Informatics Studies. ISSN 2320 – 530X. Vol. 4, Issue 3 Third Quarterly Issue. July – September, 2017. P 05-20

Access Tools and Services to : DOAR, ROAR, SHERPA-ROMEO, SPARC and DOAJ

Helen Nneka Okpala

Abstract The paper presents the concept and background of Open Access (OA) as well as its benefits. Librarians as information gatekeepers are enjoined to register in the advocacy of OA in a bid to promote scholarly communication and also aid in the building up of institutional repositories. Self Archiving (Green Access) and Open Access Journals (Gold Access) as proposed by the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) are discussed. Describes selected access tools and services to Open Access to explain the topic. Concludes by describing the influence of Open Access movement among information service professionals in Nigeria, and the raising awareness among scholars about self-archiving and Open Access journals. Keywords: Open Access, Green Access, Golden Access, self-archiving, BOAI, OAI-PMH, Z39.50, Nigeria.

Introduction digital in nature (e-prints). Why are Open Access works only digital? This question was In universities today, we talk of Open Access thrown by Suber (2013) which he answered to documents of research not just for people by stating that ‘after the creation of the first to peruse and see the local contents of the digital copy of a work, the cost of creating university but also for image boosting of additional copies and distributing them on the university. This entails that such the Internet is marginal. This contrasts with documents can be viewed by virtually paper-based publishing, which not only anybody that finds his or her way to the entails meaningful paper-copy production institution’s repository. Repositories exist for costs, but also physical storage and the main purpose of unleashing the distribution costs. As noted by Bailey (2006), indigenous contents of a particular Open Access works are scholarly works - institution. These contents are the ones romance novels, popular magazines, self- produced within the confines of the help books, and the like are excluded. Most university especially by the researchers in the universities are now aiming to provide Open particular university. There is a strategic link Access to their local contents via institutional between institutional repositories and Open repositories, which typically utilize free open Access resources because institutional source software, such as DSpace, , or repositories are one of the strategies through Fedora, but may be externally hosted by which self-archiving is achieved and these vendors for designed fees. Institutional repositories house theses, dissertations, term repository staff may offer a range of services, papers and other scholarly works which are such as document deposit, metadata creation,

Informatics Studies 4(3), July-September, 2017 5 Access Tools and Services to Open Access repository promotion, training, and user where librarians called ‘research consultants’ support. This means, there is need for are compelled to visit Open Access sites and establishment of repositories in download journals and other e-resources in institutions, but the question is: How many preparation for NUC accreditation exercises. universities in Nigeria have keyed into this Serials crisis referred here, is a situation development? The OpenDOAR has listed whereby universities are not able to afford some universities in Nigeria that provide subscriptions to certain journals and the like. Open Access to their contents. They are: Therefore, the available resources made open Ahmadu Bello University, Covenant on the Internet are downloaded, printed and University, Federal University of Technology bound together by the binders in the library. Akure (), University This is not just intended for the university of Nigeria Nsukka (Open Repository), and to scale through accreditation exercises, but University of Jos (Institutional Repository). for users to consult such downloaded resources for their research and this boils Repositories adhere to an internationally down to the reason behind Open Access. agreed set of technical standards that means As universities and libraries seek alternative that they expose the metadata (the publishing models to reduce costs and protect bibliographic details such as author names, authors’ rights as much as possible, Open institutional affiliation, and date, titles of Access is considered a feasible system that the article, abstract and so forth) of each item enables archiving and distribution of in their contents on the Web in the same scholarly works with minimal or no cost to basic way. In other words, they are universities, libraries, or readers (Wong, ‘interoperable’. This common protocol to 2009). which they all adhere is called the Protocol for Metadata There is a rapidly expanding stock of scientific Harvesting (OAI-PMH). According to Giarlo knowledge. Yet access to this pool of (2005), the OAI-PMH works in much the knowledge is often difficult because of the same way that Z39.50 does, enabling a relatively high cost of scholarly journal, and common set of functions to be accessed via their printed and web -based versions. a standard protocol. The great benefit of Another vital issue is that removing access OAI-PMH is the ability to harvest records barriers will accelerate research, enrich from numerous providers (e.g., Open Access education and share learning. There is journals, institutional repositories, etc.), and therefore a critical need to make research aggregate them under a single search. The results available to as many academics and contents of all repositories are then indexed elite class as possible free of charge. Because by Web search engines such as Google and of this need, concerned institutions and Google Scholar, creating online Open Access organizations feel challenged. One of such databases of freely-available global research. initiatives, which has been undertaken to As the level of self-archiving (the process by demonstrate that scientific knowledge need which authors deposit their work in not be published in forms that make access repositories) grows, the Open Access corpus expensive, is the Budapest (Okoye and will represent an increasingly large proportion Ejikeme, 2011). of the scholarly literature. What is Open Access? Many libraries in Nigeria suffer from what is Tenopir (2004) states that Open Access: called ‘serials crisis’, and this singular reason ‘includes many publication and distribution has made them gun for Open Access schemes. E-journals that are published, materials to augment their collections. This distributed electronically, and subsidized by is practical in University of Nigeria, Nsukka universities, government agencies, and

6 Informatics Studies 4(3), July-September, 2017 Helen Nneka Okpala volunteer organizations are the most The Budapest (Budapest Open Access common. In addition, collections of separate Initiative, 2002) (BOAI) definition of Open articles or research reports could fit the Access explains that scholarship is made definition, including e-print servers such as widely available, but that authors’ rights must arXiv.org, institutional repositories, and be recognized: author web pages.’ (Tenopir, 2004) By ‘Open Access’ to literature reporting ‘Framing the Issue,’ published by the research results, we mean its free availability Association of Research Libraries (ARL, on the public internet, permitting any users 2004) outlines some issues relating to Open to read, download, copy, distribute, print, Access. It addresses questions such as: search, or link to the full texts of these articles, • crawl them for indexing, pass them as data Why is access to information important? to software, or use them for any lawful • What obstacles limit access? purpose, without financial, legal, or technical • barriers other than those inseparable from What is Open Access? gaining access to the internet itself. The only Access to information is important because constraint on reproduction and distribution, society benefits from the open exchange of and the only role for copyright in this ideas. Access to copyrighted materials domain, should be to give authors control inspires creativity and facilitates research over the integrity of their work and the right development in academic disciplines. There to be properly acknowledged and cited (Bailey, are troubling economic trends in scholarly 2007). publishing; the increasing cost of The Bethesda and Berlin statements say that subscriptions, the emphasis on licensing of for a work to be Open Access, users must be access instead of purchasing physical copies, able to ‘copy, use, distribute, transmit and and mergers and acquisitions resulting in display the work publicly and to make and price increases and monopolies. Additionally, distribute derivative works, in any digital various legal and legislative issues constitute medium for any responsible purpose, subject obstacles that limit access. ARL claims that to proper attribution of authorship.’ These Open Access is a cost-effective way to are referred to as the BBB definition by Suber disseminate information and facilitate (2013). Wong (2009) went further to state academic research. Open Access is consistent that the three definitions listed have with the legal framework of copyright and similarities and differences in wording and can include peer-review to ensure the quality focus. Open Access has as its goal the of scholarship (ARL, 2004). democratization of information access, but Open Access is an on-going discourse among is also fully compatible with scholarly practices such as , citation, and scholars, researchers, and libraries. For the intellectual property (Lind and Williams, Open Access movement, the Budapest 2013). (February 2002), Bethesda (June 2003), and Berlin (October 2003) definitions of ‘Open The Bethesda Statement builds upon the Access’ are the most central. In December BOAI, but how does it differ from it? The 2001, the Open Society Institute convened a BOAI does not indicate how copyright meeting of prominent scholarly owners will operationalize the Open Access communication change agents in Budapest concept. Aside from being able to access it that strongly influenced the nascent Open freely, how will users know that a specific Access movement. The result of this work is an ‘Open Access’ work? By contrast, meeting was the Budapest Open Access the Bethesda Statement specifies that Initiative (BOAI) (Bailey, 2006). copyright owners will grant users certain

Informatics Studies 4(3), July-September, 2017 7 Access Tools and Services to Open Access rights under licenses, and these rights shall Internet are: (1) authors’ personal Websites, be ‘free, irrevocable, worldwide, perpetual.’ (2) disciplinary archives, (3) institutional-unit A license is a contract, with terms and archives, or (4) institutional repositories. But conditions that describe permitted uses. As authors at times find it difficult to do self- such, it supercedes users’ copyright rights if archiving due to some apprehensions about it specifies terms and conditions that negate publishers’ policies. This is why SHERPA- them. One such right under the Bethesda RoMEO is existing - to offer list of publisher Statement, which the BOAI doesn’t specify, permissions policies with respect to self- is the right to make derivative works. For archiving. example, a work could be translated into Open Access Journals (Gold OA) another language without requiring permission (Bailey, 2006). These are journals that are freely available to scholars online for downloads and use. To achieve Open Access to scholarly journal According to Suber (2013) as cited in literature, BOAI (2002) recommend two complementary strategies. Wikipedia (2013b), Open Access journals are scholarly journals that are available online to Self Archiving (Green OA) the reader ‘without financial, legal, or technical First, scholars need the tools and assistance barriers other than those inseparable from to deposit their refereed journal articles in gaining access to the Internet itself.’ Some open electronic archives, a practice commonly are subsidized, and some require payment called, self-archiving. When these archives on behalf of the author. Second, scholars conform to standards created by the Open need the means to launch a new generation Archives Initiative, then search engines and of journals committed to Open Access, and other tools can treat the separate archives as to help existing journals that elect to make one. Users then need not know which the transition to Open Access. Because archives exist or where they are located in journal articles should be disseminated as order to find and make use of their contents. widely as possible, these new journals will When authors make their articles freely no longer invoke copyright to restrict access available in digital form on the Internet, they to and use of the material they publish. are said to be ‘self-archiving’ them. These Instead they will use copyright and other articles can be either ‘’ or ‘post tools to ensure permanent Open Access to prints.’ Preprints are draft versions of articles all the articles they publish. Because price is a that have not undergone peer review or barrier to access, these new journals will not editorial review and modification. Most charge subscription or access fees, and will preprints are intended for submission to turn to other methods for covering their journals, but some are not. Post prints are expenses. There are many alternative sources the final published versions of articles. They of funds for this purpose, including the can either be the publisher’s version of the foundations and governments that fund article or an updated that the author research, the universities and laboratories that creates to reflect any changes made during employ researchers, endowments set up by the peer review and editorial processes. discipline or institution, friends of the cause (BOAI, FAQ). There are different forms of of Open Access, profits from the sale of Open Access archives, including institutional add-ons to the basic texts, funds freed up by repositories and subject or disciplinary the demise or cancellation of journals repositories (Morrison, 2006). Self-archiving charging traditional subscription or access has some strategies in itself, as identified by fees, or even contributions from the Bailey who stated that ‘the most common researchers themselves. There is no need to ways that e-prints are made available on the favor one of these solutions over the others

8 Informatics Studies 4(3), July-September, 2017 Helen Nneka Okpala for all disciplines or nations, and no need to markets for services related to curation, stop looking for other, creative alternatives. preservation, analysis, and visualization. Policies that mobilize these publications and Suber characterizes the core concept of for re-use through preservation and Access this way: Open Access removes price broader public access also maximize the barriers (e.g., subscription fees) and impact and accountability of the Federal permission barriers (e.g., copyright and research investment. These policies will licensing restrictions) to royalty-free literature accelerate scientific breakthroughs and (i.e., scholarly works created for free by innovation, promote entrepreneurship, and authors), making them available with enhance economic growth and job creation.’ minimal use restrictions (e.g., author attribution). To the author, Open Access is very beneficial not only by making their works visible, but Open Access has the following characteristics by increasing the authors’ prestige. This in as given by Jain (2012): agreement with CASLIN (2009)’s statement • It is free availability of scholarly that ‘Open Access generates more citations publication. and thus contributes to status and prestige • It is free of copyright and licensing of the author which in turn benefits their restrictions career and the granting of their research proposals’. • Materials are available online or on the Internet. The Open Access Movement: Roles of • Material is full text. Professionals • Material can be accessed by anybody from Open Access is especially important for anywhere without any discrimination. research and academic libraries since all academic institutions are research-intensive • Material can be freely used by anyone. and a library’s main mandate is to support • Open Access contents can be in any the teaching, learning and research activities format from texts and data to software, of their parent institutions. All three activities audio, video, and multi-media, scholarly are research-based (Jain, 2012). While the articles and their preprints. growth of Open Access presents a number Benefits of Open Access of challenging hurdles to academic libraries, there are a number of notable benefits that Open Access is beneficial to a many as listed it offers as well. Moreover, it seems clear that by Jain (2012) which include: teaching staff this is no longer a subject to be read about and students, authors, readers, society, and debated; Open Access has arrived and is journals and publishers, funding agencies, being rapidly adopted (Giarlo, 2005). Gedye governments, citizens, libraries, universities (2004) claimed that in an Open Access era, ‘a and nations. Open Access also accelerates new role for librarians needs to be discussed, research, enriches education, and shares defined, and promoted’ in order to better learning across rich and poor nations (Bhat, apply their research and instruction expertise 2010). to facilitate and instruct their users in accessing Lind and Williams (2013), asking the and evaluating the quality of Open Access question: ‘Why Open Access?’ made the articles. Some of the roles played by libraries following citation from the Executive Office and librarians in regard to the Open Access of the President of the United States: movement are as follows: ‘...Wider availability of peer-reviewed Libraries as Publishers publications and scientific data in digital This creates room for libraries to manage formats will create innovative economic their own electronic journals and

Informatics Studies 4(3), July-September, 2017 9 Access Tools and Services to Open Access institutional repositories. One of the key ensuring that the computer facilities and goals of the institutional repository, simply software are compatible with Open Access stated, is to capture the intellectual output materials. Open Access also requires policy of an institution and make it available via a and procedure changes, in order to single interface, so that one no longer needs accommodate the additional collections of to scour disparate faculty and graduate institutional repositories and Open Access student websites in order to find their journals. Subject specialists, bibliographers, research. A single point of access, search, and and cataloging librarians need to establish organization of scholarly materials within guidelines to perform quality control and the institution would be of value to the regular catalog maintenance on these titles communities served by academic libraries, (Wong, 2009). and there are certainly other values of Librarians as OA Promoters institutional repositories. One such value is , as ‘libraries are in a better Morrison (2004) is of the view that position than individual academics to professional library associations should rise guarantee that the collection is systematically to the challenge of promoting OA. available even after decades’ (Björk, 2004). Open Access Repositories Librarians as Educators Ideally, a repository is a place or container Librarians all over the world have become where anything could be kept for safekeeping. advocates of Open Access. It has been But whenever ‘repository’ is mentioned, observed that when authors self-archive their ‘books’ come to mind, especially where works, it lessens the burden on librarians. librarians are concerned. A library could be Hence, the need to educate researchers in likened to a repository where books are universities on Open Access and its place in stored for safekeeping and easy reference. research - how authors can put up their works More recently, a repository is usually not only for the world to see, but to boost associated with digital contents due to the their careers as this will encourage scholarly advent of the Internet. Ideally, a repository communication. When another author cites ought to be a storehouse of archival contents an author’s work, it goes a long way in career whereas a digital repository is where digital promotion. At times, collaboration between content and assets are stored and can be such authors is birthed. That is why it is searched and retrieved for later use (Hayes, important for authors to leave their contact 2005). With the advent of the Open Access (especially e-mails) on their articles so as to Initiative (OAI), the advocates never really enable communication from other authors, differentiated between these two terms; which can give rise to writing or sharing ideas rather, it is assumed that repositories are together, which is same as collaboration. digital in nature. So, when a repository is Many librarians have been vocal and active mentioned, ‘digital repository’ comes to advocates of Open Access. These librarians mind. Recently, higher institutions are believe that Open Access promises to remove fighting so hard to push their contents up both the price barriers and the permission and make them accessible by researchers and barriers that undermine library efforts to scholars all over the world. This is in a bid to provide access to the journal literature (Suber, break the barrier of digital divide whereby 2013). ubiquitous access to digital documents thrives. A study by Stanger and McGregor Librarians as OA Guideline (2006) revealed that an institutional Establishers repository could have a positive impact on There will also be some technological the visibility and accessibility to an challenges; there are access issues when institution’s intellectual output.

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Open Access Tools Science Direct; more non-embargoed, peer- reviewed journals in DOAJ than in EBSCO’s Access tools are pointers to information Academic Search Premiere or Gale’s OneFile. obtained in databases and repositories. ‘Lib Full Open Access means no journals are 111 Glossary on Information Technology, embargoed, and articles are available for use, Internet and Library Terms’ defines access a significant strength of DOAJ. The DOAJ tools as bibliography, catalog, database, or vetting process involves querying journal other information source, which leads us to editors to ensure that peer-review or information on our topic. An access tool equivalent quality controls are in place and helps a researcher, student or librarian gain that journals meet the criterion of true Open access to relevant documents located on the Access as per the Budapest Open Access web. Some of the Open Access tools as Initiative definition. To be included in DOAJ, discussed in this paper are: DOAJ, DOAR, a journal must have an ISSN. Journals ROAR, SHERPA-ROMEO, and SPARC. included in DOAJ go through a periodic The Directory of Open Access Journals review process to ensure that the journal (DOAJ) continues to meet the criteria for inclusion DOAJ: The Directory of Open Access (Morrison, 2007). Journals (http://www.doaj.org/) is a The aim of the DOAJ is to increase the website that lists Open Access journals and visibility and ease of use of Open Access is maintained by Infrastructure Services for scientific and scholarly journals, thereby Open Access (IS4OA). Until January 2013, promoting their increased usage and impact. the DOAJ was maintained by Lund The DOAJ aims to be comprehensive and University. The project defines Open Access cover all Open Access scientific and scholarly journals as scientific and scholarly journals journals that use a quality control system to that meet high quality standards by exercising guarantee the content. In short, the DOAJ peer review or editorial quality control and aims to be the one stop shop for users of ‘use a funding model that does not charge Open Access journals. readers or their institutions for access.’ The Selection Criteria Budapest Open Access Initiative’s definition of Open Access is used to define required Coverage: rights given to users, for the journal to be • Subject: All scientific and scholarly included in the DOAJ, as the rights to ‘read, subjects are covered download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles’. Open • Types of resource: Scientific and scholarly Access journals are defined by DOAJ as periodicals that publish research or ‘journals that use a funding model that does review papers in full text. not charge readers or their institutions for • Acceptable sources: Academic, access’ (Wikipedia, 2013a). government, commercial, non-profit Critical Evaluation private sources are all acceptable. DOAJ is the most recognized and most • Level: The target group for included authoritative list of scholarly, peer-reviewed, journals should primarily be researchers. fully Open Access journals. More than 10 • Content: A substantive part of the percent of the world’s peer-reviewed journals journal should consist of research are now included in DOAJ, making DOAJ papers. All content should be available among the world’s largest collections of peer- in full text. reviewed scholarly journals, period. There are more peer-reviewed journals in DOAJ than • All languages

Informatics Studies 4(3), July-September, 2017 11 Access Tools and Services to Open Access

Access: • All content freely available. • Registration: Free user registration online is acceptable. • Open Access without delay (e.g. no embargo period).

DOAJ Services Figure 2: Advanced Search Interface DOAJ offers the ‘Search’ and ‘Browse’ quality-controlled . As well interfaces, which offer users opportunity to as providing a simple repository list, gain access to all the journals available in the OpenDOAR lets you search for repositories directory. See Figure 1. or search repository contents. OpenDOAR is one of the SHERPA Services including RoMEO and JULIET, run by the Centre for Research Communications (CRC). OpenDOAR has also been identified as a key resource for the Open Access community and identified as the leader in repository directories in a study by Johns Hopkins University. OpenDOAR was one of the services, which contributed to SHERPA Figure 1: DOAJ Search Interface being awarded the 2007 SPARC Europe Award for Outstanding Achievements in This ‘search’ interface is a service that enables Scholarly Communications. researchers search the directory by journals Oliver and Swain (2006) conducted a research or articles by typing a desired title or subject. on ‘Directories of Institutional Repositories: This is similar to a library user who visits the Research Results & Recommendations’ and library for research, needing a material came to a finding that ‘ the University of without knowing the author or name of the Nottingham’s OpenDOAR, stands out as book or journal he/she is looking for. the leader among the directories identified, Therefore, the user consults the access tool particularly for the purposes envisioned at (catalog) using either the subject or title the Section’s 2005 business meeting. It is catalog, especially when the author is international in scope. Subject coverage is unknown. There is also the ‘advanced search’ noted and it is possible to browse and option whereby journals can be searched for retrieve repositories with health and using either the title, ISSN, author, keyword, bioscience content’. A directory such as abstract, publisher (See Figure 2). OpenDOAR makes it easier to identify and The Directory of Open Access mine the individual repositories. Repositories (OpenDOAR) DOAR Services OpenDOAR is an authoritative directory of The website of DOAR is: www.. academic Open Access repositories. Each org and therein are listed as a submenu, the OpenDOAR repository has been visited by services offered by the directory such as: project staff to check the information that is Search for repositories, Search repository recorded here. This in-depth approach does contents, List of repositories, Repository not rely on automated analysis and gives a Statistics (See Figure 1).

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(a) Search for Repositories: This platform (c) List of Repositories: This showcases the enables you to search for the existing list of repositories by countries and repositories using either of the search query organizations. See Figure 6. fields such as: ‘any subject area’, ‘any content (d) Repository Statistics: This offers the data type’, ‘any repository type’, ‘any country’, ‘any of the OpenDOAR charts worldwide. See language’, ‘any software’, etc. (See Figure 3). figures 7 and 8.

Figure 3: Home Page of DOAR

Figure 6: List of repositories

Figure 4: ‘Search’ Interface of DOAR

Figure 7: OpenDOAR Charts - Worldwide

Figure 5: Search Repository Contents

(b). Search Repository Contents: This service, Figure 8: Proportion of Repositories by based on the Google Custom Search engine, Continent - Worldwide lets you search the contents of the repositories listed in OpenDOAR for freely DOAR’s Strengths. available academic research information. This quality assured approach minimises (but • It is user-friendly does not eliminate!) spurious or junk results, • It offers Open Access to over 2200 and leads more directly to useful and relevant listings information. Full texts are available for most • results (http://www.opendoar.org/search. It gives a quality-controlled list of ). See Figure 5. repositories.

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Scholarly Publishing and Academic promote changes to both the infrastructure Resources Coalition (SPARC) and culture needed to make ‘open’ the default mode in scholarly communication. SPARC’s SPARC(r), the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition, (URL: http:/ activities are centered on the following broad /www.sparc.arl.org ) is an international issue areas: alliance of academic and research libraries Open Access to Scholarly and Scientific working to create a more open system of Research Articles: SPARC supports the scholarly communication. SPARC was immediate, barrier-free online availability of developed by the Association of Research scholarly and scientific research articles, Libraries in 1998 and believes that faster and coupled with the rights to reuse these articles wider sharing of the outputs of the scholarly fully in the digital environment, and supports research process increases the impact of practices and policies that enable this. research, fuels the advancement of knowledge, and increases the return on Open Data: SPARC recognizes that the research investments. SPARC focuses on conduct of scientific and scholarly research is taking action in collaboration with increasingly digital, and that its advancement stakeholders - including authors, publishers, is predicated on being able to access, and libraries - to build on the unprecedented comment on, build upon and reuse data. opportunities created by the networked SPARC supports practices and policies that digital environment to advance the conduct promote broad, Open Accessibility and utility of scholarship. SPARC Europe was of scholarly and scientific research data. established with LIBER in 2001 (Wikipedia, Open Educational Resources (OER): 2013c). SPARC believes that makes As a catalyst for action, SPARC’s pragmatic the link between teaching, learning and the agenda focuses on supporting the emergence collaborative culture of the Internet. SPARC of new scholarly communication models supports the open creation and sharing of that expand the dissemination of scholarly materials used in teaching, as well as new research and reduce financial pressures on approaches to learning where people create libraries and create a more open system of and shape knowledge openly together, and scholarly communications. supports practices and policies to advance this vision. SPARC’s Strategy SPARC’s role in stimulating change focuses Reducing barriers to the access, sharing, and on the following: use of scholarship and their highest priority is in advancing the understanding and • Educating stakeholders about challenges implementation of policies and practices that in the scholarly communication system ensure Open Access to scholarly research and the opportunities for change; outputs. SPARC’s primary focus is on • Advocating for policy changes that journal literature, but their evolving strategy reflects an increasing focus on Open Access leverage technology to advance scholarly to research outputs of all kinds - including communication and that explicitly digital data and open educational resources recognize that dissemination is an (OER). essential, inseparable component of the research process; What Does SPARC Do? • Incubating demonstrations of business SPARC’s activities will advance acceptance and and publishing models that leverage long-term sustainability of an open system openness for the benefit of scholarship for scholarly communication. SPARC will and academe.

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SPARC has two partner organizations, open educational resources are likewise SPARC Europe and SPARC and today, handled. membership numbers nearly 800 Advocacy: Here the ‘support the FASTR institutions in North America, Europe, act’, ‘national and state policies’, ‘campus Japan, , and . SPARC also is policies’ and one can get involved in this actively affiliated with major library, academic advocacy, are unleashed. and advocacy organizations through our active coalition work. In summary, SPARC Initiatives: To advance its vision of a more raises awareness and advocates for Open open system of scholarly communication, Access. SPARC is committed to producing SPARC supports an evolving suite of resources to promote the establishment, use, initiatives designed to drive meaningful and improvement of open digital change across our main issue areas. SPARC’s repositories. Digital repositories have been a initiatives are designed around three main central theme in many of the events that goals: SPARC hosts for its members and the • Educating stakeholders about challenges community. In 2008 and again in 2010, in the scholarly communication system SPARC convened the SPARC Digital and the opportunities for change; Repositories Conference in Baltimore, Maryland to advance the potential of open • Advocating for policy changes that online repositories to expand the leverage technology to advance scholarly dissemination of scholarship and transform communication; scholarly communication. The broader issue • Incubating demonstrations of business of Open Access itself took center stage at and publishing models that leverage the 2012 SPARC Open Access Meeting in openness for the benefit of scholarship Kansas City, Kansas; however, repositories and academe. remained at the heart of discussions throughout the conference. See Figure 9 for SPARC currently supports active initiatives the SPARC home page. in the following areas: advocacy, article-level metrics, author rights, campus-based publishing, campus Open Access funds, digital repositories, right to repositories, and right to research coalition. News: The SPARC blog, newsletters, etc are embodied here. Resources: Resources can be searched here. See Figure 10:

Figure 9: SPARC Home Page Memberships: SPARC’s over 200 North American members represent seven Canadian provinces as well as 45 of the SPARC Services United States and the District of Columbia. Issues: On Open Access, open data, open The membership includes several educational resources: Here, SPARC defines institutions from outside North America Open Access, the reasons for Open Access, and affiliate memberships of six major how Open Access works, why one should library associations. In addition to SPARC’s care about Open Access, how one can learn close ties to its sister organizations SPARC more about Open Access and also get Europe and SPARC Japan, this broad and involved in Open Access. Open data and comprehensive representation from libraries

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ROAR Services Account Creation: ROAR offers opportunity for individuals to create an account for their institution’s repository in order to submit records to the registry. Browse Facility: Repositories can be browsed by either by country, year, repository type, or repository software. See Figure 12.

Figure 10: SPARC Resources Page helps reinforce the coalition’s international focus. New members may choose to join with full, consortia, supporting, affiliate, international supporting, or European status. To view current members, visit: http:/ Figure 12: ROAR ‘Browse’ Interface /www.sparc.arl.org/membership/current- members. Search Facility: See Figure 13: Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR) The aim of ROAR is to promote the development of Open Access by providing timely information about the growth and status of repositories throughout the world. Open Access to research maximizes research access and thereby also research impact, making research more productive and Figure 13: ROAR Search Facility effective. ROAR is hosted at the University of Southampton, UK and is made possible by funding from the JISC. ROAR is part of SHERPA-RoMEO the EPrints.org network. See Figure R for The original SHERPA partnership was ROAR homepage: (Website: http:// formed for the SHERPA project (2002-2006) roar.eprints.org/) and drew from research-led universities with an active interest in establishing an example of a then-new concept - an Open Access institutional repository. (Website: http:// www.sherpa.ac.uk/) SHERPA is investigating issues in the future of scholarly communication. It is developing Open Access institutional repositories in universities to facilitate the rapid and efficient worldwide dissemination of research. Figure 11: ROAR Home Page SHERPA services and the SHERPA

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Partnership are both based at the Centre for copyright policies and self-archiving can be Research Communications at the University looked up. The title, ISSN, publisher, etc of of Nottingham. SHERPA services include: a particular journal can be used as a key term to search for the archiving policy. When • RoMEO - Publisher’s copyright & reading a SHERPA RoMEO record or the archiving policies publisher’s policy, pay particular attention to • JULIET - Research funder’s archiving the version of the paper you may self-archive mandates and guidelines and any embargo periods you are expected • OpenDOAR worldwide Directory of to adhere to. On this page, the keys to the Open Access Repositories archiving policy can be viewed too. See Figures 14 and 15. • SHERPA Search - Simple full-text search of UK repositories RoMEO-(Publishers’ Copyright and Archiving Policies) Website: (http:// www.sherpa.ac. uk/ romeo/) RoMEO is part of SHERPA Services based at the University of Nottingham. RoMEO is a searchable database of publisher’s policies regarding the self- archiving of journal Figure 14: SHERPA-RoMEO Search articles on the web and in Open Access Interface.) repositories. If an academic author wants to put their research articles on-line, they are faced with an increasingly complex situation. Evidence shows that citations to articles made openly accessible in this way are taken up and cited more often than research that is simply published in journals. Also some funding agencies require Open Access archiving for their research, to increase the use of the information generated. However, Figure 15: Publishers’ Policy. Source: some publishers prohibit authors from using University of Ottawa). their own articles in this way. Others allow it, but only under certain conditions, while Browse Romeo Journals: All the journals others are quite happy for authors to show in RoMEO can be browsed here. See Figure their work in this way. Authors can be left 16: confused: RoMEO helps to clarify the situation. RoMEO contains publishers’ general policies on self-archiving of journal articles and certain conference series. Each entry provides a summary of the publisher’s policy, including what version of an article can be deposited, where it can be deposited, and any conditions that are attached to that deposit. RoMEO Services are as follows:

Search Options and Publishers’ Policy: Figure 16: Browse RoMEO journals This offers a platform where publishers’ interface)

Informatics Studies 4(3), July-September, 2017 17 Access Tools and Services to Open Access

List of Publishers: (See Figure 17).

Figure 20: Publishers Permitting Self Figure 17: RoMEO List of Publishers Archiving Interface)

Suggest to RoMEO: Here, one is of their papers. And 70% of publishers on encouraged to suggest publishers to be SHERPA-RoMEO list formally allow some included in RoMEO. See interface at Figure form of self-archiving, with a total of 2339 18: publishers as at November 2016. See Figure 19 and 20: Conclusion Open Access and institutional repositories is here to stay. Librarians and academicians need to embrace this trend and get involved in self-archiving and sending the publications to Open Access journals. There is also need for advocating this trend by librarians, Figure 18: Publisher Suggestion Interface following the pace set by the coalition agencies like SPARC. This is a stepping-stone to greater heights in the library field. We talk Statistics of Publishers of information societies and knowledge SHERPA-RoMEO provides the statistics of societies, so we have to delve into it too. registered publishers per time. For example, Open Access and institutional repositories as of November 2016, 80% of the publishers help in breaking the digital divide whereby a registered in the SHERPA RoMEO publisher more people gain access to scholarly policy index endorse self-archiving by authors publications. Scholarly communication is of the preprint and/or post print versions paramount in this era and self-archiving is needed to establish good scholarly communication among authors around the world. Librarians should rise up and advocate for authors to visit all the institutional repositories and dump their works there. They are not there in vain but for utilization. Submission of articles to Open Access journals is also necessary to attain this goal. This is no new call to librarians. It is also recalled that a knowledge-sharing event, which was co-organized by the Department Figure 19: Growth of Sherpa /Romeo of Library and Information Science at Database Ahmadu Bello University, eIFL.net and the

18 Informatics Studies 4(3), July-September, 2017 Helen Nneka Okpala

Nigerian University Libraries Consortium must be obtained. The copyright holder, (NULIB) in 2008, issued a Communiqué normally the publisher, must give after the workshop, which endorsed the permission to self-archive. Many publishers Open Access model and made a set of now include these permissions in their recommendations for government and copyright transfer agreements (CTAs), stakeholders. In addition to formulating licenses to publish (LTP) and on their policies for implementing and sustaining website. open institutional repositories, participants References updated their knowledge of copyright issues and open content licenses and developed Bailey, C. (2007). Open Access and Libraries.’ strategies for the promotion and marketing Collection Management 32, (3/4), 351-383. of institutional repositories. In the same Bailey, C. W. (2007). What is Open Access? occasion Dr. Victoria Okojie, reported by Retrieved from http://www.digital- scholarship.com/cwb/WhatIsOA.pdf EIFL.NET (2008), referred to the agreed Bhat, M. H. (2010). Open Access need for a national policy on Open Access repositories: a review. Library Philosophy and and institutional repositories by stating that Practice. Retrieved from http:// ‘Communicating scholarly information unllib.unl.edu/LPP/hanief2.htm through Open Access repositories provide Björk, B.-C. (2004). Open Access to scientific the added advantages of faster publishing publications - an analysis of the barriers to opportunities, greater visibility for authors change? Information Research, 9(2), paper 170. Retrieved from http:// and institutions and cheaper access’. InformationR.net/ir/9-2 /paper170.html Okoye and Ejikeme further noted that ‘in Bozimo, D. O (2008). Strategic Approach to support to this call, Nigerian universities Open Access in Nigeria. International endorsed Open Access for all journals, Workshops on the Open Access repositories: New models for Scholarly communication. dissertations and conference proceedings in CASLIN (2009). Institutional Online the library and information science (LIS) Repositories and Open Access .16th sector in Nigeria published by them (Okojie, International Seminar Tepla Monastery, Czech 2008). She promised to encourage members Republic, 7-11 June 2009. to archive their pre -prints and post prints in EIFL(2008). Strategic Approach to Open Open Access. But the question is: how many Access in Nigeria. Retrieved from http:// institutional repositories would allow www.eifl.net/20080512-strategic-approach- authors to self-archive and what are the self- open-access-nigeria archiving challenges faced by authors? Gedye, R. (2004). Open Access is only part of the story. Serials Review, 30 (4), 271-274. Onyancha (2011) wrote on ‘Self-Archiving Retrieved from the ScienceDirect Journals by LIS Schools in South Africa: Practices, database. Challenges and Opportunities’ and came out Giarlo, M. J. (2005). The impact of Open with the finding that ‘LIS scholars are aware Access on academic libraries. Retrieved from of the importance of self-archiving; and LIS http://lackoftalent.org/michael/papers/ scholars face several challenges in self- 532.pdf archiving which include lack of facilities, Hayes, H. (2005). Digital repositories: know-how and institutional support’. This Helping universities and colleges. JISC Briefing Paper: Higher Education Sector . points the fact that there ought to be trainings Retrieved from http://ebib.oss.wroc.pl/ on self-archiving in institutions and more 2005/63/bjork.php to that is submission of articles to Open Jain, P. (2012). Promoting Open Access to Access journals. Research in Academic Libraries. Library Philosophy and Practice. Retrieved from In as much as self-archiving is much http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/ encouraged, permission from publishers jain.htm

Informatics Studies 4(3), July-September, 2017 19 Access Tools and Services to Open Access

Lib 111 glossary on Information Technology, Tenopir, C. (2004). Open Access alternatives. Internet and Library Terms. Retrieved from Library Journal, 129(12), 33. http://ucc.sln.suny.edu/course/glossary.htm Wikipedia (2013a). Directory of Open Lind, S. and Williams, J. (2013). Marketing Access journals. Retrieved from http:// Open Access services and tools to faculty. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_of_Open_ University Library Faculty Presentations. Access_Journals#cite_note-4. Paper 27. Retrieved from http:// Wikipedia (2013b). Open Access journal. scholarworks.gsu.edu/univ_lib_facpres/27 Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/ Lind, Sean and Williams, Joe, ‘Marketing wiki/Open_access_journal#cite_note-1 Open Access Services & Tools to Faculty’ Wikipedia (2013c). Scholarly publishing and (2013). University Library Faculty academic resources coalition. Retrieved from Presentations. Paper 27. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly_ http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/ Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition univ_lib_facpres/27 Wong, Y. (2009). Open Access in libraries. Morrison, H. (2004). Professional library & Library Student Journal. information associations should rise to the Other Resources challenge of promoting Open Access and lead by example. Library Hi Tech News 21 (4). @access (http://access.okfn.org/blog/) Retrieved from http://www.emeraldinsight. Access to Middle East Islamic Resources com/10.1108/07419050410545861 (http://amirmideast.blogspot.com/) Morrison, H. (2006). Open Access for (http://access2research.org/ librarians in developing countries. Retrieved ?blog/) from http://76.12.54.203/work/ City Open Access (http:// openaccess/assets/ cityopenaccess.wordpress.com/) Open%20Access%20Introduction.pdf Directory of Open Access Books (http:// Morrison, H. (2007). Directory of Open doabooks.wordpress.com/) Access journals. Retrieved from http:// Dura Space (http://duraspace.org/ eprints.rclis.org/10995/1/DOAJreview.pdf taxonomy/term/43) Okoye, M. O. and Ejikeme, A. N. (2011). OAI for Beginners - the Open Archives Open Access, Institutional Repositories, and Forum online tutorial (http:// Scholarly Publishing: The Role of Librarians www.oaforum.org/tutorial/) in South Eastern Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice. Retrieved from http:// Open Access (OA) Librarian (http:// www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/okoye- oalibrarian.blogspot.com/) ejikeme.htm Open Access Archivangelism (http:// Oliver, K. B. and Swain, R. (2006). openaccess.eprints.org/) Directories of Institutional Repositories: Open Access Bibliography By Charles W. Research Results & Recommendations. A Bailey, Jr. (http://digital-scholarship.org/ paper presented at the World Library And oab/oab.htm) Information Congress: 72nd IFLA General Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association Conference And Council 20-24 August 2006, (http://oaspa.org/blog/) Seoul, Korea. Open Access Webliography by Adrian K. Ho Stanger, N. and McGregor, G. (2006). and Charles W. Bailey, Jr. (http://digital- ‘Hitting the ground running: Building New scholarship.org/cwb/oaw.htm#jaboutoa) Zealand’s first publicly available institutional Open Knowledge Foundation Blog (http:// repository’. Retrieved from http:// blog.okfn.org/) www.business.otago.ac.nz/infosci/pubs/ papers/papers/dp2006-07.pdf Scholarly Open Access (http:// scholarlyoa.com/) Suber, P (2013), Open Access Overview: Focusing on Open Access to Peer-Reviewed Some Open Access Blogs Research Articles and Their Preprints. SPARC Blog (http://www.sparc.arl.org/blog) Retrieved from http://www.earlham.edu/ Wiley Open Access blog (http:// ~peters/fos/overview.htm wileyopenaccess.wordpress.com/)

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