Son Preference in Anhui Province, China by Maureen J

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Son Preference in Anhui Province, China by Maureen J Son Preference in Anhui Province, China By Maureen J. Graham, Ulla Larsen and Xiping Xu nancy and sterilization for couples with Context: Chinese couples, particularly those in rural areas, have historically had a strong pref- two or more children. By 1983, there was erence for sons. This preference may affect couples’ reproductive behavior and their treatment an even stronger campaign for abortion of girl vs. boy children. and sterilization, and out of desperation Methods: A community-based household survey was conducted in two rural counties of Anhui for a boy, some parents may have killed 8 Province in 1993. Responses from 5,779 women of reproductive age who had had at least one newborn daughters. birth yielded data on sex ratios, duration of breastfeeding and childbearing patterns. In 1984, with a shift in leadership, China restructured its population policy. While Results: The overall sex ratio was 1.18 male births per female birth, significantly higher than maintaining the goal of holding the popu- the expected ratio of 1.06; for first, second and third or higher order births, ratios were 1.17, 1.12 lation at 1.2 billion in the year 2000, the new and 1.16, respectively. The sex ratio was low in 1980–1986, when the national one-child policy policy allowed rural couples to have two was strictly enforced, and was significantly elevated before 1980 (1.18) and in 1987–1993 (1.22). children. It also eliminated forced abortions, Last-born children, regardless of family size, had the highest sex ratio. Girls were breastfed for mandatory IUD insertions and financial a significantly shorter duration than boys, particularly if they had an older sister and no broth- penalties for exceeding the limit, and gave ers. Since 1980, couples with only a girl have been slightly more likely than those with only a couples more choice for contraceptive use.9 boy to have a second child; those with two girls have been 5–6 times as likely as those with two In 1985, the policy became less restrictive, boys to have a third child. The interval between pregnancies is shorter when the previous child was a girl than when the previous child was a boy. as the overall population goal changed to about 1.2 billion in the year 2000. Under a Conclusions: Couples in Anhui control the size of their families and attempt to control the sex 1986 regulation, couples were allowed to composition. If China’s fertility decline continues and the preference for sons remains unchanged, sign an agreement with the government discrimination against girls may intensify. not to have a third child, rather than un- International Family Planning Perspectives, 1998, 24(2):72–77 dergo sterilization. Since 1988, several cam- paigns have promoted the status of girls and encouraged later marriage. Plans for on preference has deep cultural roots work, offer financial support to aging par- more solid social security benefits have also in many Asian countries.1 The sex ents, continue the family name and receive been implemented, to lessen the need for Sratio at birth in these countries ex- the family inheritance; in the past, they children to care for the elderly.10 ceeds the expected ratio of 106 male births also were responsible for ancestor wor- The population control policy, coupled per 100 female births,2 possibly reflecting ship.3 Sons are particularly preferred in with a decrease in desired family size, has social or behavioral interference. In China, rural farming areas of China and among been followed by increases in sex ratios at where son preference has historically been less educated parents.4 Using a small sub- birth.11 Three main reasons may explain strong, sons are needed to carry out farm- set of a population from Anhui Province the increased sex ratios: sex-selective in- in China, we explore son preference in fanticide, gender-specific abortion and *Although the one-child policy was issued on the national rural agricultural areas, where the sex concealment of female births.12 Excess fe- level, each province decides the circumstances under which couples may have two children, so as to implement ratio at birth is generally higher than the male infant mortality and couples’ ten- 5 the policy in accordance with local social, economic, po- ratio in urban areas. dency to place female babies for adoption litical and cultural conditions. In Anhui and other pre- also may have played a role in the years dominantly rural provinces, these circumstances are as Background since 1980.13 follows: a couple’s first child suffers from a nonheredi- During the 1970s, under the wan-xi-shao Fertility is higher in rural than urban tary disease or a disability and is unable to become a nor- mal worker; one spouse is a veteran with a severe dis- (later, longer, fewer) policy, the Chinese areas, partly because the population pol- ability; one spouse has been working in mining government encouraged but did not en- icy allows for rural couples to have more continuously for more than five years, and the couple’s force population control. Couples were children, and partly because enforcement first child is a girl; a peasant couple whose first child is urged to marry later, wait longer between is more difficult in rural areas.14 Conse- a girl lives in a mountainous area where population 6 growth has been negligible for a long time; both spous- births and have few children. The na- quently, rural couples are more likely than es belong to an ethnic minority group; in a rural family tional policy limiting families to having their urban counterparts to have a son by with no sons, a daughter marries uxorily (i.e., the hus- one child was announced in 1979.*7 The chance. The extent to which individuals band joins the wife’s family); one member of a rural cou- government also set a goal of a population modify their childbearing behavior to ple is an only child; both spouses are only children; only one male child in a peasant family is able to reproduce; of 1.2 billion in the year 2000, and to achieve the desired sex composition of pregnancy occurs after a couple who have remained achieve that goal, it enforced the one-child their children is not well understood. childless for many years adopt a child, and the wife is at policy more strictly over time: Between least 35; one spouse in a second marriage has never had 1982 and 1983, the regulations included Maureen J. Graham is research associate, and Xiping Xu children and the other is widowed with two children; to- mandatory IUD insertion for all women is associate professor, Department of Environmental gether, a remarried couple have fewer than two living Health; Ulla Larsen is associate professor, Department children; and both spouses are returned overseas Chi- who had one child, abortion for any of Population and International Health—all at the Har- nese. (Source: reference 7.) woman who had an unauthorized preg- vard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. 72 International Family Planning Perspectives The Study Area census bureaus. Special- Table 1. Ratio of male births to female births, by parity, according In the early 1980s, the population of Anhui ly trained interviewers to year, Anhui Province, China Province totaled approximately 50 million; and permanent staff in 1997, it was about 61 million.15 The Parity No. of births All years Before 1980–1986 1987–1993 from Anhui Medical 1980 province’s socioeconomic status is low to University visited each (N=13,473) (N=4,389) (N=4,846) (N=4,238) medium for China: For example, in 1986, household and conduct- All 13,473 1.18*** 1.18*** 1.07 1.22*** the per capital gross national product was ed face-to-face inter- 1 5,779 1.17** 1.20* 1.03 1.27*** 916 yuan nationally and 698 yuan in views. The respondents 2 4,451 1.12*** 1.12 1.07 1.21** ≥ Anhui; in 1997, these figures were 6,048 were all Han, the main 3 3,243 1.16* 1.23** 1.14 1.07 yuan and 4,378 yuan, respectively.16 nationality in China. *Significantly different from expected ratio of 1.06 at p<.05. **Significantly different from ex- pected ratio of 1.06 at p<.01. ***Significantly different from expected ratio of 1.06 at p<.001. Our analysis, which focuses on the An- Approximately 16,000 Note: Excludes 1,080 births with incomplete information on the year of birth. qing region, is based on a 1993 community women and 20,000 men survey conducted in two counties, Huai- were extensively inter- ning and Zongyang, where the majority viewed about their health status and med- first to second birth and second to third of people are employed as agricultural ical history, occupational exposures, smok- birth because too few women had had a workers. In the mid-1980s, the population ing, living conditions and diet. fourth or a fifth child (703 and 371, re- of Huaining was 745,500, and that of An additional questionnaire, adminis- spectively). Time to first birth could not Zongyang was 934,000; the average life ex- tered to 14,017 women aged 15 or older, in- be analyzed because information on mar- pectancy in both counties was similar to cluded questions on women’s pregnancy riage date was not complete. that for China overall (about 65 years).17 history, lifestyle before childbearing, men- The two counties are quite similar, the strual cycle and age at menarche. Of the Results main difference being that Huaining pro- 10,904 respondents who had had at least Sex Ratios duces cotton and Zongyang produces rice one delivery, 3,520 did not report their chil- Overall, 1.18 male births occurred for every as a main crop.
Recommended publications
  • Association Between Social Capital and Depression Among Older People: Evidence from Anhui Province, China
    Bai et al. BMC Public Health (2020) 20:1560 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09657-7 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Association between social capital and depression among older people: evidence from Anhui Province, China Zhongliang Bai1,2,3, Zhiwei Xu3,4, Xiaoru Xu2, Xia Qin2, Wenbiao Hu3* and Zhi Hu1,2* Abstract Background: To examine the relationship between social capital and depression among community-dwelling older adults in Anhui Province, China. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among older people selected from three cities of Anhui Province, China using a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method. Data were collected through questionnaire interviews and information on demographic characteristics, social capital, and depression was collected. The generalized linear model and classification and regression tree model were employed to assess the association between social capital and depression. Results: Totally, 1810 older people aged ≥60 years were included in the final analysis. Overall, all of the social capital dimensions were positively associated with depression: social participation (coefficient: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.22– 0.48), social support (coefficient:0.18, 95% CI:0.07–0.28), social connection (coefficient: 0.76, 95% CI:0.53–1.00), trust (coefficient:0.62, 95% CI:0.33–0.92), cohesion (coefficient:0.31, 95% CI:0.17–0.44) and reciprocity (coefficient:0.30, 95% CI:0.11–0.48), which suggested that older people with higher social capital had a smaller chance to develop depression. A complex joint effect of certain social capital dimensions on depression was also observed. The association with depression and the combinative effect of social capital varied among older adults across the cities.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    The World Bank Anhui Xuancheng Infrastructure for Industry Relocation (P129431) REPORT NO.: RES33665 Public Disclosure Authorized RESTRUCTURING PAPER ON A PROPOSED PROJECT RESTRUCTURING OF ANHUI XUANCHENG INFRASTRUCTURE FOR INDUSTRY RELOCATION PROJECT APPROVED ON JUNE 20, 2013 TO Public Disclosure Authorized PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA SOCIAL, URBAN, RURAL AND RESILIENCE GLOBAL PRACTICE EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC Public Disclosure Authorized Regional Vice President: Victoria Kwakwa Country Director: Bert Hofman Senior Global Practice Director: Ede Jorge Ijjasz-Vasquez Practice Manager/Manager: Francis Ghesquiere Task Team Leader: Wanli Fang, Minghe Tao Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Anhui Xuancheng Infrastructure for Industry Relocation (P129431) ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS BOD Biological Oxygen Demand CD Country Director EA Environmental Assessment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan GDP Gross Domestic Product MOU Memorandum of Understanding PDO Project Development Objective PMO Project Management Unit RAP Resettlement Action Plan RMB Ren Min Bi (Chinese Currency) SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment TA Technical Assistance TCE Tons Coal Equivalent WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant XETDZ Xuancheng Economic and Technological Development Zone The World Bank Anhui Xuancheng Infrastructure for Industry Relocation (P129431) BASIC DATA Product Information Project ID Financing Instrument P129431 Investment Project Financing Original EA Category Current EA Category Full Assessment (A) Full Assessment (A)
    [Show full text]
  • Inside Information Bankruptcy and Liquidation of a Subsidiary of the Company
    Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited and The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited take no responsibility for the contents of this announcement, make no representation as to its accuracy or completeness and expressly disclaim any liability whatsoever for any loss howsoever arising from or in reliance upon the whole or any part of the contents of this announcement. (a sino-foreign joint stock limited company incorporated in the People’s Republic of China) (Stock Code: 00991) INSIDE INFORMATION BANKRUPTCY AND LIQUIDATION OF A SUBSIDIARY OF THE COMPANY This announcement is made by Datang International Power Generation Co., Ltd. (the “Company”) pursuant to Part XIVA of the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571, Laws of Hong Kong) and Rules 13.09(2)(a) and 13.10B of the Rules Governing the Listing of Securities on The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited(the “Hong Kong Listing Rules”). This announcement is also made by the Company pursuant to Rules 13.25(1), 13.51B(2) and 13.51(2)(l) of the Hong Kong Listing Rules. The board of directors of the Company (the “Board”) announced that Datang Anqing Biomass Power Generation Co., Ltd. (“Anqing Company”), a holding subsidiary of the Company, received the Civil Ruling from the People’s Court of Daguan District, Anqing City, Anhui Province ((2021) Wan 0803 Po Shen No. 1) recently. 1. OVERVIEW OF THE BANKRUPTCY AND LIQUIDATION Anqing Company applied to the People’s Court of Daguan District, Anqing City, Anhui Province for the bankruptcy and liquidation on the ground that it was unable to settle its due debts and its assets were insufficient to pay off all its debts.
    [Show full text]
  • Huangshan Hongcun Two Day Tour
    ! " # Guidebook $%&' Hefei Overview Hefei, capital of Anhui Province, is located in the middle part of China between the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River and beside Chaohu Lake. It occupies an area of 7,029 square kilometers of which the built-up urban area is 838.52 square kilometers. With a total population of about five million, the urban residents number about 2.7 million. As the provincial seat, the city is the political, economic, cultural, commercial and trade, transportation and information centre of Anhui Province as well as one of the important national scientific research and education bases. $% !() Hefei Attractions *+, The Memorial Temple Of Lord Bao The full name of this temple is the Memorial Temple of Lord Bao Xiaoshu. It was constructed in memory of Bao Zheng, who is idealized as an upright and honest official and a political reformer in the Song Dynasty. Xiaoshu is Lord Bao's posthumous name that was granted by Emperor Renzhong of the Song Dynasty in order to promote Lord Bao's contribution to the country. Former Residence of Li Hongzhang Lord Bao 1 -./01 Former Residence of Li Hongzhang Former Residence of Li Hongzhang is located on the Huaihe Road (the mid-section) in Hefei. It was built in the 28th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty. The entire building looks magnificent with carved beams and rafters. It is the largest existing and best preserved former residence of a VIP in Hefei and is a key cultural relic site under the protection of Anhui Provincial Government.
    [Show full text]
  • Anhui Huainan Urban Water Systems Integrated Rehabilitation Project
    China, People's Republic of: Anhui Huainan Urban Water Systems Integrated Rehabilitation Project Project Name Anhui Huainan Urban Water Systems Integrated Rehabilitation Project Project Number 46078-002 Country China, People's Republic of Project Status Active Project Type / Modality Loan of Assistance Technical Assistance Source of Funding / Loan 3054-PRC: Anhui Huainan Urban Water Systems Integrated Rehabilitation Project Amount Ordinary capital resources US$ 150.00 million TA 8491-PRC: Strengthening Urban Flood Management in Huainan Municipality Multi-Donor Trust Fund under the Water Financing Partnership Facility US$ 500,000.00 Strategic Agendas Environmentally sustainable growth Inclusive economic growth Drivers of Change Sector / Subsector Agriculture, natural resources and rural development - Water-based natural resources management Water and other urban infrastructure and services - Urban flood protection - Urban sewerage Gender Equity and Effective gender mainstreaming Mainstreaming Description The impact of the project will be improved urban water environment, public health, and quality of life for urban residents in the Huainan municipality. The outcome of the project will be improved management of surface water resources in the Huainan municipality. The project will have the following components which are all linked to each other: Component 1: Improvement of wastewater collection and transmission systems. This component will include installation of 115.2-kilometer (km) new main wastewater collection and transmission pipes in
    [Show full text]
  • 2.2 Anhui Province Anhui Wanzhong Group Co., Ltd.1, Affiliated with The
    2.2 Anhui Province Anhui Wanzhong Group Co., Ltd.1, affiliated with the Anhui Provincial Prison Administration Bureau, has 27 prison enterprises Legal representative of the prison company: Xu Xiaogang, Chairman of the company and Director of the Anhui Provincial Prison Administration Bureau.2 The company’s registered capital is 443.469 million yuan. Its total assets amounted to 1.5 billion yuan. Founded in December 1996, it has 19 wholly-owned subsidiaries (other information indicates that it has 27 prison enterprises) spreading out in 11 cities and counties in the province, with more than 7,000 regular workers and 47,000 prisoners. Its main products include railway sleeper fasteners, medium and low-pressure valves, automotive forgings, power accessories, textiles and garments, cement and building materials, specialty agricultural products, various types of labor processing products and hotel catering and other tertiary industry services. In 2007, the group realized an operating income of 1.44 billion yuan and a profit of 82 million yuan, and it paid taxes of 70.9 million yuan. Its total profit and taxes were 156 million yuan. No. Company Name of the Legal Person Legal Registered Business Scope Company Notes on the Prison Name Prison, to and representative / Capital Address which the Shareholder(s) Title Company Belongs 1 Anhui Anhui Anhui Xu Xiaogang 44.3469 Capital management; project 100 Qingxi The Anhui Provincial Prison Administration Province Provincial Provincial Chairman of Anhui million yuan investment, management and Road, Shushan Bureau4 is the administrative agency of the Wanzhong Prison People’s Wanzhong Group operation; material supply and District, Hefei provincial government responsible for the Group Co., Administrati Government Co., Ltd.; Director product sale related to investment City, Anhui administration of prisons throughout the province.
    [Show full text]
  • CE Certificates Issued in 2021 for Holders in China / Vietnam
    CE certificates issued in 2021 for holders in China / Vietnam Certificate holder Certificate No. / Product Date of issuance Date of expiry Product specification code Xuzhou Yizun New Material Co., Ltd. Plywood according to Industrial Park, Hegou Town, Xinyi City, 0766-CPR-429/4 EN 636:2012+A1:2015 Jiangsu Province / Product types: 5 January 2021 9 May 2021 Post code 221439 2117181-009 EN 636-1 China EN 636-2 Xuzhou Yizun New Material Co., Ltd. Plywood according to Industrial Park, Hegou Town, Xinyi City, 0766-CPR-430/4 EN 636:2012+A1:2015 Jiangsu Province / Product types: 5 January 2021 9 May 2021 Post code 221439 2117181-010 EN 636-1 China EN 636-2 EN 636-3 Xuzhou Kinri Trade Co., Ltd. Plywood according to Shengyang Village, Sanpu Town, Tongshan Dis- EN 636:2012+A1:2015 0766-CPR-564 trict, Xuzhou High-tech Industrial Develop- Product types: / 11 January 2021 24 November 2021 ment Zone, Jiangsu Province EN 636-1 2121007-005 Post code 221112 EN 636-2 China Viet Nam Hai Duong Baifar Wood Plywood according to Nam Sach Industrial Zone, Nam Sach District, 0766-CPR-565 EN 636:2012+A1:2015 Hai Duong / Product types: 11 January 2021 10 January 2022 Post code 03000 2121008-001 EN 636-1 Vietnam EN 636-2 LianyungangChanta International Wood Cov Plywood according to Ltd. EN 636:2012+A1:2015 0766-CPR-485/2 Kangpeng Plaza, Lianyun District, Lianyungang Product types: / 26 January 2021 20 January 2022 City, Jiangsu Province EN 636-1 2119007-003 Post code 222000 EN 636-2 China EN 636-3 Page 1 of 7 CE certificates issued in 2021 for holders in China / Vietnam Certificate holder Certificate No.
    [Show full text]
  • PRC: Anhui Integrated Transport Sector Improvement Project–Xuming Expressway
    Updated Resettlement Plan January 2011 PRC: Anhui Integrated Transport Sector Improvement Project–Xuming Expressway Prepared by Anhui Provincial Communications Investment Group Company for the Asian Development Bank. 2 CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency unit – Yuan (CNY) $1.00 = CNY6.80 ABBREVIATIONS ACTVC - Anhui Communications Vocational & Technical College ADB - Asian Development Bank AHAB - Anhui Highway Administration Bureau APCD - Anhui Provincial Communications Department Anhui Provincial Communications Investment Group ACIG - Company APs Affected Persons AVs Affected Villages APG - Anhui Provincial Government M&E Monitoring and Evaluation PMO - Project Management Office RP - Resettlement Plan PRC - People’s Republic of China NOTE (i) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars unless otherwise stated. This updated resettlement plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ADB Financed Anhui Integrated Transport Sector Improvement Project Resettlement Plan for Anhui Xuzhou-Mingguang Expressway Project (updated) Anhui Provincial Communications Investment Group Company January, 2011 Note on the updated RP On November 11, 2009, the Anhui Provincial Development and Reform Commission gave a reply on the detailed design of the Anhui section of the Xuzhou-Mingguang Expressway with Document APDRC [2009] No.1199.
    [Show full text]
  • ANHUI EXPRESSWAY COMPANY LIMITED App.1A.1 (A Joint Stock Limited Company Incorporated in the People’S Republic of China with Limited Liability) App.1A 5
    IMPORTANT If you are in any doubt about this prospectus, you should consult your stockbroker, bank manager, solicitor, professional accountant or other professional S38(1A) adviser. A copy of this prospectus, having attached thereto the documents specified in the section headed “Documents delivered to the Registrar of Companies in Hong Kong” in appendix X, has been registered by the Registrar of Companies in Hong Kong as required by section 342C of the Companies Ordinance of Hong S342C Kong. The Registrar of Companies in Hong Kong takes no responsibility for the contents of this prospectus or any of the documents referred to above. The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited (the “Stock Exchange”) and Hong Kong Securities Clearing Company Limited (“Hongkong Clearing”) take no responsibility for the contents of this prospectus, make no representation as to its accuracy or completeness and expressly disclaim any liability whatsoever for any loss howsoever arising from or in reliance upon the whole or any part of the contents of this prospectus. ANHUI EXPRESSWAY COMPANY LIMITED App.1A.1 (a joint stock limited company incorporated in the People’s Republic of China with limited liability) App.1A 5 Placing and New Issue of 493,010,000 H Shares of nominal value RMB1.00 each, App.1A at an issue price of RMB1.89 per H Share 15(2)(a)(c)(d) payableinfullonapplication 3rd Sch at HK$1.77 per H Share App.1Apara 9 15(2)(h) Sponsors and Lead Underwriters CEF Capital Limited The CEF Group Crosby Capital Markets (Asia) Limited Co-Underwriters DBS Asia Capital Limited Peregrine Capital Limited J&A Securities (Hong Kong) Limited Shanghai International Capital (H.K.) Limited Wheelock NatWest Securities Limited Seapower Securities Limited Amsteel Securities (H.K.) Limited China Southern Corporate Finance Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Refractory Chronic Osteomyelitis of Femur
    Medical Case Reports and Reviews Case Report ISSN: 2517-7214 Refractory chronic osteomyelitis of femur: A case report Li Chen*, Huibao Hou, Liren Zhang and Qi Pan Department of orthopedics, Suzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital of Anhui Province), 299 Bianhe Middle Road, Yongqiao District, Suzhou City, Anhui Province, China Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to introduce a case of refractory chronic osteomyelitis of the femoral shaft. Case Report: A 51 year old male suffered from chronic osteomyelitis of the femoral shaft for about 40 years. In the first stage, thorough debridement, extensive lesion resection, antibiotic bone cement spacer and external fixator were applied; in the second stage, the external fixator and bone cement column were changed to femoral bone marrow internal nail combined with femoral locking plate and autologous bone implantation at the broken end under the premise of complete control of inflammation and good health. Finally, the patient was cured and very satisfied with the current state. Conclusion: We report a case of refractory chronic osteomyelitis, which is very rare to have a long history of disease, a large number of fractures, and deformity degree of lower limbs. Introduction improved after anti-inflammatory treatment and wound cleaning and dressing change, but the skin intermittent exudation was not cured. It is difficult to treat chronic osteomyelitis of femoral shaft, which Three years later, the symptoms of swelling, ulceration and purulent often leads to deformity and seriously affects limb function, which fluid exudation of the lateral skin of the middle and lower femur were brings serious burden to patients’ life and economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Anhui Environmental Improvement Project for Municipal Wastewater Treatment/Industrial Pollution Abatement
    Performance Evaluation Report PPE: PRC 28241 Anhui Environmental Improvement Project for Municipal Wastewater Treatment/Industrial Pollution Abatement (Loans 1490/1491-PRC) in the People’s Republic of China December 2005 Operations Evaluation Department Asian Development Bank CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit – yuan (CNY) At Appraisal At Project Completion At Operations Evaluation (October 1996) (January 2003) (June 2005) CNY1.00 = $0.1200 = $0.1210 = $0.1208 $1.00 = CNY8.3364 = CNY8.2770 = CNY8.2765 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank AEPB – Anhui Environmental Protection Bureau APG – Anhui Provincial Government AVP – Anhui Vinylon Plant BOD – Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) CDCC – Chaohu Dongya Cement Company COD – chemical oxygen demand CWTEC – Chaohu Wastewater Treatment Engineering Company DO – dissolved oxygen EA – Executing Agency EIRR – economic internal rate of return FIRR – financial internal rate of return HCFP – Hefei Chemical Fertilizer Plant HCW – Hefei Chemical Works HISC – Hefei Iron and Steel Corporation HSTC – Hefei Sewage Treatment Company ICB – international competitive bidding IS – international shopping NOx – nitrogen oxides O&M – operation and maintenance OEM – Operations Evaluation Mission PCR – project completion report PIA – project implementing agency PMO – Project Management Office PPER Project Performance Evaluation Report PRC – People’s Republic of China RRP – Report and Recommendation of the President SCADA – Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SOE – state-owned enterprise SS – suspended solid TA – technical assistance TCR – technical assistance completion report TOT – Transfer-Operate-Transfer WACC – weighted average cost of capital WWTP – wastewater treatment plants WEIGHTS AND MEASURES kg – kilogram km – kilometer l – liter m – meter m3 – cubic meter mg – milligram mm – millimeter NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. Director : D.
    [Show full text]
  • Factory Name
    Factory Name Factory Address BANGLADESH Company Name Address AKH ECO APPARELS LTD 495, BALITHA, SHAH BELISHWER, DHAMRAI, DHAKA-1800 AMAN GRAPHICS & DESIGNS LTD NAZIMNAGAR HEMAYETPUR,SAVAR,DHAKA,1340 AMAN KNITTINGS LTD KULASHUR, HEMAYETPUR,SAVAR,DHAKA,BANGLADESH ARRIVAL FASHION LTD BUILDING 1, KOLOMESSOR, BOARD BAZAR,GAZIPUR,DHAKA,1704 BHIS APPARELS LTD 671, DATTA PARA, HOSSAIN MARKET,TONGI,GAZIPUR,1712 BONIAN KNIT FASHION LTD LATIFPUR, SHREEPUR, SARDAGONI,KASHIMPUR,GAZIPUR,1346 BOVS APPARELS LTD BORKAN,1, JAMUR MONIPURMUCHIPARA,DHAKA,1340 HOTAPARA, MIRZAPUR UNION, PS : CASSIOPEA FASHION LTD JOYDEVPUR,MIRZAPUR,GAZIPUR,BANGLADESH CHITTAGONG FASHION SPECIALISED TEXTILES LTD NO 26, ROAD # 04, CHITTAGONG EXPORT PROCESSING ZONE,CHITTAGONG,4223 CORTZ APPARELS LTD (1) - NAWJOR NAWJOR, KADDA BAZAR,GAZIPUR,BANGLADESH ETTADE JEANS LTD A-127-131,135-138,142-145,B-501-503,1670/2091, BUILDING NUMBER 3, WEST BSCIC SHOLASHAHAR, HOSIERY IND. ATURAR ESTATE, DEPOT,CHITTAGONG,4211 SHASAN,FATULLAH, FAKIR APPARELS LTD NARAYANGANJ,DHAKA,1400 HAESONG CORPORATION LTD. UNIT-2 NO, NO HIZAL HATI, BAROI PARA, KALIAKOIR,GAZIPUR,1705 HELA CLOTHING BANGLADESH SECTOR:1, PLOT: 53,54,66,67,CHITTAGONG,BANGLADESH KDS FASHION LTD 253 / 254, NASIRABAD I/A, AMIN JUTE MILLS, BAYEZID, CHITTAGONG,4211 MAJUMDER GARMENTS LTD. 113/1, MUDAFA PASCHIM PARA,TONGI,GAZIPUR,1711 MILLENNIUM TEXTILES (SOUTHERN) LTD PLOTBARA #RANGAMATIA, 29-32, SECTOR ZIRABO, # 3, EXPORT ASHULIA,SAVAR,DHAKA,1341 PROCESSING ZONE, CHITTAGONG- MULTI SHAF LIMITED 4223,CHITTAGONG,BANGLADESH NAFA APPARELS LTD HIJOLHATI,
    [Show full text]