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Neonatal Nutrition for Inflammatory Disorders and Necrotizing Enterocolitis

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Neonatal Nutrition for Inflammatory Disorders and Necrotizing Enterocolitis Neonatal Nutrition for Inflammatory Disorders and Necrotizing Enterocolitis Neonatal Nutrition for Inflammatory • Misty Good Disorders and Necrotizing Enterocolitis Edited by Misty Good Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Nutrients www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients Neonatal Nutrition for Inflammatory Disorders and Necrotizing Enterocolitis Neonatal Nutrition for Inflammatory Disorders and Necrotizing Enterocolitis Editor Misty Good MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editor Misty Good Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis USA Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients/special issues/Neonatal Inflammatory Enterocolitis). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03943-481-7 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03943-482-4 (PDF) c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Editor .............................................. vii Preface to ”Neonatal Nutrition for Inflammatory Disorders and Necrotizing Enterocolitis” .. ix Emma Altobelli, Paolo Matteo Angeletti, Alberto Verrotti and Reimondo Petrocelli The Impact of Human Milk on Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Reprinted from: Nutrients 2020, 12, 1322, doi:10.3390/nu12051322 .................. 1 Lila S. Nolan, Olivia B. Parks and Misty Good A Review of the Immunomodulating Components of Maternal Breast Milk and Protection Against Necrotizing Enterocolitis Reprinted from: Nutrients 2020, 12, 14, doi:10.3390/nu12010014 ................... 15 Julie D. Thai and Katherine E. Gregory Bioactive Factors in Human Breast Milk Attenuate Intestinal Inflammation during Early Life Reprinted from: Nutrients 2020, 12, 581, doi:10.3390/nu12020581 .................. 29 David Ramiro-Cortijo, Pratibha Singh, Yan Liu, Esli Medina-Morales, William Yakah, Steven D. Freedman and Camilia R. Martin Breast Milk Lipids and Fatty Acids in Regulating Neonatal Intestinal Development and Protecting against Intestinal Injury Reprinted from: Nutrients 2020, 12, 534, doi:10.3390/nu12020534 .................. 45 Kathryn Burge, Erynn Bergner, Aarthi Gunasekaran, Jeffrey Eckert and Hala Chaaban The Role of Glycosaminoglycans in Protection from Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Narrative Review Reprinted from: Nutrients 2020, 12, 546, doi:10.3390/nu12020546 ................... 63 Jeffrey D. Galley and Gail E. Besner The Therapeutic Potential of Breast Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reprinted from: Nutrients 2020, 12, 745, doi:10.3390/nu12030745 .................. 83 Shiloh R Lueschow, Stacy L Kern, Huiyu Gong, Justin L Grobe, Jeffrey L Segar, Susan J Carlson and Steven J McElroy Feeding Formula Eliminates the Necessity of Bacterial Dysbiosis and Induces Inflammation and Injury in the Paneth Cell Disruption Murine NEC Model in an Osmolality-Dependent Manner Reprinted from: Nutrients 2020, 12, 900, doi:10.3390/nu12040900 ................... 97 Jocelyn Ou, Cathleen M. Courtney, Allie E. Steinberger, Maria E. Tecos and Brad W. Warner Nutrition in Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Following Intestinal Resection Reprinted from: Nutrients 2020, 12, 520, doi:10.3390/nu12020520 ...................117 Oluwabunmi Olaloye, Matthew Swatski and Liza Konnikova Role of Nutrition in Prevention of Neonatal Spontaneous Intestinal Perforation and Its Complications: A Systematic Review Reprinted from: Nutrients 2020, 12, 1347, doi:10.3390/nu12051347 ..................133 Sierra A. Kleist and Kathryn A. Knoop Understanding the Elements of Maternal Protection from Systemic Bacterial Infections during Early Life Reprinted from: Nutrients 2020, 12, 1045, doi:10.3390/nu12041045 ..................149 v Estefan´ıa Mart´ın- Alvarez,´ Javier Diaz-Castro, Manuela Pe na-Caballero,˜ Laura Serrano-Lopez,´ Jorge Moreno-Fern´andez, Belen S´anchez-Mart´ınez, Francisca Mart´ın-Peregrina, Mercedes Alonso-Moya, Jose´ Maldonado-Lozano, Jose A. Hurtado-Suazo and Julio J. Ochoa Oropharyngeal Colostrum Positively Modulates the Inflammatory Response in Preterm Neonates Reprinted from: Nutrients 2020, 12, 413, doi:10.3390/nu12020413 ...................163 Ting Ting Fu, Paige E. Schroder and Brenda B. Poindexter Macronutrient Analysis of Target-Pooled Donor Breast Milk and Corresponding Growth in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Reprinted from: Nutrients 2019, 11, 1884, doi:10.3390/nu11081884 ..................175 D´ebora Ca ˜nizoV´azquez, Sandra Salas Garc´ıa, Montserrat Izquierdo Renau and Isabel Iglesias-Platas Availability of Donor Milk for Very Preterm Infants Decreased the Risk of Necrotizing Enterocolitis without Adversely Impacting Growth or Rates of Breastfeeding Reprinted from: Nutrients 2019, 11, 1895, doi:10.3390/nu11081895 ..................187 Rebecca Hoban, Supriya Khatri, Aloka Patel and Sharon L. Unger Supplementation of Mother’s Own Milk with Donor Milk in Infants with Gastroschisis or Intestinal Atresia: A Retrospective Study Reprinted from: Nutrients 2020, 12, 589, doi:10.3390/nu12020589 ...................201 Jennifer Canvasser, Amy B. Hair, Jae H. Kim and Sarah N. Taylor Parent and Provider Perspectives on the Imprecise Label of “Human Milk Fortifier” in the NICU Reprinted from: Nutrients 2020, 12, 720, doi:10.3390/nu12030720 ...................211 vi About the Editor Misty Good, M.D., M.S. is an Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri. Dr. Good is a board-certified neonatologist and practices in the neonatal intensive care unit at St. Louis Children’s Hospital. Dr. Good also leads a translational research program that focuses on elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Her laboratory is characterizing the mucosal immune responses during NEC and interrogates how these responses can be modified or prevented through dietary modifications or targeted intestinal epithelial therapies. vii Preface to ”Neonatal Nutrition for Inflammatory Disorders and Necrotizing Enterocolitis” This Nutrients Special Issue focuses on neonatal nutritional advances for inflammatory disorders affecting infants, such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Nutrition can significantly impact the development of certain diseases that afflict infants. This Special Issue aims to bring together the latest research on the role of nutrition in preventing or impacting neonatal disorders. Specifically, this Special Issue focuses on the role of breast milk or donor breast milk and the various components in milk that have been demonstrated to protect against NEC and other inflammatory diseases. This Special Issue provides a comprehensive composite of the advances in nutritional strategies that can modulate or prevent neonatal intestinal disorders. Misty Good Editor ix nutrients Review The Impact of Human Milk on Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Emma Altobelli 1,*, Paolo Matteo Angeletti 1, Alberto Verrotti 2 and Reimondo Petrocelli 3 1 Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; [email protected] 2 Department of Pediatrics, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; [email protected] 3 Public Health Unit, ASREM, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0862-434666 Received: 25 March 2020; Accepted: 1 May 2020; Published: 6 May 2020 Abstract: Background. Premature infants receiving breastfeed have a lower incidence of NEC than those fed preterm formula. This study aimed: (1) to update a systematic review and meta-analyses to evaluate the relationship between feeding and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in low weight premature infants; (2) to conduct meta-regression analyses by subgroups; (3) to describe geographical distribution of milk banks in the world. Methods. Papers included in the meta-analysis were updated as of June 2019. Relative risks were used as a measure of effect size. Random effect models were used to account for different sources of variation among studies. For milk banks, the data reviewed by the literature were integrated with the information collected from countries’ institutional sites and milk bank networks. Results. Thirty-two papers were included in meta-analysis: six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 26 observational studies (OS). The census has found 572 milk banks around in the world. Brazil has the most active milk banks. RCTs meta-analysis indicates a risk reduction of NEC using human milk respect to formula: Relative risk (RR) = 0.62 (0.42–0.93). Seven OS compared quantities lower than human milk or higher than the 50th quantile showing a risk reduction of NEC:RR = 0.51 (0.31–0.85); 3 OS that evaluated human milk versus mixed
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