth (TAU), Eli Shmueli (IUCC), Nadav Kavalerchik (IUCC), Orit Baruth (IUCC), Domingo Docampo (UVigo), Iván Otero (UVigo), Vicente Goyanes (TELTEK), Xoan Vidal (TELTEK), Stefano Lariccia (UROMA), Marco Montanari (UROMA), Nadia Sansone (UROMA), Giovanni Toffoli (UROMA), Allan Third (OU) © GÉANT Association on behalf of the Up2U project. The innovation action leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 732049 – Up2U. Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 1 Introduction 2 2 Business Models – Exploitation Activities 3 2.1 Up2U Tools for NRENs and Schools 4 2.1.1 The Centralised Model 5 2.1.2 openUp2U 5 2.1.3 The National Model 6 2.2
    [Show full text]
  • Internet2: a Comparative Study and Technological Solution to Achieve High Speed Networks
    Himanshu Agarwal / Indian Journal of Computer Science and Engineering Vol 1 No 3, 157-160 INTERNET2: A COMPARATIVE STUDY AND TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTION TO ACHIEVE HIGH SPEED NETWORKS HIMANSHU AGARWAL Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Moradabad Institute of Technology, Moradabad-244001 (Uttar Pradesh), India Email: [email protected] Abstract In current Indian scenario whenever it is required to access very large amount of data such as games or some commercial applications through commodity internet (internet1), speed becomes hurdle. It becomes tolerable for some applications but no one wants to bother in case of education and research. Now the world becomes commercialized and don’t want to bother with speed. Therefore the next generation of Internet infrastructure known as Internet2 or UCAID (University Corporation for Advance Internet Development) for 21st century comes in the focus of scientists, to improve quality of life through research and education. In this paper thorough analysis and comparative study of various educational networks, market scenario and Internet2 has been done, so all pros and cons become visualized to get the effect of internet2 in industries, research and development. Keywords: Internet2; Abilene network; gigapops; high speed networks. 1. Introduction Internet2 is a second generation network serving universities and research institutes by moving the data at a rate of 10 gigabits per second and more ,compared with 5.1 or so megabits old fashioned commodity internet. Internet2 moves data 100 to 1,000 times faster than internet1. Its GigaPoPs (points of presence) provide regional high-performance aggregation points; for member institutions, typically local campus networks provide no less than 100 Mbps to the desktop.
    [Show full text]
  • Ipv6 in Esnet
    SLAC-PUB-8902 IPv6 in ESnet Warren Matthews, Principal Network Specialist, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) Bob Fink, Energy Sciences Network (ESnet) Research Staff, Co-chair NGtrans WG, IETF and Project Lead for the 6bone Project, IETF. Susan Hicks, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Vyto Grigaliunas, Network Analyst, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) Abstract The importance of the Internet to modern High Energy Physics collaborators is clearly immense, and understanding how new developments in network technology impact net- works is critical to the future design of experiments. The next generation Internet Protocol (IPv6) is being deployed on testbeds and pro- duction networks throughout the world. The protocol has been designed to solve todays internet problems, and many of the features will be core Internet services in the future. In this talk the features of the protocol will be described. Details will be given on the deployment at sites important to High Energy Physics Research and the network services operating at these sites. In particular IPv6 deployment on the U.S. Energy Sciences Network (ESnet) will be reviewed. The connectivity and performance between High Energy Physics Laboratories, Universities and Institutes will be discussed. Keywords: Network, Technology, Internet, Protocol, IP, IPv6 1 Introduction High Energy and Nuclear Physics (HENP) experiments around the world generate huge amounts of data, much of which is transferred across networks to collaborators for analysis. Network technology has become critical to the success of experiments. The requirements of HENP researchers often means the networks they use become early implementors of new network technology. In this paper the next generation of the Internet Protocol (IP) is reviewed.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Survey on Machine Learning for Networking: Evolution, Applications and Research Opportunities Raouf Boutaba1*, Mohammad A
    Boutaba et al. Journal of Internet Services and Applications (2018) 9:16 Journal of Internet Services https://doi.org/10.1186/s13174-018-0087-2 and Applications RESEARCH Open Access A comprehensive survey on machine learning for networking: evolution, applications and research opportunities Raouf Boutaba1*, Mohammad A. Salahuddin1, Noura Limam1, Sara Ayoubi1, Nashid Shahriar1, Felipe Estrada-Solano1,2 and Oscar M. Caicedo2 Abstract Machine Learning (ML) has been enjoying an unprecedented surge in applications that solve problems and enable automation in diverse domains. Primarily, this is due to the explosion in the availability of data, significant improvements in ML techniques, and advancement in computing capabilities. Undoubtedly, ML has been applied to various mundane and complex problems arising in network operation and management. There are various surveys on ML for specific areas in networking or for specific network technologies. This survey is original, since it jointly presents the application of diverse ML techniques in various key areas of networking across different network technologies. In this way, readers will benefit from a comprehensive discussion on the different learning paradigms and ML techniques applied to fundamental problems in networking, including traffic prediction, routing and classification, congestion control, resource and fault management, QoS and QoE management, and network security. Furthermore, this survey delineates the limitations, give insights, research challenges and future opportunities to advance
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealand's High Speed Research Network
    Report prepared for the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment New Zealand’s high speed research network: at a critical juncture David Moore, Linda Tran, Michael Uddstrom (NIWA) and Dean Yarrall 05 December 2018 About Sapere Research Group Limited Sapere Research Group is one of the largest expert consulting firms in Australasia and a leader in provision of independent economic, forensic accounting and public policy services. Sapere provides independent expert testimony, strategic advisory services, data analytics and other advice to Australasia’s private sector corporate clients, major law firms, government agencies, and regulatory bodies. Wellington Auckland Level 9, 1 Willeston St Level 8, 203 Queen St PO Box 587 PO Box 2475 Wellington 6140 Auckland 1140 Ph: +64 4 915 7590 Ph: +64 9 909 5810 Fax: +64 4 915 7596 Fax: +64 9 909 5828 Sydney Canberra Melbourne Suite 18.02, Level 18, 135 GPO Box 252 Level 8, 90 Collins Street King St Canberra City ACT 2601 Melbourne VIC 3000 Sydney NSW 2000 Ph: +61 2 6267 2700 GPO Box 3179 GPO Box 220 Fax: +61 2 6267 2710 Melbourne VIC 3001 Sydney NSW 2001 Ph: +61 3 9005 1454 Ph: +61 2 9234 0200 Fax: +61 2 9234 0201 Fax: +61 2 9234 0201 For information on this report please contact: Name: David Moore Telephone: +64 4 915 5355 Mobile: +64 21 518 002 Email: [email protected] Page i Contents Executive summary ..................................................................................................... vii 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 2. NRENs are essential to research data exchange .............................................. 2 2.1 A long history of NRENs ....................................................................................... 2 2.1.1 Established prior to adoption of TCP/IP ............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Broadband for Education: the National Internet2 K20 Initiative’S and WICHE’S Recommendations to the FCC
    Broadband for Education: The National Internet2 K20 Initiative’s and WICHE’s Recommendations to the FCC Who are we? Internet2: We bring together Internet2’s world-class network and research community members with innovators from colleges and universities, primary and secondary schools, libraries, museums and other educational institutions, the full spectrum of America’s education community, including both formal and informal education. The National K20 Initiative extends new technologies, applications, and rich educational content to all students, their families and communities – no matter where they’re located. We have had immense success connecting the institutions above – in fact, over 65,000 institutions are now connected to the National Internet2 network – but to realize fully the potential of Internet2 all institutions must have adequate bandwidth. What follows are principles we endorse and urge the FCC to adopt. We divide our recommendations into two interrelated categories: connectivity and e-rate support. Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (WICHE): WICHE and its 15 member states work to improve access to higher education and ensure student success. Our student exchange programs, regional initiatives, and our research and policy work allow us to assist constituents in the West and beyond. Equitable access to broadband technology and, in particular, technology-enabled education, is among our strategies. At present much of the West, particularly the “frontier West,” has little or no access to adequate bandwidth. Many of our institutions are not among those connected by and participating in the Internet2 K20 Initiative. The principles and recommendations below would remedy this situation. Our recommendations: (1) Connectivity • Elementary schools, secondary schools, and branch libraries should be connected at 100 Mbps to 10 Gbps.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin Year 13
    Bulletin Year 13 Pure life and knowledge! Europe and Latin America RedCLARA partner TICAL's Costa Rican expand their collaboration networks have fast and edition will host two more for open science direct access to Microsoft events services n˚ 49 RedCLARA announces peering with Google April 2017 Contents Editorial - Mariano José Sánchez 5 Bontempo, Executive Director of RedCONARE Pure life and knowledge! TICAL's Costa 6 Rican edition will host two more events 11 BELLA-T opens tender for infrastructure "The mother of the Internet": Former 12 president of RedCLARA was honored by the Uruguayan television on Women's Day RedCLARA partner networks have fast and 13 direct access to Microsoft services RedCLARA announces peering with 14 Google RedCLARA: Europe and Latin America expand their Editing 15 María José López Pourailly collaboration for open science Contents A clear path for your data María José López Pourailly Using RedCUDI in the Pierre Auger Luiz Alberto Rasseli 16 Observatory Remote Control Room Translation into Portuguese located at UNAM Luiz Alberto Rasseli Translation into English We empower your research and María José López Pourailly Leonardo Rodríguez: "We hope to developments Luiz Alberto Rasseli 17 strengthen the articulation with the Graphic design scientific communities of the other María José López Pourailly national networks" 19 Agenda Press Contact: María José López Pourailly Communications and Public Relations Manager [email protected] (+56) 2 2584 86 18 # 504 Avenida del Parque 4680-A Edifico Europa, oficina 108 Ciudad Empresarial Huechuraba Santiago, CHILE Editorial TICAL will be held in Costa Rica this year! For Another event that will be held during these RedCLARA, the National Council of Rectors days is the meeting of Internet Society, called (CONARE) and RedCONARE (the Costa Rican “ION Costa Rica 2017”.
    [Show full text]
  • Internet Routing Policies and Round-Trip-Times
    Internet Routing Policies and Round-Trip-Times Han Zheng, Eng Keong Lua, Marcelo Pias, and Timothy G. Griffin University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory {han.zheng, eng.lua, marcelo.pias, timothy.griffin}@cl.cam.ac.uk Abstract. Round trip times (RTTs) play an important role in Internet measure- ments. In this paper, we explore some of the ways in which routing policies impact RTTs. In particular, we investigate how routing policies for both intra- and inter- domain routing can naturally give rise to violations of the triangle inequality with respect to RTTs. Triangle Inequality Violations (TIVs) might be exploited by overlay routing if an end-to-end forwarding path can be stitched together with paths routed at layer 3. However, TIVs pose a problem for Internet Coordinate Systems that attempt to associate Internet hosts with points in Euclidean space so that RTTs between hosts are accurately captured by distances between their associated points. Three points having RTTs that violate the triangle inequality cannot be embedded into Euclidean space without some level of inaccuracy. We argue that TIVs should not be treated as measurement artifacts, but rather as nat- ural features of the Internet’s structure. In addition to explaining routing policies that give rise to TIVs, we present illustrating examples from the current Internet. 1 Motivation Since round trip times (RTTs) play an important role in Internet measurements, it is important to have a good understanding of the underlying mechanisms that give rise to observed values. Measured RTTs are the result of many factors — “physical wire” distance, traffic load, link layer technologies, and so on.
    [Show full text]
  • May 2013 Report APPENDIX D
    APPENDIX D 2013 ESINet Steering Committee Report to the 130th General Assembly Technical Standards Subcommittee INFRASTRUCTURE EVALUATION An examination of the readiness of the state’s current technology infrastructure to support a statewide emergency services internet protocol network for Next Generation 9-1-1 Services. 0 | P a g e Table of Contents PURPOSE ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 EXISTING TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................. 2 OHIO OFFICE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ............................................................................................ 3 OIT Telecommunications .............................................................................................................................. 3 Procurement ................................................................................................................................................. 3 DAS Network Contract Management Services ............................................................................................. 4 Contracts by Service ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Reach…. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Capacity
    [Show full text]