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THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY of AMERICA the Political Common THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA The Political Common Good according to St. Thomas Aquinas and John Finnis A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Politics School of Arts and Sciences Of The Catholic University of America In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Doctor of Philosophy © Copyright All Rights Reserved By Patrick B. Bersnak Washington, DC 2014 The Political Common Good according to St. Thomas Aquinas and John Finnis Patrick B. Bersnak, Ph.D. Director: David A. Walsh, Ph.D. This dissertation concerns John Finnis’s interpretation of St. Thomas Aquinas’s understanding of the political common good. Finnis is the most influential natural law theorist in the English speaking world today. His natural law theory has sought to respond to modern critics of natural law theory and be identifiably Thomistic at the same time. In order to ground his theory in the thought of Aquinas, Finnis produced an interpretive work on Aquinas’s political thought, reconciling Aquinas’s understanding of the common good with his own views. Nevertheless, his interpretation of Aquinas’s political thought has been controversial, especially his interpretation of Aquinas’s understanding of the political common good. Finnis’s interpretation of Aquinas is shaped by his method of approaching politics through practical reason. He almost completely excludes consideration of the role that metaphysics and theology play in Aquinas’s political thought until his final chapter. As a result, the relationships between practical philosophy, metaphysics, and theology in Aquinas’s political thought are not fully articulated. Finnis claims that Aquinas believed that the political common good is limited and instrumental to fostering the justice and peace that individuals and families need in order to pursue what he calls the basic goods. But Aquinas believed that the political common good is to make men virtuous, which is conducive to happiness, and disposes them to contemplation. Finnis argues that positive law promotes virtue only to the extent that it is necessary to secure justice and peace. But Aquinas believed that law promotes natural virtue, which disposes man to receive supernatural virtue. Human beings have a natural inclination to live in society, but not to life in specifically political community, according to Finnis. He says that for Aquinas, man is more naturally a familial or social animal than a political animal. But Aquinas says that man is a political animal, probably because the fullest range of virtues are available to man in political community. The political common good is therefore basic and good in itself. This dissertation by Patrick B. Bersnak fulfills the dissertation requirement for the doctoral degree in Political Theory approved by David J. Walsh, Ph.D., as Director, and by Claes G. Ryn, Ph.D., and V. Bradley Lewis, Ph.D., as Readers. ____________________________________ David J. Walsh, Ph.D., Director ____________________________________ Claes G. Ryn, Ph.D., Reader ____________________________________ V. Bradley Lewis, Ph.D., Reader ii Table of Contents Abbreviations, Conventions, and Translations ................................................................................v Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... vii Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1: Thomistic Debates about the Common Good from De Koninck to Finnis ....................5 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................5 De Koninck on the Primacy of the Common Good ..................................................................6 Maritain on the Person and the Common Good......................................................................11 Simon on De Koninck, Maritain, and the Common Good .....................................................15 The Common Good in Finnis’s Natural Law and Natural Rights .........................................16 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................21 Chapter 2: The Good and Goods ...................................................................................................23 Introduction .............................................................................................................................23 Common Goods in Aquinas ....................................................................................................24 The Metaphysics and Theology of the Good ..........................................................................26 Ontological Good and Moral Good ........................................................................................32 Knowing the Good: Practical and Speculative Reason in Finnis and Aquinas ......................33 Basic Human Goods and Natural Inclinations ........................................................................40 Practical Reason and the Basic Good of Religion ..................................................................43 Analogy in Aquinas’s Political Thought.................................................................................48 Parts and Wholes: Man and the Universe ...............................................................................49 Divine Rule, Human Rule .......................................................................................................50 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................54 Chapter 3: The Political Common Good .......................................................................................56 Introduction .............................................................................................................................56 Public and Private Good .........................................................................................................56 The Intrinsic Political Common Good: Parts and the Whole .................................................65 Particular Goods......................................................................................................................67 The Specifically Political Common Good and the Common Good of the Political Community .............................................................................................................................70 Peace .......................................................................................................................................72 Justice ......................................................................................................................................75 Punishment and Social Coordination ......................................................................................80 The Functioning of Law and the End of Political Life ...........................................................88 The De Regno .........................................................................................................................90 The End of the Political Community in the De Regno ...........................................................96 Happiness and Virtue ............................................................................................................100 iii Contemplation .......................................................................................................................110 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................113 Chapter 4: Law and Virtue ...........................................................................................................117 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................117 The Aims of Human Law and Divine Law ...........................................................................117 Human Law, the Virtues, and Interior Acts of the Will........................................................120 Justice, Peace, and Complete Virtue .....................................................................................126 Law and Virtue in the “Treatise on Law” .............................................................................127 Public Morality: Education and Religion .............................................................................134 In What Ways Is the Political Common Good Limited? ......................................................143 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................148 Chapter 5: Is Man a Political Animal? .........................................................................................149 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................149 Man as a “Conjugal Animal” ................................................................................................150 Reproduction, Marriage, and the Natural Inclinations..........................................................158 Man as Social Animal: Societas and Friendship...................................................................162
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