DOCSLIB.ORG

Czarferdinand Andhispeople

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Czarferdinand Andhispeople CZAR FERDINAND ANDHISPEOPLE THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS CZAR FERDINAND AS EMPEROR OF THE ORIENT . Frontispiece PAGE BULGARIAN PEASANT LADS OF BAZARDJIK, ONE OF THE SCENES OF THE ATROCITIES OF 1876-7 ... 14 CZAR FERDINAND OF BULGARIA ..... 32 BULGARIAN PEASANTS DANCING THE HORO DANCE . 50 CZAR FERDINAND IN NATIONAL COSTUME ... 72 PEASANTS IN BULGARIA IN SUMMER . .100 A PROSPEROUS BULGARIAN PEASANT WOMAN OF TIRNOVO 130 SOFIA: A VIEW OF THE BOULEVARD DONDOUKOFF . 132 BORIS, CROWN PRINCE OF BULGARIA . .186 GENERAL SAVOFF WITH MAJOR-COLONEL BURMOFF . 190 M. STAMBOULOFF 216 CHILDREN OF THE BULGARIAN CZAR . -234 THE CZAR AND CZARITSA OF BULGARIA ON THEIR WEDDING DAY 238 TIRNOVO, THE ANCIENT CAPITAL OF BULGARIA . 250 OLD MARKET STALL IN SOFIA 250 NEW NATIONAL THEATRE, SOFIA . .262 PANORAMA OF VARNA, CHIEF SEAPORT OF BULGARIA . 264 THE FAMOUS MONASTERY OF ST. JOHN OF RILO . 270 BULGARIAN COUNTRY GIRLS AND CHILDREN . 296 viii CZAR FERDINAND FACE PRINCE FERDINAND AND KUROPATKIN DURING MAN- CEUVRES AT THE SHIPKA PASS . .320 MACEDONIAN REBELS DURING THE TURKISH PERIOD . 322 H.M. THE QUEEN OF BULGARIA IN THE DRESS OF A RED CROSS SISTER ....... 326 KING OF BULGARIA CONFERRING WITH GENERAL IVANOFF ON THE FIELD OF LULU BURGAS . .330 BULGARIANS' MAKESHIFT TRANSPORT WAGGONS . 334 ADRIANOPLE: SHOWING THE MOSQUE OF SULTAN SELIM (ON THE LEFT) AND THE OLD MOSQUE ON THE RIGHT 336 CZAR FERDINAND AND HIS PEOPLE I THE BULGARIANS REDISCOVERED IT is related that the Russian soldiers, in their Turkish campaign of 1828-9, were surprised to discover be- tween the Danube and the Balkans a people speaking a a language nearly identical with their own : Slavic race in fact. And the educated officers were as sur- prised as the rank and file. Even the cultured Greeks, not only of that period, but of the centuries from the capture of Constantinople until the insur- rections of the seventies their patriarchs in Con- stantinople, their bishops, whose dioceses were distributed over the vast territory enclosed between the Danube and the three seas denied the existence of anything worth calling a Bulgarian people. There once had been, they would admit, a savage horde, of Central Asiatic origin, named Bulgars, who in the Dark and Middle Ages harried the Roman Empire of the East, but of whom only a few remnants, in secluded places, had survived the process of ethnic and the absorption ; noisy people, who in mid-nineteenth century originated what they called a Bulgarian agitation, were not Bulgarians at all, but low-class, renegade Greeks. So the Hellenes, the 2 CZAR FERDINAND intellectual elite of the East, used to say when, soon after the Crimean War, certain natives of the country now known as Bulgaria began to petition Sultan Abdul Medjid to grant them a religious chief of their own, in place of the Greek Patriarch, who for cen- turies had been their official medium of communica- tion with the Ottoman Government. The Ottoman theocracy knew nothing of races, only of religions : Bulgars, Serbs, Macedonian Slavs were lumped up ' ' together, in the Christian herd the rayah. Some thirty years after the Russian discovery, an English statesman, notable in his day, Mr. Shaw Lefevre, passed through Bulgaria on his way to Con- stantinople. Of course, there was at that time no in the official sense at least a Bulgaria, ; only group of provinces Widin, Rustchuk, Sofia, Philippopolis, etc. under Turkish pashas. And Mr. Shaw Lefevre was struck with the natural richness of the country and with its desolation. It was as if its inhabitants, scared by the Turkish invader to seek refuge in their mountain fastnesses, had remained there. Not that Mr. Lefevre knew anything about a vanished nation. He was exactly in the position of the Russian officers and soldiers of 1829. This is what he wrote, many years later, of this first visit of his to the lost people who have since become a powerful nation, with a Czar Ferdinand for ruler : ' Like almost all other Englishmen of the time, I was pro- foundly ignorant of the very existence of a people of Bulgarian race. It is curious, indeed, in looking back, to have to make THE BULGARIANS REDISCOVERED 3 the admission that I was under the impression, even when that the travelling through the country, population consisted - of Turks and Greeks. It was, indeed, a common assumption that the Christian population of the district were Greeks in race, as they were in religion. It was not till I reached Constantinople, and made acquaintance with the late Lord Strangford, then attached to the British Embassy, who alone of these existing Englishmen knew anything of the Balkan Peninsula and its people, that I learnt the existence of a l Bulgarian people with a past history and a possible future.' Mr. Lefevre 's first visit must have taken place in 1860, or 1861 the year of Prince Ferdinand's birth. Another thirty years pass, and in 1890 Mr. Lefevre visits the country a second time. He is overcome with astonishment. He is among a parliamentary people, governed constitutionally, democratic to the core, quick at learning all that Europe can profitably teach them, advancing to quote Mr. Lefevre's great ' master in politics by leaps and bounds.' He makes inquiries about the new ruler of Bulgaria, Prince Ferdinand who at that time had been three years on the throne and he comes to the conclusion that ' the Prince is able and conscientious.' The English politician, knowing what severe ordeals the new state * has just survived, thinks it possible that a coup may happen at any time.' But still his impression is * that young Prince Ferdinand is firmly established,' * and that Bulgaria will hold its own.' And then Mr. Lefevre makes some observations that, in view of Ferdinand's foreign policy as prince and as king 1 Contemporary Review, April 1891. 4 CZAR FERDINAND and of the great events of 1912-13, are especially * ' * interesting. Friendship with the Porte, pacific ' negotiation with his neighbours, always has been Czar Ferdinand's purpose. From the day of his accession to this hour Czar Ferdinand has been a con- ciliator. Mr. Lefevre has the Macedonian problem in mind. He is apprehensive of the effect of rivalry between Greece, Bulgaria, and Servia. History will show the decisive part played by the Conciliator in creating the Balkan Alliance whose aim, after all is said and done, is peace. In European history there is no more extraordin- ary phenomenon than the renascence and rapid pro- gress of this Bulgarian race, once thought to be extinct. We shall see, later, how the Greeks strove * ' to Hellenise the Bulgarian race, just as the Turkish * revolutionists of 1908-12 have striven to denation- * ' alise/ Ottomanise their non-Moslem populations. The Greeks, to some extent, succeeded. In the life- time of men still living, Bulgarians of the higher ranks if, indeed, there was much room for any such distinction in a society trampled by the Turks into an impoverished, servile dead level were ashamed to be heard speaking their ancestral tongue. They spoke the language of their Greek clergy and Greek school- masters. They hoped to pass for Greeks even of mixed descent, should some facial reminiscence of Tartar origins belie any pretence to a more flattering heredity. Only the laborious peasants, in their mel- ancholy hamlets, undiscovered of Europe, habitually THE BULGARIANS REDISCOVERED 5 spoke the old Slavonic tongue. Only the peasantry, and insurgents in the zelena gora (the greenwood) of the and the monk in his folk-poets ; solitary cell, brooding over the mutilated records of the past, which the Greek inquisitors had overlooked : dream- ing of the resurrection of his race. In the childhood of the Czar's subjects now in their eighties, not one indigenous school did there exist in all Bulgaria. Queen Victoria had been eight years on the throne before the birth of the first timid little sheet calling itself a Bulgarian newspaper. When Ghazi Osman and his heroic starvelings were making their last stand in the snows of Plevna, seven or eight small hand-presses was about all that the country between the Danube and the chain of the Rhodope could show in the way of printing machinery. One of these rude ancestors of the modern Bulgarian press is preserved as a priceless treasure in Sofia Museum. The primitive machine is a memorial of an age when rayah printers, as in Montenegrin Cettinje whose invention preceded Caxton's were sometimes forced to convert their leaden types into bullets, wherewith to beat off the Turk's bashi- bazouks. * ' And yet there was a time when this extinct or submerged Bulgarian people ruled South-Eastern Europe. There were Bulgarian czars centuries before the Muscovite czars were heard of. They made treaties, now on a footing of equality, now as superiors by right of conquest, with the successors of the 6 CZAR FERDINAND ' Roman Caesars, the lords of Golden Byzantium.' They formed marriage alliances with the Greek emperors. In the heyday of their power, seven hundred years ago, when our King John's barons were mustering at Runnymede, the Bulgarian czars ruled a prosperous, peaceful, industrial, and com- mercial realm larger than the reconquered Bulgaria of Czar Ferdinand I. And the Bulgar czar's court was far more refined and elegant, and more cultivated intellectually, than the English king's. One is sometimes struck by the modernity of much in the Bulgarian politics of those remote epochs, and by curious parallelisms between diplomatic incidents then and now. The great Czar Simeon a sort of rudimentary Cobdenite in political economy wages war on the Greek emperor, his friend and old college comrade in professorial Byzantium, about a protective tariff, excluding Bulgarian merchandise from the markets of Greece.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CULTURAL HERITAGE in MIGRATION Published Within the Project Cultural Heritage in Migration
    CULTURAL HERITAGE IN MIGRATION Published within the project Cultural Heritage in Migration. Models of Consolidation and Institutionalization of the Bulgarian Communities Abroad funded by the Bulgarian National Science Fund © Nikolai Vukov, Lina Gergova, Tanya Matanova, Yana Gergova, editors, 2017 © Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Studies with Ethnographic Museum – BAS, 2017 © Paradigma Publishing House, 2017 ISBN 978-954-326-332-5 BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF ETHNOLOGY AND FOLKLORE STUDIES WITH ETHNOGRAPHIC MUSEUM CULTURAL HERITAGE IN MIGRATION Edited by Nikolai Vukov, Lina Gergova Tanya Matanova, Yana Gergova Paradigma Sofia • 2017 CONTENTS EDITORIAL............................................................................................................................9 PART I: CULTURAL HERITAGE AS A PROCESS DISPLACEMENT – REPLACEMENT. REAL AND INTERNALIZED GEOGRAPHY IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF MIGRATION............................................21 Slobodan Dan Paich THE RUSSIAN-LIPOVANS IN ITALY: PRESERVING CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS HERITAGE IN MIGRATION.............................................................41 Nina Vlaskina CLASS AND RELIGION IN THE SHAPING OF TRADITION AMONG THE ISTANBUL-BASED ORTHODOX BULGARIANS...............................55 Magdalena Elchinova REPRESENTATIONS OF ‘COMPATRIOTISM’. THE SLOVAK DIASPORA POLITICS AS A TOOL FOR BUILDING AND CULTIVATING DIASPORA.............72 Natália Blahová FOLKLORE AS HERITAGE: THE EXPERIENCE OF BULGARIANS IN HUNGARY.......................................................................................................................88
    [Show full text]
  • BULGARIA and HUNGARY in the FIRST WORLD WAR: a VIEW from the 21ST CENTURY 21St -Century Studies in Humanities
    BULGARIA AND HUNGARY IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR: A VIEW FROM THE 21ST CENTURY 21st -Century Studies in Humanities Editor: Pál Fodor Research Centre for the Humanities Budapest–Sofia, 2020 BULGARIA AND HUNGARY IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR: A VIEW FROM THE 21ST CENTURY Editors GÁBOR DEMETER CSABA KATONA PENKA PEYKOVSKA Research Centre for the Humanities Budapest–Sofia, 2020 Technical editor: Judit Lakatos Language editor: David Robert Evans Translated by: Jason Vincz, Bálint Radó, Péter Szőnyi, and Gábor Demeter Lectored by László Bíró (HAS RCH, senior research fellow) The volume was supported by theBulgarian–Hungarian History Commission and realized within the framework of the project entitled “Peripheries of Empires and Nation States in the 17th–20th Century Central and Southeast Europe. Power, Institutions, Society, Adaptation”. Supported by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences NKFI-EPR K 113004, East-Central European Nationalisms During the First World War NKFI FK 128 978 Knowledge, Lanscape, Nation and Empire ISBN: 978-963-416-198-1 (Institute of History – Research Center for the Humanities) ISBN: 978-954-2903-36-9 (Institute for Historical Studies – BAS) HU ISSN 2630-8827 Cover: “A Momentary View of Europe”. German caricature propaganda map, 1915. Published by the Research Centre for the Humanities Responsible editor: Pál Fodor Prepress preparation: Institute of History, RCH, Research Assistance Team Leader: Éva Kovács Cover design: Bence Marafkó Page layout: Bence Marafkó Printed in Hungary by Prime Rate Kft., Budapest CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................... 9 Zoltán Oszkár Szőts and Gábor Demeter THE CAUSES OF THE OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR I AND THEIR REPRESENTATION IN SERBIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY .................................. 25 Krisztián Csaplár-Degovics ISTVÁN TISZA’S POLICY TOWARDS THE GERMAN ALLIANCE AND AGAINST GERMAN INFLUENCE IN THE YEARS OF THE GREAT WAR................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Shaping of Bulgarian and Serbian National Identities, 1800S-1900S
    The Shaping of Bulgarian and Serbian National Identities, 1800s-1900s February 2003 Katrin Bozeva-Abazi Department of History McGill University, Montreal A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1 Contents 1. Abstract/Resume 3 2. Note on Transliteration and Spelling of Names 6 3. Acknowledgments 7 4. Introduction 8 How "popular" nationalism was created 5. Chapter One 33 Peasants and intellectuals, 1830-1914 6. Chapter Two 78 The invention of the modern Balkan state: Serbia and Bulgaria, 1830-1914 7. Chapter Three 126 The Church and national indoctrination 8. Chapter Four 171 The national army 8. Chapter Five 219 Education and national indoctrination 9. Conclusions 264 10. Bibliography 273 Abstract The nation-state is now the dominant form of sovereign statehood, however, a century and a half ago the political map of Europe comprised only a handful of sovereign states, very few of them nations in the modern sense. Balkan historiography often tends to minimize the complexity of nation-building, either by referring to the national community as to a monolithic and homogenous unit, or simply by neglecting different social groups whose consciousness varied depending on region, gender and generation. Further, Bulgarian and Serbian historiography pay far more attention to the problem of "how" and "why" certain events have happened than to the emergence of national consciousness of the Balkan peoples as a complex and durable process of mental evolution. This dissertation on the concept of nationality in which most Bulgarians and Serbs were educated and socialized examines how the modern idea of nationhood was disseminated among the ordinary people and it presents the complicated process of national indoctrination carried out by various state institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Dendrological Diversity in Santa Marina Holiday Village
    Silva Balcanica, 19(1)/2018 DENDROLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN SANTA MARINA HOLIDAY VILLAGE - SOZOPOL AS AN EXAMPLE OF CONTEMPORARY LANDSCAPE DESIGN TRENDS IN BULGARIA Svetlana Anisimova Faculty of Ecology and Landscape Architecture, University of Forestry – Sofia Abstract The paper presents dendrofloral characteristics of Santa Marina Holiday Village, situated on the Southern Bulgarian Black Sea coast. The systematic structure and species composition of woody ornamentals, the absolute and relative quantitative participation of each species were analyzed. A total number of 227 woody species, 315 species and intraspecific taxa, respectively of 110 genera, belonging to 54 families, were recorded. Furthermore, 44.4% of the families were represented by only one species. The results indicate a significant tree and shrub diversity, competitive with the one displayed in some Bulgarian historical parks famous for their dendrological collections. Some of them have been rarely cultivated in the green spaces in Bulgaria so far. A trend of a large scale use of alien species and cultivars was established. Consequently, the participation of autochthonous species is insignificant (5.9%). A relatively high percentage of coniferous and evergreen woody species provides the constant ornamental effect of the holiday village green spaces. Key words: urban green spaces, alien species, woody ornamentals, landscape planning INTRODUCTION The ornamental tree and shrub vegetation plays a leading role in the landscape design, creating the volume-spatial composition and enhancing environmental aesthetics and expressiveness. All ecosystem services provided by woody species depend on their adaptability to extreme environmental conditions (Chen, Jim 2008). In recent years, the diversity of ornamental tree and shrub species and cultivated varieties has grown considerably (Knapp, 2010; Chalker-Scott 2015; Sjöman et al., 2016.).
    [Show full text]
  • Blood Ties: Religion, Violence, and the Politics of Nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878
    BLOOD TIES BLOOD TIES Religion, Violence, and the Politics of Nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878–1908 I˙pek Yosmaog˘lu Cornell University Press Ithaca & London Copyright © 2014 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. First published 2014 by Cornell University Press First printing, Cornell Paperbacks, 2014 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Yosmaog˘lu, I˙pek, author. Blood ties : religion, violence,. and the politics of nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878–1908 / Ipek K. Yosmaog˘lu. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8014-5226-0 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8014-7924-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Macedonia—History—1878–1912. 2. Nationalism—Macedonia—History. 3. Macedonian question. 4. Macedonia—Ethnic relations. 5. Ethnic conflict— Macedonia—History. 6. Political violence—Macedonia—History. I. Title. DR2215.Y67 2013 949.76′01—dc23 2013021661 Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. Such materials include vegetable-based, low-VOC inks and acid-free papers that are recycled, totally chlorine-free, or partly composed of nonwood fibers. For further information, visit our website at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu. Cloth printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Paperback printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Josh Contents Acknowledgments ix Note on Transliteration xiii Introduction 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Zornitsa Markova the KTB STATE
    Zornitsa Markova THE KTB STATE Sofia, 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or express written consent from Iztok-Zapad Publishing House. transmitted in any form or by any means without first obtaining © Zornitsa Markova, 2017 © Iztok-Zapad Publishing House, 2017 ISBN 978-619-01-0094-2 zornitsa markova THE KTB STATE CHRONICLE OF THE LARGEST BANK FAILURE IN BULGARIA — THE WORKINGS OF A CAPTURED STATE THAT SOLD OUT THE PUBLIC INTEREST FOR PRIVATE EXPEDIENCY CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS / 12 EDITOR’S FOREWORD / 13 SUMMARY / 15 READER’S GUIDE TO THE INVESTIGATION / 21 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND / 23 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE BULGARIAN BANKING SECTOR THAT PRE-DATE KTB ..........................................................25 Headed for a Banking Crisis .................................................................................................. 26 Scores of Banks Close Their Doors................................................................................... 29 First Private Bank — Backed by the Powerful, Favoured by the Government ......................................................... 33 Criminal Syndicates and Their Banks — the Birth of a State within the State ...........................................................................35 A Post-Crisis Change of Players ..........................................................................................37 A FRESH START FOR THE FLEDGLING KTB ..................................................... 40 KTB SALE ..........................................................................................................................................42
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of Bulgarian Nationalism and Russia's Influence Upon It
    University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-2014 The rise of Bulgarian nationalism and Russia's influence upon it. Lin Wenshuang University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Wenshuang, Lin, "The rise of Bulgarian nationalism and Russia's influence upon it." (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1548. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/1548 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE RISE OF BULGARIAN NATIONALISM AND RUSSIA‘S INFLUENCE UPON IT by Lin Wenshuang B. A., Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, 1997 M. A., Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, 2002 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Humanities University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky May 2014 Copyright © 2014 by Lin Wenshuang All Rights Reserved THE RISE OF BULGARIAN NATIONALISM AND RUSSIA‘S INFLUENCE UPON IT by Lin Wenshuang B. A., Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, 1997 M. A., Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, 2002 A Dissertation Approved on April 1, 2014 By the following Dissertation Committee __________________________________ Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • The House of Coburg and Queen Victoria: a Study of Duty and Affection
    University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Student Work 6-1-1971 The House of Coburg and Queen Victoria: A study of duty and affection Terrence Shellard University of Nebraska at Omaha Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork Recommended Citation Shellard, Terrence, "The House of Coburg and Queen Victoria: A study of duty and affection" (1971). Student Work. 413. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork/413 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Work by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE HOUSE OF COBURG AND QUEEN VICTORIA A STORY OF DUTY AND AFFECTION A Thesis Presented to the Department of History and the Faculty of the Graduate College University of Nebraska at Omaha In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Terrance She Ha r d June Ip71 UMI Number: EP73051 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Diss««4afor. R_bJ .stung UMI EP73051 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC.
    [Show full text]
  • ARTICULATA 2009 24 (1/2): 79–108 FAUNISTIK New Records and a New
    Deutschen Gesellschaft für Orthopterologie e.V.; download http://www.dgfo-articulata.de/ ARTICULATA 2009 24 (1/2): 79௅108 FAUNISTIK New records and a new synonym of Orthoptera from Bulgaria Dragan P. Chobanov Abstract After a revision of available Orthoptera collections in Bulgaria, 9 species with one subspecies are added and 15 species and one subspecies are omitted from the list of Bulgarian fauna. A supplement to the description and a diagnosis of Iso- phya pavelii Brunner von Wattenwyl (= Isophya rammei Peshev, syn.n.) is presented. Full reference and distributional data for Bulgaria are given for 31 taxa. Oscillograms and frequency spectra of the songs of Barbitistes constrictus, Isophya pavelii and I. rectipennis are presented. Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen einer Durchsicht der verfügbaren Orthopterensammlungen in Bzlgarien wurden in die Gesamtliste der bulgarischen Fauna insgesamt neun Arten und eine Unterart neu aufgenommen sowie 15 Arten und eine Unterart von der Liste gestrichen. In der vorleigenden Arbeit werden von 31 Taxa die Refe- renz- und Verbreitungsdaten aus Bulgarien aufgelistet. Für Isophya pavelii Brun- ner von Wattenwyl (= Isophya rammei Peshev, syn.n.) erfolgt eine Ergänzung der Artbeschreibung und Differenzialdiagnose. Die Stridulationen von Barbitistes constrictus, Isophya pavelii und Isophya rectipennis werden als Frequenzspek- tren und Oszillogramme dargestellt. Introduction After a nearly 20-years break in the active studies on Orthoptera of Bulgaria, in the last years few works were published (POPOV et al. 2001, CHOBANOV 2003, ANDREEVA 2003, HELLER &LEHMANN 2004, POPOV &CHOBANOV 2004, POPOV 2007, ÇIPLAK et al. 2007) adding new faunistic and taxonomic data on the order in this country. POPOV (2007), incorporating all the published information on Or- thoptera from Bulgaria up to date, including some unpublished data, counted 239 taxa for the country (221 species and 18 subspecies).
    [Show full text]
  • Nominalia of the Bulgarian Rulers an Essay by Ilia Curto Pelle
    Nominalia of the Bulgarian rulers An essay by Ilia Curto Pelle Bulgaria is a country with a rich history, spanning over a millennium and a half. However, most Bulgarians are unaware of their origins. To be honest, the quantity of information involved can be overwhelming, but once someone becomes invested in it, he or she can witness a tale of the rise and fall, steppe khans and Christian emperors, saints and murderers of the three Bulgarian Empires. As delving deep in the history of Bulgaria would take volumes upon volumes of work, in this essay I have tried simply to create a list of all Bulgarian rulers we know about by using different sources. So, let’s get to it. Despite there being many theories for the origin of the Bulgars, the only one that can show a historical document supporting it is the Hunnic one. This document is the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans, dating back to the 8th or 9th century, which mentions Avitohol/Attila the Hun as the first Bulgarian khan. However, it is not clear when the Bulgars first joined the Hunnic Empire. It is for this reason that all the Hunnic rulers we know about will also be included in this list as khans of the Bulgars. The rulers of the Bulgars and Bulgaria carry the titles of khan, knyaz, emir, elteber, president, and tsar. This list recognizes as rulers those people, who were either crowned as any of the above, were declared as such by the people, despite not having an official coronation, or had any possession of historical Bulgarian lands (in modern day Bulgaria, southern Romania, Serbia, Albania, Macedonia, and northern Greece), while being of royal descent or a part of the royal family.
    [Show full text]
  • Landslide Hazard Assessment of Bulgarian Black Sea Coast
    Landslide Hazard Assessment of Bulgarian Black Sea Coast Valentin Nenov, Husein Jemendjiev, Nikolay Dobrev Burgas University Bulgaria Engineering geological regions in Bulgaria largest LS areas Danube river Bank, Northern Black sea coast, Rodopi mountain Representative profiles of landslides in the territory of Bulgaria Geological structure 1 – loess complex (еоlQp); 2 – limestones of the Karvuna Formation (kvN1s); 3 – aragonite clays with limestone intercalations, Topola Formation (toN1s); 4 – limestones with sand intercalations, Odar Formation (odN1s); 5 – sands, Frangen Formation (frN1s); 6 – diatomaceous clays of the Euxinograd Formation (evN1kg-s); 7 – delapsium; 8 – oldest landslide scarp. Bulgarian Black Sea coast LS • The territory of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast is highly hazardous in respect of LS • In areas along the Black Sea coast more than 120 landslides are active • Most are active landslides in the northern Black Sea coast of Varna to Kavarna (between the resorts of St. St. Constantine and Elena, Zlatni Pyasatsi, Albena, and the Balchik area). • The depth of the main slip surface is usually up to 50-60 m or more (reaching 100 m at some places). Landslide distribution on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast: 1 - landslide zone ; 2 - separate landslide; 3 - landslides triggered in 1996; 4 - landslides triggered in 1997 South Black sea coast examples North Black sea coast Mora & Vahrson Landslide Hazard Assessment Intrinsic Landslide Susceptibility (Susceptibility Indicator: SUSC) Slope Factor Sr : Relative Relief representing the
    [Show full text]
  • New Data on Alien Insect Pests of Ornamental Plants in Bulgaria
    FORESTRY IDEAS, 2016, vol. 22, No 1 (51): 17–33 NEW DATA ON ALIEN INSECT PESTS OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN BULGARIA Aneliya Penchevа1* and Mariya Yovkova2 1Department of Plant Pathology and Chemistry, Faculty of Ecology and Landscape Architecture. University of Forestry. 10 St. Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria. *E-mail: [email protected] 2Institute of Ornamental Plants – 1222 Sofia, Negovan, Bulgaria. E-mail: [email protected] Received: 04 December 2015 Accepted: 17 February 2016 Abstract In this study, the results of recent surveys (during the period between 2012 and 2015) on alien insects infesting ornamental plants in Bulgaria are reported. Fourteen species, associated with urban landscape areas and indoor plants, are discussed. Two of them, Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio and Lepidosaphes flava (Signoret), are reported for the first time in Bulgaria. Furthermore, Acizzia jama- tonica (Kuwayama), Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti) and Cydalima perspectalis (Walker) have been found in new localities. Metcalfa pruinosa Say has widened its host range in Bulgaria. Additional distribution data are also provided about Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi and Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hübner). Details on current status, host plants, zoogeographical origin and probable pathways of introduction into Bulgaria are reported for each spe- cies. Morphological and biological remarks are given for C. perspectalis and C. sinensis. Key words: box tree moth, Chinese wax scale, De Stefan scale, new pests, scale insects. Introduction as one of the main factors that lead to a decline in regional biodiversity (FAO 2003, In recent years, due to the active market- Chornesky et al. 2005). ing of ornamental plants and plant mate- As far as phytophagous insects are rial, a large number of non-native insects concerned, more than 25 alien species have penetrated in different continents have been recorded as new pests in the and countries.
    [Show full text]