The Mongol Empire Terms and Names Kublai Khan Mongol Leader and Chinese Emperor Marco Polo Traveler from Venice Who Served Kublai Khan for 17 Years

Name ______Class ______Date ______Empires in East Asia Section 3 The Mongol Empire Terms and Names Kublai Khan Mongol leader and Chinese emperor Marco Polo Traveler from Venice who served Kublai Khan for 17 years

Before You Read In the last section, you read about the rise of the Mongols and their conquests. In this section, you will read about the Mongol leader who became emperor of China.

As You Read Use a diagram to show the impact of Kublai Khan on East Asia.

KUBLAI KHAN BECOMES 1. Why was the Yuan Dynasty important EMPEROR (Pages 335–336) in Chinese history? How did Kublai Khan rule China? Genghis Khan began the conquest of ______China in 1215. His grandson, Kublai Khan, conquered all of China in 1279. He ______was the first foreigner to rule the whole ______country. Kublai Khan became China’s new emperor. He began the Yuan Dynasty. It MONGOL RULE IN CHINA ruled China for less than 100 years. This (Pages 336–337) era was important. Kublai Khan united What changes occurred under China for the first time in 300 years. He Mongol rule? opened China to more foreign trade. The Mongol rulers were very different from Mongols did not disrupt Chinese the Chinese. The Mongols kept the top government or culture. Kublai Khan built government jobs for themselves. They a new capital. It was located in the modern also hired many people from other lands city of Beijing. for these posts. Mongol rulers did not trust The Mongols tried to conquer other the Chinese. lands. Kublai Khan attacked Japan in 1274 Kublai Khan was a great leader. He and 1281. The Mongols forced the restored the Grand Canal. He helped Koreans to build and supply ships for the foreign trade increase. Chinese goods such planned invasions. It was very expensive as silk and porcelain were in demand. and almost ruined Korea. Both attacks Western Asia and Europe wanted Chinese failed. The second failed because a inventions. These included gunpowder and typhoon destroyed the Mongol fleet. paper money.

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Kublai Khan welcomed merchants from Southeast Asia failed. Many lives and other countries to China. Marco Polo was much equipment were lost. a trader from Venice, Italy. He came to To pay for these wars, as well as public Kublai Khan’s court around 1275. Polo works and the luxuries enjoyed by the learned several Asian languages and Yuan court, the Khan raised taxes. The served under Kublai Khan for 17 years. Chinese resented the heavy burden these Polo traveled to different Chinese cities in taxes placed on them. his work for Kublai Khan. Kublai Khan died in 1294. Afterward, Polo returned to Italy in 1292. He told Mongol leaders struggled for power. They amazing stories about his journeys. He fought over control of the empire. These described China’s cities, riches, and fights weakened Mongol rule. customs. He also recorded the way the Rebellions broke out in many parts of Khan’s government worked. Later, Polo’s China in the 1300s. In 1368, Chinese tales were collected in a book. The book rebels took over the government. Mongol was popular in Europe. rule ended. The rebels set up a new 2. How did Kublai Khan help China? dynasty. It was called the Ming. By this time, the whole Mongol Empire ______was falling apart. Mongols lost control of Persia and Central Asia. The Mongols ______held on to Russia, though, until 1480. ______3. Name two reasons why Mongol rule came to an end. ______

THE END OF MONGOL RULE ______(Pages 337–338) How did Mongol rule end? ______In the last years of his rule, Kublai Khan ran into trouble. Attacks on ______

Original content © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. 128 Guided Reading Workbook Name ______Class ______Date ______Section 3, continued

As you read this section, use the questions to help you summarize information about Mongol rule in China.

1. Who? Who was Kublai Khan? Who was Marco Polo?

2. When? When did the Mongols gain control of all of China? When did Kublai Khan rule?

3. Where? Where did Kublai Khan build palaces? Where did Kublai Khan move the capital of his empire?

4. How? How did the Mongol rulers treat their Chinese subjects? How did Kublai Khan expand foreign trade?

5. Why? Why did the Mongols give most high government posts to foreigners? Why were the Mongols unable to conquer Japan? Why is the Yuan Dynasty important in Chinese history? 6. What? What brought about the fall of the Yuan Dynasty?

Original content © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. 129 Guided Reading Workbook