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Effectiveness of Solids Removal from Liquid Swine and Dairy Manures Using Biomaterial Filtration Mark Vincent Garrison Iowa State University

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Effectiveness of Solids Removal from Liquid Swine and Dairy Manures Using Biomaterial Filtration Mark Vincent Garrison Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2005 Effectiveness of solids removal from liquid swine and dairy manures using biomaterial filtration Mark Vincent Garrison Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons, and the Environmental Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Garrison, Mark Vincent, "Effectiveness of solids removal from liquid swine and dairy manures using biomaterial filtration " (2005). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 1237. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/1237 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Effectiveness of solids removal from liquid swine and dairy manures using biomaterial filtration by Mark Vincent Garrison A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Agricultural Engineering Program of Study Committee: Thomas L. Richard, Major Professor Jeffery Lorimor Carl Bern Shih-Wu Sung Theodore Bailey Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2005 UMI Number: 3172215 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3172215 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ii Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation of Mark Vincent Garrison has met the dissertation requirements of Iowa State University Signature was redacted for privacy. Major Professor Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Program iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF TABLES ABSTRACT viii CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction 1 Thesis Organization 4 Literature Review 5 References 14 CHAPTER 2. EFFECTIVENESS OF SOLIDS REMOVAL FROM 20 LIQUID SWINE AND DAIRY MANURES USING BIOMATERIAL FILTRATION Abstract 20 Introduction 20 Materials and Methods 22 Results and Discussion 25 Conclusions 34 References 35 CHAPTER 3. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 61 General Discussion 61 Future Research Recommendations 63 APPENDIX A. EXPERIMENTAL DATA 65 iv LIST OF FIGURES Chapter 1 Figure 1. Dry matter contents of influent dairy manure solids and total 17 solids removed for different types of separators Figure 2. Dry matter contents of influent swine manure solids and total 18 solids removed for different types of separators Chapter 2 Figure 3. Side (top) and top (bottom) views of the filter with filter material 37 installed Figure 4. Filter material samples com stover (top) and wood shavings 38 (bottom) Figure 5. Particle size distribution graph for the com stover and wood 39 shavings filter material Figure 6. % TS mass removal efficiency per i* volume of 0.5% influent 40 TS dairy manure over three com stover filter densities Figure 7. Filtration duration (sec) per i* volume of 0.5% influent TS dairy 40 manure over three com stover filter densities Figure 8. % TS mass removal efficiency per i^ volume of 2.75% influent 41 TS dairy manure over three com stover filter densities Figure 9. Filtration duration (sec) per i* volume of 2.75% influent TS dairy 41 manure over three com stover filter densities Figure 10. % TS mass removal efficiency per i* volume of 5.0% influent 42 TS dairy manure over three com stover filter densities Figure 11. Filtration duration (sec) per i* volume of 5.0% influent TS dairy 42 manure over three com stover filter densities Figure 12. % TS mass removal efficiency per i* volume of 0.5% influent 43 TS dairy manure over three wood shaving filter densities Figure 13. Filtration duration (sec) per i* volume of 0.5% influent TS dairy 43 manure over three wood shaving filter densities. Figure 14. % TS mass removal efficiency per i* volume of 2.75% influent 44 TS dairy manure over three wood shaving filter densities. V Figure 15. Filtration duration (sec) per i* volume of 2.75% influent TS 44 dairy manure over three wood shaving filter densities Figure 16. % TS mass removal efficiency per i* volume of 5.0% influent 45 TS dairy manure over three wood shaving filter densities Figure 17. Filtration duration (sec) per P volume of 5.0% influent TS dairy 45 manure over three wood shaving filter densities Figure 18. % TS mass removal efficiency per i* volume of 0.5% influent 46 TS swine manure over three com stover filter densities Figure 19. Filtration duration (sec) per i* volume of 0.5% influent TS 46 swine manure over three com stover filter densities Figure 20. % TS mass removal efficiency per i^ volume of 2.75% influent 47 TS swine manure over three com stover filter densities Figure 21. Filtration duration (sec) per i* volume of 2.75% influent TS 47 swine manure over three com stover filter densities Figure 22. % TS mass removal efficiency per i* volume of 5.0% influent 48 TS swine manure over three com stover filter densities Figure 23. Filtration duration (sec) per i* volume of 2.75% influent TS 48 swine manure over three com stover filter densities Figure 24. % TS mass removal efficiency per i^ volume of 0.5% influent 49 TS swine manure over three wood shaving filter densities Figure 25. Filtration duration (sec) per i* volume of 0.5% influent TS 49 swine manure over three wood shaving filter densities Figure 26. % TS mass removal efficiency per i^ volume of 2.75% influent 50 TS swine manure over three wood shaving filter densities Figure 27. Filtration duration (sec) per i* volume of 2.75% influent TS 50 swine manure over three wood shaving filter densities Figure 28. % TS mass removal efficiency per i* volume of 5.0% influent 51 TS swine manure over three wood shaving filter densities Figure 29. Filtration duration (sec) per i* volume of 5.0% influent TS 51 swine manure over three wood shaving filter densities vi Figure 30. Total solids removal means for manure type versus initial total 52 solids Figure 31. Total solids removal means for manure type versus filter 52 material density Figure 32. Total solids removal means for % initial total solids versus filter 53 material density. Figure 33. Volume of manure filtered means for manure type versus % 53 initial total solids Figure 34. Volume of manure filtered means for filter material density 54 versus % initial total solids vii LIST OF TABLES Chapter 1 Table 1. Summary of previous studies using organic and related materials 19 for filters Chapter 2 Table 2. Initial measured physical properties of the com stover and wood 55 shavings Table 3. Estimated porosities for the three levels of compaction 55 Table 4. Summary of biomaterial filter performance based on manure 56 mass Table 5. Summary of biomaterial filter performance based on manure 57 volume Table 6. Average and standard deviations for manure volumes applied to 58 filters Table 7. ANOVA table for the Total Solids removal efficiency (%) 59 Table 8. Total solids removal means for manure type versus influent total 59 solids Table 9. Total solids removal means for manure type versus filter material 59 Table 10. Total solids removal means for manure type versus filter material 59 density Table 11. Total solids removal means for % initial total solids versus filter 59 material density 60 Table 12. ANOVA table for the filtrate volume Table 13. Total filtrate volume means for filter material type versus influent 60 total solids mass % Table 14. Total filtrate volume means of % initial total solids versus filter 60 material density Appendix Table 15. Experimental data 65 viii ABSTRACT Recently, the livestock industry in the United States has been under scrutiny of environmental policymakers and the general public in regards to the industry's impact on the environment. This has forced the livestock industry to be more conscious in the handling, treatment, and disposal of manures produced by confinement animals. The management of animal waste typically involves several steps, but due to low production profit margins and the demand for technological simplicity, animal manures tend to have less treatment than human wastes. Liquid- solid separation using biomaterials, like com stover, offers a possible cheap and technologically simple alternative for waste processing, in some cases. Separation allows for the recovery of one or both components (liquid or solid fraction) as a useful by-product or to enhance the overall waste treatment process. The primary objective of this investigation was to examine the effect of biomaterial filtration on dairy and swine manure using two readily available biomaterials (com stover and wood shavings). The effects of filter density and influent manure total solids (TS) mass were also investigated. Filter performance primarily depended on manure type and to lesser extent on influent TS concentration and filter media density. TS mass removal ranged from 53 to 80% and from 35 to 56% for dairy and swine manures, respectively. Biomaterials, like com stover, offer some promise as filter materials for liquid-solid separation of animal manures. 1 CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION Introduction Recently, the livestock industry in the United States has been under the focus of environmental regulators and the public with respect to the industry's impact on the environment.
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