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Home , Styx (moon)

⚫ What is the major difference between a and a ? Study Points ⚫ Name a dwarf planet. ⚫ Where are the dwarf in our ? ⚫ Distinguish between a meteor, a , and a . ⚫ What is a "shooting star"? Why do we see it? On average, how big is one? ⚫ Why do we study ? ⚫ What is a ? ⚫ Describe a comet including the nucleus, head and tail. Why do we see a comet? ⚫ Roughly, how big are ? ⚫ What is the Belt? the ? the ? Where is each located? ⚫ Why study comets? ⚫ What is a meteor shower? What is the comet connection to a meteor shower? What’s in our solar system?

Sun Planets Terrestrial Jovian Dwarf Small Solar System Bodies Comets Dust (future lecture after Test 2 all about the Sun) a. Most of (>99%) of solar system b. Star – produces own energy by fusion c. Hot

http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/gallery/images/large/eit001_prev.jpg What’s in our solar system?

Sun Planets Terrestrial Jovian

http://www.techastronomy.com/UserFiles/2007/7/22/solar_system4(1).jpg From**KNOW Last THIS**Lecture: Terrestrial* Jovian* “-like” “-like” • Small, less massive • Large, massive • Close to Sun (warm) • Far from Sun (cold) • Rings • Big storms, turbulent atmosphere, belt rotation

• Heavy elements • Hydrogen rich (light elements) • High density • Low density • Solid Surfaces • Gas and Liquid • Cratered • Few • Many moons • Thin atmospheres • Thick atmospheres • Weak magnetic fields • Large magnetic fields (some tilted) • Slow rotation • Fast rotation • Fast revolution (Kepler) • Slower revolution Terrestrial Jovian

Writing Assignment – Part of Test 2: • Planet Highlights – 1 Terrestrial & 1 Jovian • See class website calendar for details • 20 points on next test • 5 Highlights for each planet • Print and bring to Test 2 What’s in our solar system?

Sun Planets Terrestrial Jovian Dwarf What objects are planets and dwarf planets?*

Question Planet Dwarf Planet Orbits Sun? X X Round? X X Not a ? X X Cleared orbit? X Not cleared orbit? X

International Astronomical Union 2006 http://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0603/ Dwarf Planets*

⚫ (Asteroid Belt)

⚫

⚫

Plutoids ⚫

⚫ Haumea ⚫ Telescopes discovered: DWARF PLANET HAUMEA HAS A RING (10/11/2017) ⚫ https://www.universetoday.com/137444/dwarf-planet-haumea-ring/ Pluto Location Pluto Orbit

https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/ice-dwarf/en/ Pluto- Hard to classify Pluto and its largest moon, (top left)

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/pluto-s-big-moon-charon-reveals-a-colorful-and-violent-history Pluto Moons

Keberus

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap120716.html

Watch Motion Video of Pluto’s 5 Moons https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/ice-dwarf/en/ https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-pluto-k4.html Pluto: Planet or ?

• Round • Moons • Orbit tilted to plane of solar system • Orbit more elliptical than other planets • Sometimes Pluto is closer to sun than • Denser than Jovians, less dense than Terrestrials • One of many objects orbiting sun beyond Neptune

• It is a Dwarf Planet What are the names of the 2 areas in our solar system with or meteoroids?*

⚫ 1. ⚫ 2.

⚫ And where is each located?* ⚫ 3. location of 1. = ⚫ 4. location of 2. = Other Problem Objects Large meteoroids (asteroids) Asteroid Belt between and Jupiter Ceres (largest object in asteroid belt) Orbits sun Round Part of neighborhood of other objects =Dwarf Planet

 ~600 mi →

Pictures and video from DAWN http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/ceres Planet Terrestrial (small, dense…) Jovian (large, gaseous…) Dwarf

Current definition of Dwarf Planet* a. *Orbits a star b. *Round by own gravity c. *Has not cleared its neighborhood

Dwarf Planets 1. Pluto 2. Eris 3. Haumea 4. Makemake 5. Ceres Dwarf Planets

Dwarf Planet Candidates

Dwarf Planet Locations*

Asteroid Belt Kuiper Belt What’s in our solar system?

Sun Planets Terrestrial Jovian Dwarf Small Solar System Bodies Meteoroids Comets Dust http://www.techastronomy.com/UserFiles/2007/7/22/solar_system4(1).jpg Small Solar System Bodies

Meteoroids ▪ Definition: rocky matter in space* ▪ Small, rocky, oblong ▪ Mostly between Mars and Jupiter (Asteroid Belt) ▪ Asteroid – larger meteoroid Comets ▪ Definition: Icy object orbiting Sun* ▪ Some from beyond Neptune = Kuiper Belt Objects (40 AU) ▪ Some from farther out (1/4 way to next star) = Oort Cloud (1LY=63000AU) http://herschel.jpl.nasa.gov/solarSystem.shtml Kuiper Belt – Asteroid Belt – Many icy, rock Cluster of objects beyond meteoroids Neptune between Mars and Jupiter

Oort Cloud – Icy matter, including many comets way out here http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Eris_ Orbit.svg/644px-Eris_Orbit.svg.png Planet 9?

• Part of Kuiper Belt and influences other orbits • Video here with more info if interested: • http://www.universetoday.com/133555/pl anet-9-cant-run-forever-two-asteroids- give-clues/

http://www.universetoday.com/wp- content/uploads/2016/03/Planet_Nine _animation.gif The Goblin – Potential Dwarf Planet

http://earthsky.org/space/new-dwarf-planet-the-goblin-planet-x Meteoroids/Asteroids

⚫ *Orbit the sun ⚫ *Mostly between Mars and Jupiter (Some Gaspra throughout the solar system) ⚫ *Rocky, sometimes icy ⚫ Most are oblong ⚫ *Larger ones often called asteroids Meteoroids Small (grain/rice size) is most common* Largest is up to Minnesota size ⚫ Dwarf Planet (Largest in asteroid belt), Ceres, at ~600 mi. is a dwarf planet ⚫ 2nd largest asteroid, Vesta, at ~300 mi. but not as round or massive, so it remains an asteroid Vesta 2nd Largest Object in Asteroid Belt Planet or Dwarf planet or Asteroid? Vesta

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap120919.html Lutetia from Rosetta/ESA ~120 km diameter (~70 mi) http://www.esa.int/esa-mmg/mmg.pl?b=b&type=I&mission=Rosetta&single=y&start=4 Mathilde Gaspra Ida ~12mi X 7 mi Gaspra (asterioid)

Phobos (Mars’ moon)

Deimos (Mars’ moon) Ida and Dactyl

36mi X 14 mi http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap990807.html Eros 21 mi NEAR Shoemaker Asteroid Itokawa Japan’s Hayabusa 2005-10

http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/snews/2005/1102.shtml Japan’s Hayabusa2 - 2018

⚫ Watch https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/watch-japan-s- hayabusa-2-spacecraft-touch-down-asteroid-ncna979756 Landed on asteroid Feb. 2019 ⚫ 2 Bouncing rovers ⚫ Sample return mission to Earth in 2020

⚫ Picture: ⚫ Itokawa and Ryugu What are NASA’s asteroid plans? ⚫ NASA asteroid mission ⚫ NASA asteroid spacecraft Asteroids Visited by Spacecraft NASA OSIRIS – Rex Asteroid Sample Return Mission NASA & ESA DART Mission to redirect an asteroid Meteoroid* Meteor* Meteorite* Rocky (icy) Matter glowing Meteor on matter orbiting in Earth’s Earth the Sun atmosphere

Asteroid – Larger Meteoroid* Meteor (Shooting star, falling star)*

⚫ Small (grain to pea size)*

⚫ Fast (~50 mi/s) ⚫ Nearby (40 to 80 miles) ⚫ Collide with Earth’s atmosphere, glow ⚫ Most do not reach ground in tact ⚫ Add thousands of tons to Earth each year Fireball ⚫ Larger (marble size+) ⚫ Basketball size+ can reach ground Chelyabinsk Meteor

⚫ Feb. 15, 2013, speed of about 40 mi/s or 19 km/s ⚫ 1500 people injured, 13,000 tons, 20 m diameter ⚫ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpmXyJrs7iU Why study meteorites?

⚫ Composition and origin of Moon, Mars, and asteroids* Why study meteorites?

⚫ Estimate origin and age of our solar system* ⚫ 4.6 billion yrs* Why study meteorites?

⚫ Origin of life*

Murchison meteorite (1969) Why study meteorites?

⚫ Possible catastrophes for us* Why study meteorites?

Summary*: ⚫ Composition of Moon, Mars, & asteroids ⚫ Estimate origin and age of solar system ⚫ Origin of life ⚫ Possible catastrophes for us Barringer Crater in Winslow, AZ Meteor Crater in Winslow, AZ

⚫ Barringer Crater ⚫ Crater: 4/5 mile across, ~500 feet deep ⚫ Occurred ~50,000 years ago ⚫ Energy ~ 20 Megatons of TNT ⚫ Original meteor ~ house size (45m), 300,000 tons ⚫ Speed 40,000 mi/h Types of Meteorites

Iron-Nickel Stony-Iron Stony

Samples Comets* (cosmic snowball) * frozen gas, rock and dust *icy, fuzzy appearance, tails

Bayeux Tapestry Comets Hang in sky for days/weeks* Comet McNaught http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap070212.html Credit & Copyright: Minoru Yoneto Comet – orbit • Most have very elliptical orbits* • Some in plane of solar system but some not* Comet – why do we see them?*

1. Nears Sun & melts* 2. Debris reflects sunlight* 3. Sunlight blows debris away creating tail*

Interactive comet orbit at http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/comets/comet_model_interactive.html Comet Parts*

Nucleus = Dense center

Tail = gas/ice/dust blown back by sun

Head = Nucleus + surrounding gas/ice/dust

(Head and tail look dense but are not) Comet Nucleus– Original Description Frozen, dirty iceberg

Comet Borrelly http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/target/Other?subselect=Target:Borrelly Comet Nucleus– Additional Description

⚫ Many are frozen, dirty icebergs* ⚫ Others are loose collections of ice, gas, dust (Shoemaker- Levy 9 - 1993)* APOD – Wild 2 Comet Tempel 1

Size: ~1/3 Manhattan ~8kmX5km

Average Comet Size (nucleus): few miles AverageSize ~ Comet1/2 Manhattan Tail: (14kmX4km)millions of miles Comet Parts

Tail: Ions, gas, dust blown away by sun Two tails*: ⚫ Gas tail – Ions and gas, blown straight back from Sun (white) ⚫ Dust tail – Lags behind so looks curved (blue) Dust tail (blue)

Gas tail (white) Period of Comet Long Period comets* Short Period comets* In plane of solar system Out of plane Halley (76 yr), Hale-Bopp (~4000 yr) Tempel-Tuttle (33 yr)

http://www.eso.org/outreach/info-events/hale- bopp/comet-hale-bopp-summary-apr07-97-rw.html Comet Orbit

⚫ Most have very elliptical orbits ⚫ Short period comets generally orbit in the plane of the solar system ⚫ Long period comets orbit from all directions ⚫ Suggests two “hideouts” or origins Comet “Hideouts”* ⚫ Oort Cloud* ⚫ Sphere of frozen material around solar system* ⚫ ~ 100,000 AU (~1 LY) ⚫ long period comets, out-of-plane of SS

⚫ Kuiper Belt* ⚫ Objects in plane of solar system beyond Neptune ⚫ ~ 40 – 1000 AU ⚫ Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) ⚫ short period comets, in-plane of SS Comet “Hideouts” Why study comets?*

⚫ Water carriers? ⚫ Original material of solar system ⚫ Life? In 2014 Rosetta and Philae at Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

http://www.esa.int/Our_ Activities/Space_Scienc e/Rosetta/Rosetta_s_la nder_Philae_wakes_up _from_hibernation

http://www.universetoday.com/119296/dust-whirls-swirls-and-twirls-at-rosettas-comet/

Reminder: Meteors and comets are seen for different reasons

Meteors: Comets: In Earth’s Not in Earth’s atmosphere atmosphere Meteor Shower* connection between meteors and comets ⚫ Comet leaves trail of ice and dust ⚫ Earth sweeps through the comet dust ⚫ See 10s to 100s of meteors per hour

⚫ Meteor Shower happens when Earth passes through leftover comet debris*

http://astrobob.areavoices.com/2011/10/19/orionid-meteor-shower- could-make-your-wildest-dreams-come-true/ Meteor showers

Best ones ⚫ Perseids Aug 10-14 ⚫ Leonids Nov 14-19 ⚫ Geminids Dec 10-13

Watch example here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6XTBrYWrey0 Meteor Streak from Meteor Shower

http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroidwatch/meteor.php What’s in our solar system?

Sun Planets Terrestrial Jovian Dwarf Small Solar System Bodies Meteoroids Comets Dust – small particles in the cosmos

http://www.techastronomy.com/UserFiles/2007/7/22/solar_system4(1).jpg Next Lecture

Greenhouse Gasses

Threats to Our Environment - Dinosaur Extinction Observation Projects

OBSERVATION PROJECTS: 135 points available, 100 pts max All Observations due by midnight (11:59pm) on their due date. You can hand in the observation during class, email a picture by midnight, or submit on D2L Assignment Submissions. ✓ Earth-Sun Scale Model Due Jan. 28 (10 points) Make scaled model & take picture ✓ Sunset – Part 1 Due Feb. 18 (10 points) Take 1st picture of sunset (same location) ✓ Student Conference Due Feb. 27 (occurs on Feb. 25) (5 points) ❖ Moon Phases Due TODAY Mar. 5 (10 points) Observe 4 phases & record in table ➢ Planetarium (Plan) Due May 5 (10 points) See a show Feb. 4 (FIELD TRIP) ❑ Stargazing (SG) Due May 12 (20 points) Go stargazing & write report ❑ Telescope (Tel) Due May 12 (20 points) Look through a telescope ❑ Moon Craters (MC) Due May 12 (10 points) Look at moon craters

FUTURE: (don’t start yet) ❑ Astrophysics Lecture or Report Start Mar. 19; Due Apr. 21 (10 points) Attend lecture Apr. 14 or write report ❑ Sunset – Part 2 Start Apr. 7; Due Apr. 28 (10 pts) 2nd sunset picture, same location ❑ News Evaluation Start Mar. 31; Due May 5 (20 pts) New report Homework & Observations • Continue answering STUDY POINTS (flashcards) • D2L Quizzes 5-7 open. Quizzes 5-8 for Test 2 • Observations: (weather & calendar update) ❑ Moon Phases Due TODAY Mar. 5 (10 pts) Observe 4 phases & record in table ❑ Turn in now or email/D2L submit picture of your table by 11:59pm tonight ❑ Stargazing (SG) Due May 12 (20 points) Go stargazing & write report ❑ Telescope (Tel) Due May 12 (20 points) Look through a telescope ❑ Moon Craters (MC) Due May 12 (10 points) Look at moon craters • Lab this week on Dimensional Analysis & Significant Figures • Come to your registered lab time this week. Don’t miss lab. Helpful for the Lab Quiz in 2 weeks. • Tutor Oskar in T3200 Mon, Wed, Fri – class website has hours • Test 2, Tuesday, March 24 • 40 multiple choice questions • 20 points for Planets Writing Assignment – print & bring to test • Work on this over spring break • Study by answering Study Points and doing D2L quizzes • Happy Spring Break next week – work on writing assignment