Ngozi Onwurah Y Pratibha Parmar: De África a Europa ; Ngozi Onwurah

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Ngozi Onwurah Y Pratibha Parmar: De África a Europa ; Ngozi Onwurah ARBOR Ciencia, Pensamiento y Cultura Vol. 187 - 758 noviembre-diciembre [2012] 1141-1149 ISSN: 0210-1963 doi: 10.3989/arbor.2012.758n6012 NGOZI ONWURAH Y PRATIBHA NGOZI ONWURAH AND PARMAR: DE ÁFRICA A EUROPA PRATIBHA PARMAR: FROM AFRICA TO EUROPE Alejandra Moreno Álvarez Universidad de Oviedo [email protected] RESUMEN: La directora nigeriana Ngozi Onwurah y la keniata Prati- ABSTA R CT: Nigerian director, Ngozi Onwurah, and Kenyan director, bha Parmar utilizan la gran pantalla para deconstruir el mito creado Pratibah Parmar use the big screen to deconstruct the myth of por occidente en torno a las mujeres africanas. Lo hacen desde la African women in Western culture. Both of them work and live in the diáspora, ya que ambas viven y producen su trabajo en Inglaterra, diaspora, in Great Britain, and it is there that they denounce, in their plasmando en sus documentales, cortos y largometrajes el difícil y documentaries, short and feature-length films, the arduous process largo proceso de convivialidad no ya interracial sino también sexual people go through to achieve a peaceful coexistence despite en el Reino Unido. Onwurah y Parmar hacen uso de sus cámaras para differences of sexuality as well as race. Onwurah and Parmar use denunciar el acoso sufrido por ambas tanto por su color de piel como their cameras to expose the abuse they both suffered, and still do, on por, en el caso de Parmar, su homosexualidad. Ambas coinciden en account of the colour of their skin and, in the case of Parmar, her señalar el reto que les presenta obtener subvenciones, ya que debido homosexuality. Both directors agree on the challenge that obtaining a la temática de sus trabajos la audiencia se supone minoritaria. Su funding represents, since their work is considered to be aimed at a propósito no es solo llegar a las minorías, sino que su mensaje sea minority audience. However, their goal is to reach not just those visto y escuchado por el público en general. minorities but the public at large. PALABRAS CLAVE: Colonialismo, convivialidad, diáspora, exótico, KEYS WORD : Colonialism, conviviality, diaspora, exotic, homosexu- homosexualidad, racismo. ality, racism. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN nigeriano y madre blanca y británica. Tanto ella como su madre y hermano huyen de Nigeria escapando así de la La directora nigeriana Ngozi Onwurah y la directora Guerra Civil. En el caso de Parmar, su madre nace en Kenia, asiático-británica Pratibha Parmar han desarrollado, al es luego educada en la India, donde se casa, y posterior- mismo tiempo que lo han plasmado en sus trabajos, un mente regresa a Kenia. Más tarde es forzada a dejar el país sentido de la identidad híbrido al no estar unidas a un y a construir una nueva vida en Inglaterra. Este bagaje solo lugar geográfico y dado que diferentes espacios se familiar influye en la forma de pensar de ambas directoras, han convertido en sus puntos de referencia. Las artes que tratan de responder en sus trabajos a cuestiones de visuales son para Onwurah y Parmar espacios naturales identidad y pertenencia. donde los sujetos nómadas se convierten en una entidad que se redefine para ser identificada, siendo este uno de Onwurah y Parmar parecen coincidir con la postura del los objetivos de sus obras. Ambas coinciden en señalar crítico Paul Gilroy, quien considera, en After Empire: lo ya articulado por Lan Dong, “Migrants have to ask Melancholia or Convivial Culture? (2004), que el término themselves questions about where they are before they ideal para definir “the processes of cohabitation and in- can even begin to solve the problem related to who they teraction that have made multiculture an ordinary feature are” (Dong, 2004, 66), y también que los nativos se han of social life in Britain’s urban areas and in postcolonial de hacer la misma pregunta, ya que su país natal ha sido cities elsewhere” es el de convivialidad (Gilroy, 2004, xi). alterado por la pluralidad y diversidad que aportan los Para Gilroy, la convivialidad no elimina el racismo, ni sujetos que lo habitan hoy en día. Tanto Onwurah como inscribe el triunfo de la tolerancia, pero sí sugiere un Parmar trazan, en varios de sus documentales, la historia espacio diferente para los rituales que han alterado su del colonialismo británico, dado el gran impacto que ha significado ante la ausencia de creencias exacerbadas tenido en sus familias. Onwurah nace en Nigeria, de padre en una raza absoluta (Gilroy, 2005, xv). Es decir, la con- doi: 10.3989/arbor.2012.758n6012 ARBOR Vol. 187 758 noviembre-diciembre [2012] 1141-1149 ISSN: 0210-1963 vivialidad, que tanto Onwurah como Parmar aspiran a Ya de adolescente y cansada de los abusos de los que plasmar en sus obras, es el resultado inevitable de décadas asiduamente era objeto, Onwurah deja su pasividad a un de cohabitación de diferentes razas en Gran Bretaña; se lado para convertirse en un sujeto activo. Cumplidos los Nº 758 trata de una convivialidad espontánea y no impuesta. Así quince años, y harta de su estilo de vida, se va de casa con NGOZI ONWURAH Y PRATIBHA PARMAR: DE ÁFRICA A EUROPA DE ÁFRICA PARMAR: NGOZI ONWURAH Y PRATIBHA pues, este artículo pretende hacer un repaso de la obra de el consentimiento de su madre. Será entonces, en un tren Onwurah y Parmar, no tanto por el hecho de que ambas camino de Londres, cuando una representante de modelos hayan nacido en África y vivan, por determinadas razones, se dirija a ella atraída por la belleza exótica de Onwurah. en el Reino Unido, sino porque sus discursos visuales de Esto la llevó, en los años ochenta, a una exitosa carrera denuncia instan al pluralismo con el propósito de que las como modelo en Londres. Al mismo tiempo, Onwurah com- identidades híbridas se muevan hacia la convivialidad aquí pagina su carrera de modelo con sus estudios de cine en señalada. Es el propio Gilroy quien enfatiza la necesidad St. Martin’s School of Art y The National Film and Television de que las artes contribuyan a este proceso (Gilroy, 2004, School, ambas en Inglaterra. Tras tres años de modelo 157). El artículo aborda dos aspectos fundamentales en y cansada de llevar una dieta a base de pastillas y de la filmografía de estas autoras. Uno de esos aspectos es abstinencia, decide volcarse en su carrera como directora. la otredad de los sujetos no europeos, tema este perfec- Onwurah dirige varios cortos, documentales, capítulos de tamente trazado por Onwurah en sus obras, una directora series de televisión y filmes. Welcome II the Terrordome para quien “[t]he body is the central landscape of an (1994) es su primer largometraje; gracias a él se convierte anti-imperialist cinematic discourse” (Foster, 1997, 24). El en la primer mujer negra que dirige una película de estas otro aspecto destacado es abordado en la obra de Parmar, características en el Reino Unido. que ofrece un discurso que va más allá de la convivialidad racial para añadir la sexual. 2.1. Documentales Onwurah completa en 1988 su primer trabajo como directora con el documental Coffee Colored Children. El 2. NGOZI ONWURAH: CONVIVIALIDAD RACIAL corto recibe buenas críticas y es premiado en el British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), el National Black Ngozi Onwurah nace en Nigeria, hija de un nigeriano de Programming Consortium y el San Francisco Film Festival. color y de una madre escocesa blanca. Ella y su hermano, El documental, de quince minutos de duración, recoge las Simon Onwurah, pasan parte de su niñez en Nigeria hasta experiencias de dos hermanos negros que crecen bajo la que esta entra en guerra. La madre de Onwurah huye con sombra del racismo. La película es para Onwurah una sus dos hijos a Inglaterra mientras que su padre se queda especie de exorcismo que le permite cuestionar la para tomar parte en la guerra. Sin embargo, la seguridad celebración del llamado melting pot (Foster, 1997, 27). El que supuestamente iban a hallar en Inglaterra llevaba documental, de narración poética, consagra el estilo de consigo un precio. Si bien se habían ido de Nigeria a cau- Onwurah, que es definido como magistral y que muestra sa de la guerra en Biafra, una vez en Inglaterra se dieron la cruda realidad al mismo tiempo que provoca emociones cuenta de que habían aterrizado en otra zona de guerra y en la audiencia. La directora combina aquí fantasía y que solamente ellos eran conscientes de esto. Onwurah y realidad, y se basa en las experiencias vividas y sufridas su hermano eran negros y su madre blanca. La familia se por ella misma. Las mismas experiencias que en la aloja en un barrio de Newcastle, área hasta entonces no adolescencia la llevan a utilizar la fuerza bruta la conducen, habitada por población de color. Onwurah y su hermano ya como directora, a plasmarlas en la pantalla y así articular son enseguida objeto de abusos. No solamente reciben lo que es difícil explicar con palabras. insultos, sino que también les ponen excrementos a la puerta de casa, les hacen meter sus cabezas en los váteres, En los años noventa produce una serie de trabajos pro- etc. Ambos están tan desesperados por ser aceptados que vocadores, como los documentales Fruits of Fear (1990) o llegan incluso a bañarse en lejía con la ilusión de aclarar Who Stole the Soul? (1992). Este último recibe el premio la tonalidad de su piel. Onwurah da cuenta de todo esto RTS Television Award y el Best Adult Continuing de la Royal en su documental Coffee Coloured Children (1988). Television Society. Onwurah examina cómo el poder blanco 1142 ARBOR Vol. 187 758 noviembre-diciembre [2012] 1141-1149 ISSN: 0210-1963 doi: 10.3989/arbor.2012.758n6012 se ha apropiado de la música negra.
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